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Selected Methods of Resistance Training for Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091389. [PMID: 35563694 PMCID: PMC9102413 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is an extremely beneficial intervention to prevent and treat sarcopenia. In general, traditional high-load resistance training improves skeletal muscle morphology and strength, but this method is impractical and may even reduce arterial compliance by about 20% in aged adults. Thus, the progression of resistance training methods for improving the strength and morphology of muscles without applying a high load is essential. Over the past two decades, various resistance training methods that can improve skeletal muscle mass and muscle function without using high loads have attracted attention, and their training effects, molecular mechanisms, and safety have been reported. The present study focuses on the relationship between exercise load/intensity, training effects, and physiological mechanisms as well as the safety of various types of resistance training that have attracted attention as a measure against sarcopenia. At present, there is much research evidence that blood-flow-restricted low-load resistance training (20–30% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) has been reported as a sarcopenia countermeasure in older adults. Therefore, this training method may be particularly effective in preventing sarcopenia.
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Sumi K, Sakuda M, Munakata K, Nakamura K, Ashida K. α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid Decreases Protein Synthesis but Attenuates TNFα/IFNγ Co-Exposure-Induced Protein Degradation and Myotube Atrophy via Suppression of iNOS and IL-6 in Murine C2C12 Myotube. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072391. [PMID: 34371902 PMCID: PMC8308709 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate as to whether or not α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) positively regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis resulting in the gain or maintenance of skeletal muscle. We investigated the effects of HICA on mouse C2C12 myotubes under normal conditions and during cachexia induced by co-exposure to TNFα and IFNγ. The phosphorylation of AMPK or ERK1/2 was significantly altered 30 min after HICA treatment under normal conditions. The basal protein synthesis rates measured by a deuterium-labeling method were significantly lowered by the HICA treatment under normal and cachexic conditions. Conversely, myotube atrophy induced by TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure was significantly improved by the HICA pretreatment, and this improvement was accompanied by the inhibition of iNOS expression and IL-6 production. Moreover, HICA also suppressed the TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure-induced secretion of 3-methylhistidine. These results demonstrated that HICA decreases basal protein synthesis under normal or cachexic conditions; however, HICA might attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy via maintaining a low level of protein degradation under cachexic conditions.
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050552. [PMID: 29710835 PMCID: PMC5986432 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplementation not only helps in improving and maintaining performance in sports and exercise, but also contributes in reducing exercise fatigue and in recovery from exhaustion. Fish oil contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). It is widely known that omega-3 fatty acids are effective for improving cardiac function, depression, cognitive function, and blood as well as lowering blood pressure. In the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and exercise performance, previous studies have been predicted improved endurance performance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and effectivity against delayed-onset muscle soreness. However, the optimal dose, duration, and timing remain unclear. This review focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on muscle damage and function as evaluated by human and animal studies and summarizes its effects on muscle and nerve damage, and muscle mass and strength.
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Takagi R, Ogasawara R, Takegaki J, Tsutaki A, Nakazato K, Ishii N. Influence of past injurious exercise on fiber type-specific acute anabolic response to resistance exercise in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:16-22. [PMID: 28912360 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00480.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of past injurious exercise on anabolic response of skeletal muscle fibers to resistance exercise (RE). Wistar rats were divided into exercise (E) and exercise-after-injury (I-E) groups. At age 10 wk, the right gastrocnemius muscle in each rat in the I-E group was subjected to strenuous eccentric contractions. Subsequently, RE was imposed on the same muscle of each rat at 14 wk of age in both groups. Peak joint torque and total force generation per body mass during RE were similar between the groups. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the I-E group was higher than that in the E group 6 h after RE. Furthermore, levels of phospho-p70S6 kinase (Thr389) and phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (phospho-rpS6) (Ser240/244), a downstream target of p70S6 kinase, were higher in the I-E group than in the E group. For the anabolic response in each fiber type, the I-E group showed a higher MPS response in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and a higher phospho-rpS6 response in type IIx, IIa, and I fibers than the E group. In the I-E group, the relative content of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIa was higher and that of MHC IIb was lower than those in the E group. In addition, type IIa fibers showed a lower MPS response to RE than type IIb fibers in the I-E group. In conclusion, the past injurious exercise enhanced the MPS and phospho-rpS6 responses in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and type IIx, IIa, and I fibers, respectively. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Past injurious exercise increased the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling activation to resistance exercise. In the responses of each fiber type, the past injurious exercise increased the MPS and phosphorylation ribosomal protein (Ser240/244) responses in type IIb, IIa, and I fibers and type IIx, IIa, and I fibers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takagi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Aichi , Japan
| | - Junya Takegaki
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Arata Tsutaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naokata Ishii
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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Effect of eccentric action velocity on expression of genes related to myostatin signaling pathway in human skeletal muscle. Biol Sport 2017; 35:111-119. [PMID: 30455539 PMCID: PMC6234307 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an acute bout of eccentric actions, performed at fast velocity (210º.s-1) and at slow velocity (20º.s-1), on the gene expression of regulatory components of the myostatin (MSTN) signalling pathway. Participants performed an acute bout of eccentric actions at either a slow or a fast velocity. Muscle biopsy samples were taken before, immediately after, and 2 h after the exercise bout. The gene expression of the components of the MSTN pathway was assessed by real-time PCR. No change was observed in MSTN, ACTRIIB, GASP-1 or FOXO-3a gene expression after either slow or fast eccentric actions (p > 0.05). However, the MSTN inhibitors follistatin (FST), FST-like-3 (FSTL3) and SMAD-7 were significantly increased 2 h after both eccentric actions (p < 0.05). No significant difference between bouts was found before, immediately after, or 2 h after the eccentric actions (slow and fast velocities, p > 0.05). The current findings indicate that a bout of eccentric actions activates the expression of MSTN inhibitors. However, no difference was observed in MSTN inhibitors’ gene expression when comparing slow and fast eccentric actions. It is possible that the greater time under tension induced by slow eccentric (SE) actions might compensate the effect of the greater velocity of fast eccentric (FE) actions. Additional studies are required to address the effect of eccentric action (EA) velocities on the pathways related to muscle hypertrophy.
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Kouzaki K, Kobayashi M, Nakamura KI, Ohta K, Nakazato K. Repeated bouts of fast eccentric contraction produce sciatic nerve damage in rats. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:936-942. [PMID: 26994356 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated sciatic nerve impairment after eccentric contractions (ECs) in rat triceps surae. METHODS Wistar rats were randomly assigned to different joint angular velocity: 180°/s (FAST), 30°/s (SLOW), or nontreated control (CNT). FAST and SLOW groups were subjected to multiple (1-4) bouts of 20 (5 reps, 4 sets) ECs. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and isometric tetanic ankle torque were measured 24 h after each ECs bout. We also assessed nerve morphology. RESULTS After 4 ECs bouts, NCVs and isometric torque in the FAST group were significantly lower than those in the CNT (NCV: 42%, torque: 66%; P < 0.05). After 4 bouts, average nerve diameter was significantly smaller in the FAST group [2.39 ± 0.20 μm vs. 2.69 ± 0.20 μm (CNT) and 2.93 ± 0.24 μm (SLOW); P < 0.05] than that in other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ECs with high angular velocity induce serious nerve damage. Muscle Nerve 54: 936-942, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nakamura
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
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Tanaka M, Nakanishi R, Murakami S, Fujita N, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Roy RR, Fujino H. Effectiveness of daily eccentric contractions induced via kilohertz frequency transcutaneous electrical stimulation on muscle atrophy. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:56-62. [PMID: 26627335 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of daily repeated bouts of concentric, isometric, or eccentric contractions induced by high frequency (kilohertz) transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ameliorating atrophy of the soleus muscle in hindlimb unloaded rats were determined. Five groups of male rats were studied: control, hindlimb unloaded for 2 weeks (HU), or HU plus two daily bouts of concentric, isometric, or eccentric high-frequency electrical stimulation-induced contractions of the calf musculature. Soleus mass and fiber size were smaller, the levels of phosphorylated Akt1 and FoxO3a lower, and atrogin-1 and ubiquitinated proteins higher in the HU, and the HU plus concentric or isometric contraction groups than in the control group. In contrast, daily bouts of eccentric contractions maintained these values at near control levels and all measures were significantly different from all other HU groups. These results indicate that daily bouts of eccentric contractions induced by high-frequency stimulation inhibited the ubiquitin-proteasome catabolic pathway and enhanced the Akt1/FoxO3a anabolic pathway that resulted in a prevention of the atrophic response of the soleus muscle to chronic unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakanishi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Murakami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiono, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujita
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Integrated Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya 467-8610, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Life Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Roland R Roy
- Brain Research Institute and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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Repeated bouts of fast velocity eccentric contractions induce atrophy of gastrocnemius muscle in rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:317-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee K, Ochi E, Song H, Nakazato K. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase induce expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin after exercise-induced muscle damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:289-94. [PMID: 26342801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to regulate protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. We previously found that levels of Forkhead box proteins, FoxO1 and FoxO3a, and myostatin in rat gastrocnemius increased after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Eccentric muscle contractions (ECs), defined as elongation of muscle under tension, were used for inducing EIMD. The objective of this study was to clarify whether AMPK participates in activation and expression of FoxO proteins and myostatin in rat gastrocnemius muscle after EIMD. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into the following three groups; CON (n = 6), 180ECs group (ankle angular velocity, 180°/s; n = 6), and 30ECs group (ankle angular velocity, 30°/s; n = 6). 20 ECs were conducted with percutaneous electrical stimulation of gastrocnemius and simultaneous forced dorsiflexion of ankle joint (from 0° to 45°). To evaluate activation of AMPK, we measured the phosphorylated states of AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase. For evaluation of the direct relationships of AMPK and other proteins, we also examined contents of FoxOs and myostatin with stimulation of L6 myotube with AMPK agonist, 5 -aminoimidazole -4 -carboxamide -1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) (0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM). Western blotting was employed for protein analysis. Significant torque deficit was only observed in the 180ECs, suggesting EIMD. We also observed that phosphorylated AMPKα was induced in response to 180ECs (p < 0.01 vs. CON). Additionally, the level of phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase was significantly higher in response to 180ECs and 30ECs. The phosphorylated states of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin expression were increased significantly in response to 180ECs. Furthermore, treatment of L6 myotubes with AICAR showed similar tendencies to that observed in in vivo gastrocnemius muscle treated with 180ECs. Therefore, we conclude that activation of AMPK plays a key role in increasing the level of FoxO1, FoxO3a, and myostatin in gastrocnemius after EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuk Lee
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; Korea Institute of Sports Science, San223-19, Gongneung-dong Nowon-gu Seoul 139-242, South Korea.
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Hongsun Song
- Korea Institute of Sports Science, San223-19, Gongneung-dong Nowon-gu Seoul 139-242, South Korea.
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan.
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Beaven CM, Willis SJ, Cook CJ, Holmberg HC. Physiological comparison of concentric and eccentric arm cycling in males and females. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112079. [PMID: 25372404 PMCID: PMC4221259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower body eccentric exercise is well known to elicit high levels of muscular force with relatively low cardiovascular and metabolic strain. As a result, eccentric exercise has been successfully utilised as an adaptive stressor to improve lower body muscle function in populations ranging from the frail and debilitated, to highly-trained individuals. Here we investigate the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and energy costs of upper body eccentric exercise in a healthy population. Seven men and seven women performed 4-min efforts of eccentric (ECC) or concentric (CON) arm cycling on a novel arm ergometer at workloads corresponding to 40, 60, and 80% of their peak workload as assessed in an incremental concentric trial. The heart rate, ventilation, cardiac output, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate concentrations were all clearly greater in CON condition at all of the relative workloads (all p<0.003). Effect size calculations demonstrated that the magnitude of the differences in VO2 and work economy between the ECC and CON exercise ranged from very large to extremely large; however, in no case did mechanical efficiency (η(MECH)) differ between the conditions (all p>0.05). In contrast, delta efficiency (ηΔ), as previously defined by Coyle and colleagues in 1992, demonstrated a sex difference (men>women; p<0.05). Sex differences were also apparent in arteriovenous oxygen difference and heart rate during CON. Here, we reinforce the high-force, low cost attributes of eccentric exercise which can be generalised to the muscles of the upper body. Upper body eccentric exercise is likely to form a useful adjunct in debilitative, rehabilitative, and adaptive clinical exercise programs; however, reports of a shift towards an oxidative phenotype should be taken into consideration by power athletes. We suggest delta efficiency as a sensitive measure of efficiency that allowed the identification of sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Martyn Beaven
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Sarah J. Willis
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Christian J. Cook
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Lee K, Kouzaki K, Ochi E, Kobayashi K, Tsutaki A, Hiranuma K, Kami K, Nakazato K. Eccentric contractions of gastrocnemius muscle-induced nerve damage in rats. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:87-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuk Lee
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences; Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Koji Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Arata Tsutaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Kenji Hiranuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Katsuya Kami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University; Tokyo, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
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Kornfeld SF, Biggar KK, Storey KB. Differential expression of mature microRNAs involved in muscle maintenance of hibernating little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus: a model of muscle atrophy resistance. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2012. [PMID: 23200139 PMCID: PMC5054200 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is common in mammals during extended periods of immobility. However, many small hibernating mammals manage to avoid muscle atrophy despite remaining stationary for long periods during hibernation. Recent research has highlighted roles for short non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of stress tolerance. We proposed that they could also play an important role in muscle maintenance during hibernation. To explore this possibility, a group of 10 miRNAs known to be normally expressed in skeletal muscle of non-hibernating mammals were analyzed by RT-PCR in hibernating little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus. We then compared the expression of these miRNAs in euthermic control bats and bats in torpor. Our results showed that compared to euthermic controls, significant, albeit modest (1.2–1.6 fold), increases in transcript expression were observed for eight mature miRNAs, including miR-1a-1, miR-29b, miR-181b, miR-15a, miR-20a, miR-206 and miR-128-1, in the pectoral muscle of torpid bats. Conversely, expression of miR-21 decreased by 80% during torpor, while expression of miR-107 remained unaffected. Interestingly, these miRNAs have been either validated or predicted to affect multiple muscle-specific factors, including myostatin, FoxO3a, HDAC4 and SMAD7, and are likely involved in the preservation of pectoral muscle mass and functionality during bat hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F Kornfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Döring F, Onur S, Kürbitz C, Boulay MR, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myostatin (MSTN) and muscle creatine kinase (CKM) genes are not associated with elite endurance performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:841-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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