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Chu GCY, Zhau HE, Wang R, Rogatko A, Feng X, Zayzafoon M, Liu Y, Farach-Carson MC, You S, Kim J, Freeman MR, Chung LWK. RANK- and c-Met-mediated signal network promotes prostate cancer metastatic colonization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:311-26. [PMID: 24478054 PMCID: PMC3959765 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis to bone is lethal and there is no adequate animal model for studying the mechanisms underlying the metastatic process. Here, we report that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expressed by PCa cells consistently induced colonization or metastasis to bone in animal models. RANK-mediated signaling established a premetastatic niche through a feed-forward loop, involving the induction of RANKL and c-Met, but repression of androgen receptor (AR) expression and AR signaling pathways. Site-directed mutagenesis and transcription factor (TF) deletion/interference assays identified common TF complexes, c-Myc/Max, and AP4 as critical regulatory nodes. RANKL-RANK signaling activated a number of master regulator TFs that control the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Twist1, Slug, Zeb1, and Zeb2), stem cell properties (Sox2, Myc, Oct3/4, and Nanog), neuroendocrine differentiation (Sox9, HIF1α, and FoxA2), and osteomimicry (c-Myc/Max, Sox2, Sox9, HIF1α, and Runx2). Abrogating RANK or its downstream c-Myc/Max or c-Met signaling network minimized or abolished skeletal metastasis in mice. RANKL-expressing LNCaP cells recruited and induced neighboring non metastatic LNCaP cells to express RANKL, c-Met/activated c-Met, while downregulating AR expression. These initially non-metastatic cells, once retrieved from the tumors, acquired the potential to colonize and grow in bone. These findings identify a novel mechanism of tumor growth in bone that involves tumor cell reprogramming via RANK-RANKL signaling, as well as a form of signal amplification that mediates recruitment and stable transformation of non-metastatic bystander dormant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
| | - André Rogatko
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Majd Zayzafoon
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaUSA
| | - Youhua Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Sungyong You
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of MedicineSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California, 90048USA
- Department of SurgerySamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L W K Chung ()
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Lerner UH. NEW MOLECULES IN THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND AND RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILIES WITH IMPORTANCE FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL BONE RESORPTION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:64-81. [PMID: 15059943 DOI: 10.1177/154411130401500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are tissue-specific polykaryon bone-resorbing cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage with specialized functions required for the adhesion of the cells to bone and the subsequent polarization of the cell membrane, secretion of acid to dissolve mineral crystals, and release of proteolytic enzymes to degrade the extracellular matrix proteins. Most pathological conditions in the skeleton lead to loss of bone due to excess osteoclastic bone resorption, including periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. In rare cases, most of them genetic, patients with osteopetrosis exhibit sclerotic bone due either to a lack of osteoclasts or to non-functional osteoclasts. Mainly because of phenotypic findings in genetically manipulated mice or due to spontaneous mutations in humans, mice, and rats, several genes have been discovered as being crucial for osteoclast formation and activation. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of osteoclast biology have revealed the critical roles in osteoclast differentiation played by RANKL, RANK, and OPG, three novel members of the tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor superfamilies. The further study of these molecules and downstream signaling events are likely to provide a molecular basis for the development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases with excess or deficient osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf H. Lerner
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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