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Fry AC, Housh TJ, Cramer JB, Weir JP, Beck TW, Schilling BK, Miller JD, Nicoll JX. Noninvasive Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in Trained and Untrained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2355-2362. [PMID: 28820846 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fry, AC, Housh, TJ, Cramer, JB, Weir, JP, Beck, TW, Schilling, BK, Miller, JD, and Nicoll, JX. Noninvasive assessment of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression in trained and untrained men. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2355-2362, 2017-Numerous conditions and types of physical activity (e.g., exercise, aging, and muscle-related diseases) can influence muscle fiber types and the proteins expressed. To date, muscle fibers can only be characterized by actually obtaining a tissue sample using the invasive muscle biopsy procedure. Mechanomyography (MMG) is the assessment of the vibration properties of contracting skeletal muscle and has been proposed as a possible noninvasive method for muscle fiber analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to examine the feasibility of using MMG and muscle performance measures to noninvasively assess muscle fiber characteristics. Fifteen men (5 endurance-trained, 5 weight-trained, and 5 sedentary) provided muscle samples from their vastus lateralis muscle. These samples were analyzed for relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression, which is highly correlated with % muscle fiber type areas. Additionally, each subject performed several muscle performance tests, and MMG of the quadriceps was assessed during a knee extension exercise. Multiple regression was used to develop prediction equations for determining relative muscle content of MHC types I, IIa, and IIx. A combination of MMG and knee extension performance variables estimated types I, IIa, and IIx MHCs with approximately 80% accuracy. Although preliminary, these data suggest that muscle performance tests in addition to MMG assessments during a simple muscle performance task (knee extension) can be used to estimate muscle fiber type composition in a healthy male population. Such methods could ultimately be used to noninvasively monitor muscle health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Fry
- 1Osness Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Health, Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; 2Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; 3Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma; and 4Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Takuya H, Keita T, Takuji K. Quantitative assessment of swallowing activity by MMG measurement with PVDF film. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2017; 2017:1477-1481. [PMID: 28814028 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2017.8009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty of swallowing, called dysphagia, leads to aspiration pneumonia which is particularly a big health concern in aging societies. Therefore, prevention and treatment of dysphagia would contribute to extending healthy-life and QOL of elderly people and decreasing healthcare cost. Robotics technologies are expected as one of the effective methods to solve the problem in terms of detecting malfunction in swallowing and recovering swallowing function. The aim of this study is to investigate muscle activity during normal swallowing using mechanomyography (MMG) with PolyVinylidene DiFluoride (PVDF) film which is a ferroelectrics polymer. Measurement of MMG signal during voluntary isometric contraction of the biceps brachii muscle was conducted to confirm whether PVDF film can detect MMG signal. In the experiment, surface electromyography (sEMG) was also measured as a reference to estimate muscle activity for comparison. Then, activities of swallowing muscles during normal swallowing with different volume of bolus were measured using MMG signal. As the result, it was confirmed that swallowing activity can be quantified by the detected MMG signal from different region of neck.
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Miramonti AA, Jenkins NDM, Oza PD, Weir JP, Cramer JT. Mechanomyographic responses during recruitment curves in the soleus muscle. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:107-116. [PMID: 27718510 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we examined relationships among mechanomyographic (MMG), electromyographic (EMG), and peak twitch torque (PTT) responses as well as test-retest reliability when recorded during recruitment curves in the soleus muscle. METHODS PTT, EMG (M-wave, H-reflex), and MMG responses were recorded during recruitment curves in 16 subjects (age 24 ± 2 years) on 2 separate days. The sum of the M-wave and H-reflex (M+H) was calculated. Correlations among variables and test-retest reliability were determined. RESULTS MMG was correlated with PTT (mean r = 0.93, range r = 0.59-0.99), the M-wave (0.95, 0.04-0.98), and M+H (0.91, 0.42-0.97), but was unrelated to the H-reflex (-0.06, -0.56 to 0.47). Reliability was consistently high among most variables, but normalizing to the maximum value improved MMG reliability and the minimum detectable change. CONCLUSION MMG responses predicted 86%-90% of the variability in PTT, M-wave, and M+H; thus, MMG may be a useful alternative for estimating twitch torque and maximal activation. Muscle Nerve 56: 107-116, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Miramonti
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0806, USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Preeti D Oza
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Joseph P Weir
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Joel T Cramer
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska, 211 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0806, USA
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Constantinescu G, Hodgetts W, Scott D, Kuffel K, King B, Brodt C, Rieger J. Electromyography and Mechanomyography Signals During Swallowing in Healthy Adults and Head and Neck Cancer Survivors. Dysphagia 2016; 32:90-103. [PMID: 27565156 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-016-9742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used as an adjuvant to dysphagia therapy to demonstrate the activity of submental muscles during swallowing exercises. Mechanomyography (MMG) has been suggested as a potential superior alternative to sEMG; however, this advantage is not confirmed for signal acquired from submental muscles. This study compared the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained from sEMG and MMG sensors during swallowing tasks, in healthy participants and those with a history of head and neck cancer (HNC), a population with altered anatomy and a high incidence of dysphagia. Twenty-two healthy adults and 10 adults with a history of HNC participated in this study. sEMG and MMG signals were acquired during dry, thin liquid, effortful, and Mendelsohn maneuver swallows. SNR was compared between the two sensors using repeated measures ANOVAs and subsequent planned pairwise comparisons. Test-retest measures were collected on 20 % of participants. In healthy participants, MMG SNR was higher than that of sEMG for dry [t(21) = -3.02, p = 0.007] and thin liquid swallows [t(21) = -4.24, p < 0.001]. Although a significant difference for sensor was found in HNC participants F(1,9) = 5.54, p = 0.043, planned pairwise comparisons by task revealed no statistically significant difference between the two sensors. sEMG also showed much better test-retest reliability than MMG. Biofeedback provided as an adjuvant to dysphagia therapy in patients with HNC should employ sEMG technology, as this sensor type yielded better SNR and overall test-retest reliability. Poor MMG test-retest reliability was noted in both healthy and HNC participants and may have been related to differences in sensor application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Constantinescu
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada.,Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine (iRSM), Misericordia Community Hospital, 1W-02, 16940-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - William Hodgetts
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada.,Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine (iRSM), Misericordia Community Hospital, 1W-02, 16940-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dylan Scott
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada
| | - Kristina Kuffel
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada
| | - Ben King
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada.,Department of Industrial Design, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chris Brodt
- Department of Industrial Design, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jana Rieger
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114St 2-70 Corbett Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6R 3T5, Canada. .,Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine (iRSM), Misericordia Community Hospital, 1W-02, 16940-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Krueger E, Scheeren EM, Nogueira-Neto GN, Button VLDSN, Nohama P. Correlation between spectral and temporal mechanomyography features during functional electrical stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/2446-4740.02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Krueger
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Percy Nohama
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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Krueger E, Scheeren EM, Nogueira-Neto GN, Button VLDSN, Nohama P. Advances and perspectives of mechanomyography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-3151.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Krueger
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Percy Nohama
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - PUCPR, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Brasil
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LEI KINFONG, CHENG SHIHCHUNG, LEE MINGYIH, LIN WENYEN. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION STRENGTH USING MECHANOMYOGRAPHY BASED ON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: APPLICATIONS, BASIS AND COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237213500208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Muscle contraction strength estimation using mechanomyographic (MMG) signal is typically calculated by the root mean square (RMS) amplitude. Raw MMG signal is processed by rectification, low-pass filtering, and mapping. In this work, beside RMS amplitude, another significant parameter of MMG signal, i.e. frequency variance (VAR), is introduced and used for constructing an algorithm for estimating the muscle contraction strength. Seven participants produced isometric contractions about the elbow while MMG signal and generated torque (resultant of muscle contraction strength) of biceps brachii were recorded. We found that MMG RMS increased monotonously and VAR decreased under incremental voluntary contractions. Based on these results, a two-layer neural network was utilized for the model of estimating the muscle contraction strength from MMG RMS and VAR. Experimental evaluation was performed under constant posture and sinusoidal contractions at 0.5 Hz, 0.25 Hz, 0.125 Hz, and random frequency. The results of the proposed algorithm and MMG RMS linear mapping were also compared. The proposed algorithm has better accuracy than linear mapping for all contraction frequencies. The mean absolute error decreased 6% for the 0.5Hz contraction, 43% for 0.25 Hz contraction, 52% for 0.125 Hz contraction, and 30% for random frequency contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- KIN FONG LEI
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - SHIH-CHUNG CHENG
- Graduate Institute of Athletics Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - MING-YIH LEE
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - WEN-YEN LIN
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Qi L, Wakeling JM, Ferguson-Pell M. Spectral properties of electromyographic and mechanomyographic signals during dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions of the human biceps brachii muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:1056-63. [PMID: 22000481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe and examine the variations in recruitment patterns of motor units (MUs) in biceps brachii (BB) through a range of joint motion during dynamic eccentric and concentric contractions. Twelve healthy participants (6 females, 6 males, age=30±8.5 years) performed concentric and eccentric contractions with constant external loading at different levels. Surface electromyography (EMG) and mechanomyography (MMG) were recorded from BB. The EMGs and MMGs were decomposed into their intensities in time-frequency space using a wavelet technique. The EMG and MMG spectra were then compared using principal component analysis. Variations in total intensity, first principal component (PCI), and the angle θ formed by first component (PCI) and second component (PCII) loading scores were explained in terms of MU recruitment patterns and elbow angles. Elbow angle had a significant effect on dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions. The EMG total intensity was greater for concentric than for eccentric contractions in the present study. MMG total intensity, however, was lower during concentric than during eccentric contractions. In addition, there was no significant difference in θ between concentric and eccentric contractions for both EMG and MMG. Selective recruitment of fast MUs from BB muscle during eccentric muscle contractions was not found in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qi
- ASPIRE Centre for Disability Sciences, Institute of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK
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Stock MS, Beck TW, DeFreitas JM, Dillon MA. Linearity and Reliability of the Mechanomyographic Amplitude Versus Concentric Dynamic Constant External Resistance Relationships for the Bench Press Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:785-95. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cc22f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antonelli MG, Zobel PB, Giacomin J. Use of MMG signals for the control of powered orthotic devices: development of a rectus femoris measurement protocol. Assist Technol 2009; 21:1-12. [PMID: 19719058 DOI: 10.1080/10400430902945678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A test protocol is defined for the purpose of measuring rectus femoris mechanomyographic (MMG) signals. The protocol is specified in terms of the following: measurement equipment, signal processing requirements, human postural requirements, test rig, sensor placement, sensor dermal fixation, and test procedure. Preliminary tests of the statistical nature of rectus femoris MMG signals were performed, and Gaussianity was evaluated by means of a two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For all 100 MMG data sets obtained from the testing of two volunteers, the null hypothesis of Gaussianity was rejected at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels. Most skewness values were found to be greater than 0.0, while all kurtosis values were found to be greater than 3.0. A statistical convergence analysis also performed on the same 100 MMG data sets suggested that 25 MMG acquisitions should prove sufficient to statistically characterize rectus femoris MMG. This conclusion is supported by the qualitative characteristics of the mean rectus femoris MMG power spectral densities obtained using 25 averages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gabrio Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Energetica e Gestionale, Università degli Studi di L'Aquila, Roio Poggio, Italy.
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Time/frequency events of surface mechanomyographic signals resolved by nonlinearly scaled wavelets. Biomed Signal Process Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Reliability of mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during isometric step and ramp muscle actions. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 171:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chalmers GR. Can fast-twitch muscle fibres be selectively recruited during lengthening contractions? Review and applications to sport movements. Sports Biomech 2008; 7:137-57. [DOI: 10.1080/14763140701683023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Molinari F, Knaflitz M, Bonato P, Actis MV. Electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue during concentric and eccentric isokinetic knee flexion-extension movements. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2006; 53:1309-16. [PMID: 16830935 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2006.873680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of the progression of muscle fatigue during a sustained contraction is a valuable tool in several clinical applications, ranging from the evaluation of functional impairment to the development of specific rehabilitative and training protocols. In these fields, great importance is given to isokinetic contractions. The aim of this paper was twofold: first, to propose signal processing methods for assessing the spectral changes of the surface myoelectric signal due to fatigue during isokinetic concentric and eccentric knee flexion-extension movements at a given angular velocity (60 degrees/s); second, to analyze the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue of four thigh muscles (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris) in the two contraction modalities (i.e. concentric versus eccentric). We demonstrated that, when considering concentric contractions, localized muscle fatigue can be assessed by computing the mean frequency of the frequency marginal of the time-frequency distribution derived from the surface myoelectric signal collected during each contraction cycle. Stronger nonstationarities were observed in the surface myoelectric data recorded within each cyclical movement of the studied eccentric exercise. Thus we propose the computation of the instantaneous mean frequency of the signal based on an original cross-time-frequency algorithm, which proved more sensitive than the frequency marginal in tracking the spectral changes associated with localized muscle fatigue. We derived the average fatigue pattern of the investigated muscles from experimental data recorded from a sample population consisting of twenty healthy subjects and we statistically compared the two contraction modalities. Our results showed that the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue during concentric contractions were higher than those found during eccentric contractions, although in the latter modality the torque exerted and the mechanical work produced by the subjects were larger than those recorded during the concentric exercise. The results presented in this paper have potential clinical application and they could play an important future role in investigations of muscle behavior during dynamic, highly fatiguing contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molinari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Beck TW, Housh TJ, Cramer JT, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Coburn JW, Malek MH, Mielke M. Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: a comprehensive review. Biomed Eng Online 2005; 4:67. [PMID: 16364182 PMCID: PMC1343566 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-4-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine the literature that has investigated mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions. To date, the majority of MMG research has focused on isometric muscle actions. Recent studies, however, have examined the MMG time and/or frequency domain responses during various types of dynamic activities, including dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) and isokinetic muscle actions, as well as cycle ergometry. Despite the potential influences of factors such as changes in muscle length and the thickness of the tissue between the muscle and the MMG sensor, there is convincing evidence that during dynamic muscle actions, the MMG signal provides valid information regarding muscle function. This argument is supported by consistencies in the MMG literature, such as the close relationship between MMG amplitude and power output and a linear increase in MMG amplitude with concentric torque production. There are still many issues, however, that have yet to be resolved, and the literature base for MMG during both dynamic and isometric muscle actions is far from complete. Thus, it is important to investigate the unique applications of MMG amplitude and frequency responses with different experimental designs/methodologies to continually reassess the uses/limitations of MMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Beck
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68583
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68583
| | - Joel T Cramer
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA 73019
| | - Joseph P Weir
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Des Moines University, Osteopathic Medical Center, Des Moines, IA, USA 50312
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68583
| | - Jared W Coburn
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA 92834
| | - Moh H Malek
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68583
| | - Michelle Mielke
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA 68583
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Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Coburn JW, Beck TW. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 93:530-9. [PMID: 15599756 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-004-1199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque (PT), the joint angle at PT, mean power output (MP), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during maximal, voluntary concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1) of the stretched and unstretched limbs. Twenty-one volunteers [mean age (SD) 21.5 (1.3) years] performed maximal, voluntary concentric isokinetic leg extensions for the dominant and non-dominant limbs at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1). Surface EMG (muVrms) and MMG (mVrms) signals were recorded from the VL and RF muscles during the isokinetic tests. PT (Nm), the joint angle at PT, and MP (W) were calculated by a dynamometer. Following the initial isokinetic tests, the dominant leg extensors were stretched using four static stretching exercises. After the stretching, the isokinetic tests were repeated. PT decreased (P< or =0.05) from pre- to post-stretching for the stretched limb at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1) and for the unstretched limb at 60 degrees x s(-1). EMG amplitude of the VL and RF also decreased (P< or =0.05) from pre- to post-stretching for the stretched and unstretched limbs. There were no stretching-induced changes (P>0.05) for the joint angle at PT, MP, or MMG amplitude. These findings indicated stretching-induced decreases in force production and muscle activation. The decreases in PT and EMG amplitude for the unstretched limb suggested that the stretching-induced decreases may be due to a central nervous system inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Cramer
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Science Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0259, USA.
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Perry-Rana SR, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Bull AJ, Berning JM, Cramer JT. MMG and EMG responses during fatiguing isokinetic muscle contractions at different velocities. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:367-73. [PMID: 12210366 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine mechanomyographic (MMG) and electromyographic (EMG) responses of the superficial quadriceps muscles during repeated isokinetic contractions in order to provide information about motor control strategies during such activity, and to assess uniformity in mechanical activity (MMG) between the investigated muscles. Ten adults performed 50 maximal concentric muscle contractions at three randomly selected contraction velocities (60, 180, and 300 degrees.s(-1)) on different days. Surface electrodes and an MMG sensor were placed on the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus medialis (VM). EMG and MMG amplitude and peak torque (PT) were calculated for each contraction, normalized, and averaged across all subjects. The results demonstrated that MMG amplitude more closely tracked the fatigue-induced decline in torque production at each velocity than did EMG amplitude. This indicates that MMG amplitude may be useful for estimating force production during fatiguing dynamic contractions when a direct measure is not available, such as during certain rehabilitative exercises. MMG amplitude responses of the VL, RF, and VM were not uniform for each velocity or across velocities, indicating that it may be possible to detect the individual contribution of each muscle to force production during repeated dynamic contractions. Therefore, MMG amplitude may be clinically useful for detecting abnormal force contributions of individual muscles during dynamic contractions, and determining whether various treatments are successful at correcting such abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Perry-Rana
- School of Recreation and Sport Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, Ohio University, Grover E175, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Evetovich TK, Boyd JC, Drake SM, Eschbach LC, Magal M, Soukup JT, Webster MJ, Whitehead MT, Weir JP. Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26:225-31. [PMID: 12210387 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal would be affected by hydration status due to changes in the intra- and extracellular fluid content (which could affect the degree of fluid turbulence), changes in the filtering properties of the tissues between the MMG sensor and muscle, and changes in torque production that may accompany dehydration. Ten subjects (age 22.5 +/- 1.6 years) were tested for maximal isometric (MVC), submaximal isometric (25, 50, and 75%MVC), and maximal concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the biceps brachii in either a euhydrated or dehydrated state while the electromyographic (EMG) and MMG signals were recorded. Separate three-way and two-way ANOVAs indicated no change in torque, EMG amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG amplitude, and MMG MPF with dehydration. The lack of dehydration effect suggests that MMG may be more reflective of the intrinsic contractile processes of a muscle fiber (torque production) or the motor control mechanisms (reflected by the EMG) than the tissues and fluids surrounding the muscle fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy K Evetovich
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, University of Southern Mississippi, School of Human Performance and Recreation, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA.
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Perry SR, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Bull AJ, Ebersole KT. Mean power frequency and amplitude of the mechanomyographic and electromyographic signals during incremental cycle ergometry. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2001; 11:299-305. [PMID: 11532601 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationships for mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude, MMG mean power frequency (MPF), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and EMG MPF versus power output during incremental cycle ergometry. Seventeen adults volunteered to perform an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. The test began at 50 W and the power output was increased by 30 W every 2 min until the subject could no longer maintain 70 rev min(-1). The MMG and EMG signals were recorded simultaneously from the vastus lateralis during the final 10 s of each power output and analyzed. MMG amplitude, MMG MPF, EMG amplitude, EMG MPF, and power output were normalized as a percentage of the maximal value from the cycle ergometer test. Polynomial regression analyses indicated that MMG amplitude increased (P<0.05) linearly across power output, but there was no change (P>0.05) in MMG MPF. EMG amplitude and MPF were fit best (P<0.05) with quadratic models. These results demonstrated dissociations among the time and frequency domains of MMG and EMG signals, which may provide information about motor control strategies during incremental cycle ergometry. The patterns for amplitude and frequency of the MMG signal may be useful for examining the relationship between motor-unit recruitment and firing rate during dynamic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Perry
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 0229, Lincoln, NE 68588-0229, USA.
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Watakabe M, Mita K, Akataki K, Itoh Y. Mechanical behaviour of condenser microphone in mechanomyography. Med Biol Eng Comput 2001; 39:195-201. [PMID: 11361247 DOI: 10.1007/bf02344804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Condenser microphones (MIC) have been widely used in mechanomyography, together with accelerometers and piezoelectric contact sensors. The aim of the present investigation was to clarify the mechanical variable (acceleration, velocity or displacement) indicated by the signal from a MIC transducer using a mechanical sinusoidal vibration system. In addition, the mechanomyogram (MMG) was recorded simultaneously with a MIC transducer and accelerometer (ACC) during voluntary contractions to confirm the mechanical variable reflected by the actual MMG and to examine the influence of motion artifact on the MMG. To measure the displacement-frequency response, mechanical sinusoidal vibrations of 3 to 300 Hz were applied to the MIC transducer with different sizes of air chambers (5, 10, 15 and 20 mm in diameter and 15, 20 or 25 mm long). The MIC transducer showed a linear relationship between the output amplitude and the vibration displacement, however, its frequency response declined with decreasing diameter and decreasing length of the air chamber. In fact, the cut-off frequency (-3dB) of the MIC transducer with the 5-mm-diameter chamber was 10, 8 and 4 Hz for the length 15, 20 and 25 mm, respectively. The air chamber with at least a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 15 mm is recommended for the MIC transducer. The sensitivity of this MIC transducer arrangement was 92 mV microm(-1) when excited at 100 Hz. During voluntary contraction, the amplitude spectral density function of the MMG from the MIC transducer resembled that of the double integral of the ACC transducer signal. The angle of the MIC transducer was delayed by 180 degrees in relation to the ACC transducer signal. The sensitivity of the MIC transducer was reduced to one-third because of the peculiar volume change of air chamber when the MMG was detected on the surface of the skin. In addition, the MIC transducer was contaminated by a smaller motion artifact than that from the ACC transducer. The maximal peak amplitude of the MIC and ACC transducer signal with the motion artifact was 7.7 and 12.3 times as much as the RMS amplitude of each signal without the motion artifact, respectively. These findings suggest that the MIC transducer acts as a displacement meter in the MMG. The MIC transducer seems to be a possible candidate for recording the MMG during dynamic muscle contractions as well as during sustained contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watakabe
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
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Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Ebersole KT, Perry SR, Bull AJ. Mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power output during maximal, concentric, isokinetic muscle actions. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23:1826-31. [PMID: 11102905 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4598(200012)23:12<1826::aid-mus5>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the velocity-related patterns for mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude, electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, mean power output (MP), and peak torque (PT) of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis [VL], rectus femoris [RF], and vastus medialis [VM]) during maximal, concentric, isokinetic leg extensions. Twelve adult women (mean +/- SD: 22 +/- 3 years of age) performed such leg extensions at velocities of 60 degrees, 120 degrees, 180 degrees, 240 degrees, and 300 degrees /s on a Cybex 6000 dynamometer. PT decreased (P < 0.05) across velocity to 240 degrees /s. MP and MMG amplitude for each muscle (VL, RF, and VM) increased (P < 0.05) with velocity to 240 degrees /s and then plateaued. EMG amplitude increased (P < 0.05) to 240°/s for the VL, remained unchanged across velocity (P > 0.05) for the RF, and increased (P < 0.05) to 300 degrees /s for the VM. The results indicated close similarities between the velocity-related patterns for MMG amplitude and MP, but dissociations among EMG amplitude, MMG amplitude, and PT. These findings support the recent hypothesis that MMG amplitude is more closely related to MP than PT during maximal, concentric, isokinetic muscle actions and, therefore, may be useful for monitoring training-induced changes in muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Cramer
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0229, USA.
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Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT, Perry SR. Gender comparisons of the mechanomyographic responses to maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:1697-702. [PMID: 9861602 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a gender difference in the velocity-related patterns of mechanomyographic (MMG) responses to maximal isokinetic concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle actions. METHODS Adult males (N = 15) and females (N = 16) performed maximal CON and ECC muscle actions of the leg extensors on a calibrated Cybex 6000 dynamometer at velocities of 30, 90, and 150 degrees.s-1. MMG was detected by a piezoelectric crystal contact sensor placed over the vastus lateralis muscle. RESULTS The results indicated that there were decreases in CON peak torque (PT) across velocities, while ECC PT remained constant with increasing velocity for both genders. MMG amplitude increased significantly (P < 0.05) with velocity in both the males and females for CON and ECC muscle actions. There was a gender difference in the velocity-related patterns of MMG responses to maximal isokinetic CON muscle actions; however, there was no gender difference in the pattern of ECC MMG responses. CONCLUSIONS The gender difference in CON MMG responses may be attributed to the greater percent decline in CON PT across velocity for the females than the males. In addition, the males displayed greater CON and ECC MMG amplitudes at all muscle action velocities than the females, possibly because of gender differences in muscle mass and/or thickness of the adipose tissue layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Evetovich
- Center for Youth Fitness and Sports Research, School of Health and Human Performance, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588-0229, USA.
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Smith DB, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Evetovich TK, Ebersole KT, Perry SR. Mechanomyographic and electromyographic responses to eccentric and concentric isokinetic muscle actions of the biceps brachii. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21:1438-44. [PMID: 9771667 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199811)21:11<1438::aid-mus11>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of forearm angular velocity on the mechanomyographic (MMG) and electromyographic (EMG) responses to eccentric and concentric isokinetic muscle actions. Ten adult male volunteers (mean+/-SD age=23+/-2 years) performed maximal eccentric and concentric muscle actions of the forearm flexors at 30 degrees, 90 degrees, and 150 degrees s(-1). There was no significant (P> 0.05) velocity-related change in peak torque (PT) for the eccentric muscle actions, but there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in PT for the concentric muscle actions. For the eccentric and concentric muscle actions, there was a significant (P< 0.05) velocity-related increase in MMG amplitude. There was no significant (P < 0.05) change in EMG amplitude across velocity for the eccentric or concentric muscle actions. The results indicated velocity-related dissociations among the PT, MMG, and EMG responses to maximal eccentric and concentric isokinetic muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Smith
- Center for Youth Fitness and Sports Research, School of Health and Human Performance, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0229, USA
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