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Khasanova A, Henagan TM. Exercise Is Medicine: How Do We Implement It? Nutrients 2023; 15:3164. [PMID: 37513581 PMCID: PMC10385293 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is well known to have beneficial effects on various disease states. In this paper, we broadly describe the fundamental concepts that are shared among various disease states, including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure (HF), cancer, and psychological well-being, and the beneficial effects of exercise training within these concepts. We highlight issues involved in implementing exercise recommendations and describe the potential impacts and challenges to medical professionals and patients. Problems are identified and discussed with respect to the future roles of professionals in the current built environment with its limited infrastructure to support current physical activity recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Khasanova
- Department of Family Medicine, Baton Rouge General Family Health Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Baton Rouge General Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Family Medicine, Baton Rouge General Family Health Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Baton Rouge General Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Salimans L, Liberman K, Njemini R, Kortekaas Krohn I, Gutermuth J, Bautmans I. The effect of resistance exercise on the immune cell function in humans: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111822. [PMID: 35490790 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise is beneficial for the immune system, including decreased susceptibility to infections and improved effectiveness of vaccinations. This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the literature regarding the impact of resistance exercise on immune cells in the blood circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protocol of this review followed the PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020157834). PubMed and Web-of-Science were systematically searched for relevant articles. Outcomes were divided into two categories: 1) inflammatory gene expression or secretion of inflammation-related cytokines and 2) other aspects such as cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, and redox status. RESULTS Thirty intervention studies were included in this review, of which 11 articles were randomized controlled trials and six non-randomized controlled trials. Although only resistance exercise interventions were included, there was a high heterogeneity regarding specific exercise modalities. The most frequently studied outcome measures were the gene and protein expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This review reveals that already one acute exercise bout activates the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway in PBMC. Although resistance exercise induces an acute cytosolic oxidative stress response, the antioxidant enzyme expression is improved after resistance training period. Natural killer cell activity increases in older but decreases in younger adults immediately after a resistance exercise bout. Moreover, resistance exercise improves neutrophil phagocytic activity. Finally, effects on lymphocyte proliferation remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review demonstrate that resistance exercise has beneficial effects on several aspects of immune cell function both in young and older individuals. Acute changes in immune cell function occur already after a single bout of resistance exercise. However, regular resistance training during several weeks seems necessary to obtain beneficial adaptations that can be related to better immunity and reduced inflammation. The effects documented in this review confirm the beneficial effects of resistance exercise in young as well as older persons on the immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Salimans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Frailty in Aging (FRIA) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Gerontology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Keliane Liberman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Frailty in Aging (FRIA) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Gerontology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rose Njemini
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Frailty in Aging (FRIA) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Gerontology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Kortekaas Krohn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Skin Immunology & Immune Tolerance (SKIN) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Frailty in Aging (FRIA) Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Gerontology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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A mouse model for a partially inactive obesity-associated human MC3R variant. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10522. [PMID: 26818770 PMCID: PMC4738366 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported children homozygous for two MC3R sequence variants (C17A+G241A) have greater fat mass than controls. Here we show, using homozygous knock-in mouse models in which we replace murine Mc3r with wild-type human (MC3RhWT/hWT) and double-mutant (C17A+G241A) human (MC3RhDM/hDM) MC3R, that MC3RhDM/hDM have greater weight and fat mass, increased energy intake and feeding efficiency, but reduced length and fat-free mass compared with MC3RhWT/hWT. MC3RhDM/hDM mice do not have increased adipose tissue inflammatory cell infiltration or greater expression of inflammatory markers despite their greater fat mass. Serum adiponectin levels are increased in MC3RhDM/hDM mice and MC3RhDM/hDM human subjects. MC3RhDM/hDM bone- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate into adipocytes that accumulate more triglyceride than MC3RhWT/hWT MSCs. MC3RhDM/hDM impacts nutrient partitioning to generate increased adipose tissue that appears metabolically healthy. These data confirm the importance of MC3R signalling in human metabolism and suggest a previously-unrecognized role for the MC3R in adipose tissue development. The melanocortin receptor, MC3R, regulates organismal energy homeostasis. Here, Lee et al. create knock-in mice with the a mutated version of the human MC3R receptor found in obese children, and show these mice have more fat and smaller bone, yet are by and large metabolically healthy.
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Ramel A, Geirsdottir OG, Jonsson PV, Thorsdottiri I. C-Reactive Protein and Resistance Exercise in Community Dwelling Old Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:792-6. [PMID: 26193865 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant, has been associated with atherosclerosis and has also been discussed as a target for intervention. The effects of resistance exercise on CRP are currently not clear. The present analysis investigated the response of CRP to resistance exercise in old adults. DESIGN Intervention study. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS Old Icelandic adults (N = 235, 73.7 ± 5.7 years, 58.2% female). INTERVENTION Twelve-week resistance exercise program (3 times/week; 3 sets, 6-8 repetitions at 75-80% of the 1-repetition maximum) designed to increase strength and muscle mass of major muscle groups. MEASUREMENTS C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Mean CRP levels were 7.1 ± 4.6 mg/dL at baseline, thirty-six (15.6%) subjects had abnormally high CRP (>10 mg/L) values at baseline. After the resistance exercise program the overall changes in CRP were minor and not significant. However, CRP decreased considerably in participants with high CRP at baseline (-4.28 ± 9.41 mg/L; P = 0.015) but increased slightly in participants with normal CRP (0.81 ± 4.58 mg/L, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the concentrations of circulating CRP decreased considerably after a 12-week resistance exercise program in participants with abnormally high CRP at baseline, possibly reducing thus risk for future disease. CRP changed little in participants with normal CRP at the start of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramel
- Alfons Ramel, Unit for Nutrition Research, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland, Telephone: +354 543 8410, Fax: +354 543 4824,
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Strohacker K, Fazzino D, Breslin WL, Xu X. The use of periodization in exercise prescriptions for inactive adults: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:385-96. [PMID: 26844095 PMCID: PMC4721364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodization of exercise is a method typically used in sports training, but the impact of periodized exercise on health outcomes in untrained adults is unclear. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize existing research wherein aerobic or resistance exercise was prescribed to inactive adults using a recognized periodization method. METHODS A search of relevant databases, conducted between January and February of 2014, yielded 21 studies published between 2000 and 2013 that assessed the impact of periodized exercise on health outcomes in untrained participants. RESULTS Substantial heterogeneity existed between studies, even under the same periodization method. Compared to baseline values or non-training control groups, prescribing periodized resistance or aerobic exercise yielded significant improvements in health outcomes related to traditional and emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease, low-back and neck/shoulder pain, disease severity, and quality of life, with mixed results for increasing bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS Although it is premature to conclude that periodized exercise is superior to non-periodized exercise for improving health outcomes, periodization appears to be a feasible means of prescribing exercise to inactive adults within an intervention setting. Further research is necessary to understand the effectiveness of periodizing aerobic exercise, the psychological effects of periodization, and the feasibility of implementing flexible non-linear methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Strohacker
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sports Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Fazzino
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sports Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Whitney L. Breslin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, United States
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