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Zawadka M, Gaweł M, Tomczyk-Warunek A, Turżańska K, Blicharski T. Relationship between Upper Limb Functional Assessment and Clinical Tests of Shoulder Mobility and Posture in Individuals Participating in Recreational Strength Training. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1028. [PMID: 38398339 PMCID: PMC10889156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper limb is crucial for functioning in everyday life, thus comprehensive assessment is crucial for physically active people to monitor the effect of exercise and prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between upper limb function, shoulder mobility, and posture in individuals who participate in recreational strength training. METHODS Thirty-four subjects who engaged in strength training of the upper limbs were divided into two groups: Group 1 (exercise < 3 years) and Group 2 (exercise ≥ 3 years). Lateral scapular slide tests, head and clavicle posture evaluations, and shoulder mobility and closed kinetic chain tests were performed. RESULTS Group 1 had a greater flexion deficit in both shoulders than Group 2. There was greater external rotation in the non-dominant shoulder and a greater score of the closed kinetic chain test in Group 2 compared to Group 1. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding scapula, clavicle, and head posture. The closed kinetic chain test was correlated with a scapula position and symmetry in shoulder flexion in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS Long-term strength training of the upper limbs can be recommended to improve functional abilities in the closed kinetic chain, increase shoulder mobility, and reduce asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zawadka
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chair of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 15, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Gaweł
- Department of Sports Medicine, Chair of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 15, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek
- Laboratory of Locomotor Systems Research, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Turżańska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Blicharski
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Dutra YM, Lopes JPF, Murias JM, Zagatto AM. Within- and between-day reliability and repeatability of neuromuscular function assessment in females and males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1372-1383. [PMID: 37916269 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the reliability and repeatability of the force and surface electromyography activity (EMG) outcomes obtained through voluntary and electrically evoked contractions of knee extensors in females (n = 18) and males (n = 20) and compared these data between sexes. Maximal isometric voluntary contractions (iMVCs) of knee extensors associated with electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve were performed over 4 days (48-h interval), with the first day involving familiarization procedures, the second involving three trials (1-h interval), and the third and fourth involving just one trial. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and repeatability of outcomes from within- and between-day trials were determined for each sex. Females presented lower maximal voluntary force during iMVC (iMVCForce) and associated vastus lateralis EMG activity (root mean square, RMSVL), force evoked by potentiated doublet high-frequency (Db100Force) and single stimuli (Qtw), and M-wave amplitude than males (P ≤ 0.01, partial eta squared ≥0.94). Voluntary activation (VA) and RMSVL/M-wave amplitude did not differ between sexes. iMVCForce, VA, Db100Force, Qtw, and M-wave amplitude were the most reliable outcomes in within-day trials, with similar results between sexes (ICC > 0.62; CV < 6.4%; repeatability: 12.2%-22.6%). When investigating between-day trials, the iMVCForce, VA, Db100Force, and Qtw were the most reliable (ICC > 0.66; CV < 7.5%; repeatability: 13.2%-33.45%) with similar results between sexes. In conclusion, females presented lower iMVCForce and evoked response than males. Although reliability and repeatability statistics vary between trials, data (e.g., from EMG or force signal), and sexes, most of the outcomes obtained through this technique are reliable in females and males.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although reliability and repeatability of knee extensors vary according to the type of neuromuscular function outcome (e.g., from force or EMG responses), the trial intervals (i.e., hours or days), and the sex of the participant, most force and EMG outcomes obtained through these neuromuscular assessment protocols present ICC > 0.75, very good CV (<10%), and repeatability <25% in within- and between-day trials in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Medeiros Dutra
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Fialho Lopes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Juan M Murias
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
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Lanza MB, Martins-Costa HC, de Almeida AR, de Souza CC, Diniz RC, Lima FV, Andrade AG, Chagas MH. Pectoralis major and triceps brachii cross-sectional area measured on different planes: the effect on the muscle size-strength relationship. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1194-1201. [PMID: 37675501 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-used technique to assess muscle size and can be acquired on different planes. Pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles are often acquired and analyzed on the axial plane, however it is unknown if anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) calculated from different planes will affect the muscle size-strength relationship. Thus, the first aim of the present study was to identify if the CSA of the PM and TB measured on different planes presents a similar muscle size-strength relationship. A secondary aim was to investigate if the quantification of CSA of the PM and TB muscles are similar between sagittal and axial plane. METHODS Fifteen males underwent an MRI examination, and after that, one-repetition maximum (1RM) test was performed. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between 1RM and PM CSA measured on the axial and sagittal plane (r≤0.81), while the relationship with TB CSA was only good on the axial plane (r=0.65) and not significant on the sagittal plane (r=0.27). ICC between planes was excellent for PM CSA (0.96) with Bland-Altman procedure showing agreement between planes (d=0.376; P=0.612). Contrarily, TB CSA ICC was week (0.07), with Bland-Altman procedure showing no agreement between planes (d=-24.49; P=0.022). CONCLUSIONS CSA measured at axial plane from PM and TB muscles showed a significant relationship with 1RM, while only PM CSA on the sagittal plane showed a significant relationship with 1RM. Finally, it was demonstrated that PM images showed a great reliability between planes, which was not true for TB muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hugo C Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil -
- Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aler R de Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina C de Souza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cr Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Gp Andrade
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Santos PDG, Vaz JR, Correia J, Neto T, Pezarat-Correia P. Long-Term Neurophysiological Adaptations to Strength Training: A Systematic Review With Cross-Sectional Studies. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2091-2105. [PMID: 37369087 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos, PDG, Vaz, JR, Correia, J, Neto, T, and Pezarat-Correia, P. Long-term neurophysiological adaptations to strength training: a systematic review with cross-sectional studies. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2091-2105, 2023-Neuromuscular adaptations to strength training are an extensively studied topic in sports sciences. However, there is scarce information about how neural mechanisms during force production differ between trained and untrained individuals. The purpose of this systematic review is to better understand the differences between highly trained and untrained individuals to establish the long-term neural adaptations to strength training. Three databases were used for the article search (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). Studies were included if they compared groups of resistance-trained with untrained people, aged 18-40 year, and acquired electromyography (EMG) signals during strength tasks. Twenty articles met the eligibility criteria. Generally, strength-trained individuals produced greater maximal voluntary activation, while reducing muscle activity in submaximal tasks, which may affect the acute response to strength training. These individuals also presented lower co-contraction of the antagonist muscles, although it depends on the specific training background. Global intermuscular coordination may be another important mechanism of adaptation in response to long-term strength training; however, further research is necessary to understand how it develops over time. Although these results should be carefully interpreted because of the great disparity of analyzed variables and methods of EMG processing, chronic neural adaptations seem to be decisive to greater force production. It is crucial to know the timings at which these adaptations stagnate and need to be stimulated with advanced training methods. Thus, training programs should be adapted to training status because the same stimulus in different training stages will lead to different responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo D G Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal; and
| | - Joana Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Neto
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal
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Škarabot J, Folland JP, Forsyth J, Vazoukis A, Holobar A, Del Vecchio A. Motor Unit Discharge Characteristics and Conduction Velocity of the Vastii Muscles in Long-Term Resistance-Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:824-836. [PMID: 36729054 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjustments in motor unit (MU) discharge properties have been shown after short-term resistance training; however, MU adaptations in long-term resistance-trained (RT) individuals are less clear. Here, we concurrently assessed MU discharge characteristics and MU conduction velocity in long-term RT and untrained (UT) men. METHODS Motor unit discharge characteristics (discharge rate, recruitment, and derecruitment threshold) and MU conduction velocity were assessed after the decomposition of high-density electromyograms recorded from vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) of RT (>3 yr; n = 14) and UT ( n = 13) during submaximal and maximal isometric knee extension. RESULTS Resistance-trained men were on average 42% stronger (maximal voluntary force [MVF], 976.7 ± 85.4 N vs 685.5 ± 123.1 N; P < 0.0001), but exhibited similar relative MU recruitment (VL, 21.3% ± 4.3% vs 21.0% ± 2.3% MVF; VM, 24.5% ± 4.2% vs 22.7% ± 5.3% MVF) and derecruitment thresholds (VL, 20.3% ± 4.3% vs 19.8% ± 2.9% MVF; VM, 24.2% ± 4.8% vs 22.9% ± 3.7% MVF; P ≥ 0.4543). There were also no differences between groups in MU discharge rate at recruitment and derecruitment or at the plateau phase of submaximal contractions (VL, 10.6 ± 1.2 pps vs 10.3 ± 1.5 pps; VM, 10.7 ± 1.6 pps vs 10.8 ± 1.7 pps; P ≥ 0.3028). During maximal contractions of a subsample population (10 RT, 9 UT), MU discharge rate was also similar in RT compared with UT (VL, 21.1 ± 4.1 pps vs 14.0 ± 4.5 pps; VM, 19.5 ± 5.0 pps vs 17.0 ± 6.3 pps; P = 0.7173). Motor unit conduction velocity was greater in RT compared with UT individuals in both VL (4.9 ± 0.5 m·s -1 vs 4.5 ± 0.3 m·s -1 ; P < 0.0013) and VM (4.8 ± 0.5 m·s -1 vs 4.4 ± 0.3 m·s -1 ; P < 0.0073). CONCLUSIONS Resistance-trained and UT men display similar MU discharge characteristics in the knee extensor muscles during maximal and submaximal contractions. The between-group strength difference is likely explained by superior muscle morphology of RT as suggested by greater MU conduction velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Jules Forsyth
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Apostolos Vazoukis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Systems Software Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, SLOVENIA
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, GERMANY
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Mesquita Souza RL, Aidar FJ, Villar R, Greco G, Santos LD, Poli L, Lima de Santana J, Carvutto R, Gama de Matos D, Badicu G, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Nobari H, Fischetti F, Cataldi S. Assessment of asymmetry at different intensities between conventional and paralympic powerlifting athletes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16211. [PMID: 37251905 PMCID: PMC10213187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Powerlifting competitions require consistent and symmetric lifting of heavy loads and maximal effort, in which, asymmetric lifting results in trial invalidation. Symmetry during this very high intensity movement is determinant to athletes' performance and success in competitions. This study aimed to compare the asymmetry between Conventional Powerlifting athletes (CP) and Paralympic (PP) athletes at intensities of 45 and 80% 1RM before and after a training session. Twenty-two male athletes (11 CP: 29.84 ± 4.21 and 11 PP: 30.81 ± 8.05 years old) participated in this study. Mean Propulsive Velocity (MPV), Maximum Velocity (Vmax) and Power during the concentric and eccentric phases were evaluated at 45%-1RM before and after a training session. For the intensity of 80%-1RM, MPV, Vmax and Power were measured in the first and last series (5 series of 5 repetitions: 5X5) of a training session. PP athletes demonstrated lower velocity and greater symmetry at 45%-1RM, but higher velocity and less asymmetry at 80%-1RM, when compared to CP. The data indicated that PP athletes tend to be slower at lower intensities, faster at higher intensities in absolute values, and have greater symmetry than CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luiz Mesquita Souza
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Villar
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luca Poli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jefferson Lima de Santana
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Roberto Carvutto
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Sports and Leisure School, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Woodhead A, North JS, Hill J, Murphy CP, Kidgell DJ, Tallent J. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations following lower limb motor skill training: a meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:807-824. [PMID: 36740653 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motor skill training alters the human nervous system; however, lower limb motor tasks have been less researched compared to upper limb tasks. This meta-analysis with best evidence synthesis aimed to determine the cortical and subcortical responses that occur following lower limb motor skill training, and whether these responses are accompanied by improvements in motor performance. Following a literature search that adhered to the PRISMA guidelines, data were extracted and analysed from six studies (n = 172) for the meta-analysis, and 11 studies (n = 257) were assessed for the best evidence synthesis. Pooled data indicated that lower limb motor skill training increased motor performance, with a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 1.09 being observed. However, lower limb motor skill training had no effect on corticospinal excitability (CSE), Hoffmann's reflex (H-reflex) or muscle compound action potential (MMAX) amplitude. The best evidence synthesis found strong evidence for improved motor performance and reduced short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) following lower limb motor skill training, with conflicting evidence towards the modulation of CSE. Taken together, this review highlights the need for further investigation on how motor skill training performed with the lower limb musculature can modulate corticospinal responses. This will also help us to better understand whether these neuronal measures are underpinning mechanisms that support an improvement in motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Jamie S North
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Middlesex, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Colm P Murphy
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.,School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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8
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Lanza MB, Lacerda LT, Gurgel Simões M, Martins-Costa HC, Diniz RC, Chagas MH, Lima FV. Normalization of the electromyography amplitude during a multiple-set resistance training protocol: Reliability and differences between approaches. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 68:102724. [PMID: 36399915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first aim was to investigate the impact of different electromyography (EMG) parameters as a reference to normalize the EMG amplitude of the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles across different sets of a knee extension exercise. The second aim is to examine the reliability between days of the EMG parameters used as a reference. Eleven young males attended the laboratory on 4 different days and performed one repetition maximum test, maximumvoluntary isometric contractions, and a resistance training protocol until failure. Surface EMG was placed over the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis muscles. Seven EMG parameters were calculated from the tasks and used to normalize EMG amplitude measured during the resistance training protocol. A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was used (normalized EMG amplitude × set) to compare normalized EMG across sets, while an intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, and Bland-Altman plots were used to calculate the intra-day reliability of the EMG parameters. The present investigation showed that normalized EMG amplitude of the superficial muscles of the quadriceps measured during a knee extension exercise is influenced by the EMG parameter and depends on the muscle. While rectus femoris and vastus lateralis normalized EMG amplitude presented one parameter among seven showing similar value to the other parameters, VM showed two. Lastly, all EMG parameters for all muscles presented an overall excellent reliability and agreement between days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Lucas T Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, State University of Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Marina Gurgel Simões
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Martins-Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro H Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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9
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Lanza MB, Rock K, Marchese V, Gray VL, Addison O. Ultrasound measures of muscle thickness and subcutaneous tissue from the hip abductors: Inter- and intra-rater reliability. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 62:102612. [PMID: 35792333 PMCID: PMC9742124 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound imaging is important in many fields such as medicine, sports, and health sciences to assess parts of muscle structure (e.g., muscle thickness [MT]) or composition (subcutaneous tissue [SubT]). OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of MT and SubT measurements of the hip abductor muscles gluteus medius (GM) and tensor fascia latae (TFL). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHOD Twenty young adults participated in the study. Intra-rater reliability was established by measuring the same two images twice by the same rater, while inter-rater reliability was assessed between two raters by measuring the same two images for each muscle. For both intra- and inter-rater reliability, the reliability of the TFL and GM outcomes (MT- SubT) were determined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of the measurement (SEM), and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS For intra-rater reliability, variables of both muscles showed an excellent ICC (≥0.90), lower CV and SEM, and bias near zero. Inter-rater reliability also showed an excellent ICC for both variables and muscles (≥0.81) with lower CV, SEM, and bias. CONCLUSION Therefore, these results provide strong evidence of a reliable measure of MT and SubT from GM and TFL. The present study provides health care professionals and researchers increased confidence in using 2D ultrasound to assess the hip abductors muscles reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bahia Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1082, United States.
| | - Kelly Rock
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1082, United States
| | - Victoria Marchese
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1082, United States
| | - Vicki L. Gray
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1082, United States
| | - Odessa Addison
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1082, United States,Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VAHMC, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Diong J, Kishimoto KC, Butler JE, Héroux ME. Muscle electromyographic activity normalized to maximal muscle activity, not to Mmax, better represents voluntary activation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277947. [PMID: 36409688 PMCID: PMC9678282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In human applied physiology studies, the amplitude of recorded muscle electromyographic activity (EMG) is often normalized to maximal EMG recorded during a maximal voluntary contraction. When maximal contractions cannot be reliably obtained (e.g. in people with muscle paralysis, anterior cruciate ligament injury, or arthritis), EMG is sometimes normalized to the maximal compound muscle action potiential evoked by stimulation, the Mmax. However, it is not known how these two methods of normalization affect the conclusions and comparability of studies. To address this limitation, we investigated the relationship between voluntary muscle activation and EMG normalized either to maximal EMG or to Mmax. Twenty-five able-bodied adults performed voluntary isometric ankle plantarflexion contractions to a range of percentages of maximal voluntary torque. Ankle torque, plantarflexor muscle EMG, and voluntary muscle activation measured by twitch interpolation were recorded. EMG recorded at each contraction intensity was normalized to maximal EMG or to Mmax for each plantarflexor muscle, and the relationship between the two normalization approaches quantified. A slope >1 indicated EMG amplitude normalized to maximal EMG (vertical axis) was greater than EMG normalized to Mmax (horizontal axis). Mean estimates of the slopes were large and had moderate precision: soleus 8.7 (95% CI 6.9 to 11.0), medial gastrocnemius 13.4 (10.5 to 17.0), lateral gastrocnemius 11.4 (9.4 to 14.0). This indicates EMG normalized to Mmax is approximately eleven times smaller than EMG normalized to maximal EMG. Normalization to maximal EMG gave closer approximations to the level of voluntary muscle activation assessed by twitch interpolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Diong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenzo C. Kishimoto
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane E. Butler
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin E. Héroux
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Reece TM, Hatcher ML, Emerson DM, Herda TJ. The effects of passive dehydration on motor unit firing rates of the vastus lateralis in males. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Gabriel DA. Teaching Essential EMG Theory to Kinesiologists and Physical Therapists Using Analogies Visual Descriptions, and Qualitative Analysis of Biophysical Concepts. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6555. [PMID: 36081014 PMCID: PMC9460425 DOI: 10.3390/s22176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electromyography (EMG) is a multidisciplinary field that brings together allied health (kinesiology and physical therapy) and the engineering sciences (biomedical and electrical). Since the physical sciences are used in the measurement of a biological process, the presentation of the theoretical foundations of EMG is most conveniently conducted using math and physics. However, given the multidisciplinary nature of EMG, a course will most likely include students from diverse backgrounds, with varying levels of math and physics. This is a pedagogical paper that outlines an approach for teaching foundational concepts in EMG to kinesiologists and physical therapists that uses a combination of analogies, visual descriptions, and qualitative analysis of biophysical concepts to develop an intuitive understanding for those who are new to surface EMG. The approach focuses on muscle fiber action potentials (MFAPs), motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) because changes in these waveforms are much easier to identify and describe in comparison to the surface EMG interference pattern (IP).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gabriel
- Electromyographic Kinesiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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13
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Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:685-697. [PMID: 34978747 PMCID: PMC9305549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long‐term maximum strength‐trained (LT‐MST; ie, ≥3 years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty‐three healthy young men (untrained [UNT] n = 49, and LT‐MST n = 14) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSAMAX (+54%) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT ([both] p < 0.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25–150 ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all] p < 0.001; 1.15≤ effect size [ES]≤2.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50 ms after torque onset; +43, p < 0.001; ES = 3.07) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT‐MST than UNT from 100 to 150 ms after contraction onset (−11% to −16%; 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.002; 0.98 ≤ ES ≤ 1.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50 ms after onset was lower (−10%; p < 0.001; ES = 1.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%; p = 0.001; ES = 1.18) for LT‐MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT‐MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT‐MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic/evoked contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Garry J Massey
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, US
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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14
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Keller JL, Anders JPV, Neltner TJ, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Sex differences in muscle excitation and oxygenation, but not in force fluctuations or active hyperemia resulting from a fatiguing, bilateral isometric task. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34847546 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac3e86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It remains to be fully elucidated if there are sex-specific physiological adjustments within the human neuromuscular and vascular systems that contribute to symptoms of fatigue during a sustained bilateral task. This, in part, is likely due to various limitations in experimental design such as an inability to independently record force fluctuations from each limb.Objective. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the fatigue-induced changes in muscle excitation, force fluctuations, skeletal muscle tissue saturation (StO2), and muscle blood flow resulting from a sustained, bilateral task.Approach. Thirty healthy, college-aged adults (15 males, 15 females) performed a bilateral leg task at 25% of maximum voluntary isometric (MVIC). Before and after the task, MVICs were completed. Resting and post-task femoral artery blood flow (FABF) were determined. Muscle excitation was quantified as electromyographic amplitude (EMG AMP) from the right and left vastus lateralis. During the task, force fluctuations were determined independently from each leg. The StO2signal was collected with a near-infrared spectroscopy device attached to the right vastus lateralis. The rate of change in these variables was calculated via simple linear regression. The exercise-induced magnitude of change in MVIC (i.e. performance fatigability) and FABF (i.e. active hyperemia) was determined.Main Results. There was no sex difference in the percent decline in MVIC (20.5 ± 20.1% versus 16.4 ± 3.5%;p> 0.05). There were no inter-leg differences in EMG AMP or force fluctuations. The males exhibited a faster rate of increase in EMG AMP (b= 0.13 versusb= 0.08;p< 0.001), whereas the females exhibited a slower rate of decline in StO2(b= -0.049 versusb= -0.080). There was no sex difference in force fluctuations or change in FABF.Significance. Males and females likely have different neuromuscular strategies and muscle characteristics, but these did not elicit a sex difference in performance fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36606, United States of America
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Terry J Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
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