An investigation of p53 in skeletal muscle aging

SIRT1 signaling pathways in sarcopenia: Novel mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Sarcopenia is an aging-related skeletal disease characterized by decreased muscle mass, strength, and physical function, severely affecting the quality of life (QoL) of the elderly population. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases, has been reported to participate in various aging-related signaling pathways and exert protective effect on many human diseases. SIRT1 functioned as an important role in the occurrence and progression of sarcopenia through regulating key pathways related to protein homeostasis, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance and autophagy in skeletal muscle, including SIRT1/Forkhead Box O (FoxO), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/SIRT1/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), SIRT1/p53, AMPK/SIRT1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and SIRT1/live kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMPK pathways. However, the specific mechanisms of these processes have not been fully illuminated. Currently, several SIRT1-mediated interventions on sarcopenia have been preliminarily developed, such as SIRT1 activator polyphenolic compounds, exercising and calorie restriction. In this review, we summarized the predominant mechanisms of SIRT1 involved in sarcopenia and therapeutic modalities targeting the SIRT1 signaling pathways for the prevention and prognosis of sarcopenia.

Class IIa HDACs inhibit cell death pathways and protect muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity

Lipotoxicity, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, alters the metabolic transcriptome and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we show that lipotoxicity increased histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which reduced the expression of metabolic genes and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased non-oxidative glucose metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming was also associated with impaired apoptosis and ferroptosis responses, and preserved muscle cell viability in response to lipotoxicity. Mechanistically, increased HDAC4 and 5 decreased acetylation of p53 at K120, a modification required for transcriptional activation of apoptosis. Redox drivers of ferroptosis derived from oxidative metabolism were also reduced. The relevance of this pathway was demonstrated by overexpression of loss-of-function HDAC4 and HDAC5 mutants in skeletal muscle of obese db/db mice, which enhanced oxidative metabolic capacity, increased apoptosis and ferroptosis and reduced muscle mass. This study identifies HDAC4 and HDAC5 as repressors of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism, which is linked to inhibition of cell death pathways and preservation of muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity.

Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Sarcopenia: Considerations, Current Insights, and Future Directions

Sarcopenia poses a significant challenge to public health and can severely impact the quality of life of aging populations. Despite extensive efforts to study muscle degeneration using traditional animal models, there is still a lack of effective diagnostic tools, precise biomarkers, and treatments for sarcopenia. Zebrafish models have emerged as powerful tools in biomedical research, providing unique insights into age-related muscle disorders like sarcopenia. The advantages of using zebrafish models include their rapid growth outside of the embryo, optical transparency during early developmental stages, high reproductive potential, ease of husbandry, compact size, and genetic tractability. By deepening our understanding of the molecular processes underlying sarcopenia, we may develop novel diagnostic tools and effective treatments that can improve the lives of aging individuals affected by this condition. This review aims to explore the unique advantages of zebrafish as a model for sarcopenia research, highlight recent breakthroughs, outline potential avenues for future investigations, and emphasize the distinctive contributions that zebrafish models offer. Our research endeavors to contribute significantly to address the urgent need for practical solutions to reduce the impact of sarcopenia on aging populations, ultimately striving to enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

Exploring traditional Chinese medicine as a potential treatment for sarcopenia: A network pharmacology and data mining analysis of drug selection and efficacy

Sarcopenia, as an increasingly pressing clinical issue, can be ameliorated through employment of traditional Chinese medicines. However, the current lack of specific pharmacological interventions for Sarcopenia necessitates further exploration of novel possibilities in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of this condition, utilizing advanced methodologies such as web pharmacology and data mining. Screening the essential targets of Sarcopenia, conducting matching between target and active molecules, as well as active molecules and herbs. Employing data mining techniques to analyze the screening outcomes, and molecular docking to compare the binding activities of active molecules with target proteins. The approach of using herbs for the treatment of Sarcopenia involves 13 targets, with 414 active compounds and 367 types of herbs. Data mining reveals that the herbs used in treating Sarcopenia are primarily characterized by their bitter taste, exerting their effects through dispelling dampness and promoting blood circulation. Moreover, 2 new formulas are postulated. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis indicates that the main active components of the herbs can be observed to tightly bind with the targets. Through network pharmacology and molecular docking, our findings reveal that herbs contain 15 key active components and 5 key targets, which correspond to 7 major herbs and 2 new formulas. Academically, these findings hold significant reference value for the development of novel drugs targeting Sarcopenia.

The transcription regulator ATF4 is a mediator of skeletal muscle aging

Aging slowly erodes skeletal muscle strength and mass, eventually leading to profound functional deficits and muscle atrophy. The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle aging are not well understood. To better understand mechanisms of muscle aging, we investigated the potential role of ATF4, a transcription regulatory protein that can rapidly promote skeletal muscle atrophy in young animals deprived of adequate nutrition or activity. To test the hypothesis that ATF4 may be involved in skeletal muscle aging, we studied fed and active muscle-specific ATF4 knockout mice (ATF4 mKO mice) at 6 months of age, when wild-type mice have achieved peak muscle mass and function, and at 22 months of age, when wild-type mice have begun to manifest age-related muscle atrophy and weakness. We found that 6-month-old ATF4 mKO mice develop normally and are phenotypically indistinguishable from 6-month-old littermate control mice. However, as ATF4 mKO mice become older, they exhibit significant protection from age-related declines in strength, muscle quality, exercise capacity, and muscle mass. Furthermore, ATF4 mKO muscles are protected from some of the transcriptional changes characteristic of normal muscle aging (repression of certain anabolic mRNAs and induction of certain senescence-associated mRNAs), and ATF4 mKO muscles exhibit altered turnover of several proteins with important roles in skeletal muscle structure and metabolism. Collectively, these data suggest ATF4 as an essential mediator of skeletal muscle aging and provide new insight into a degenerative process that impairs the health and quality of life of many older adults.

Transcriptomics reveals key genes responsible for functional diversity in pectoralis major muscles of native black Kadaknath and broiler chicken

RNA sequencing-based expression profiles from pectoralis major muscles of black meat (Kadaknath) and white meat (broiler) chicken were compared to identify differentially expressed genes. A total of 156 genes with log2 fold change ≥  ± 2.0 showed higher expression in Kadaknath and 68 genes were expressed at a lower level in comparison to broiler. Significantly enriched biological functions of up-regulated genes in Kadaknath were skeletal muscle cell differentiation, regulation of response to reactive oxygen, positive regulation of fat cell differentiation and melanosome. Significant ontology terms up-regulated in broiler included DNA replication origin binding, G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and chemokine activity. Highly inter-connected differentially expressed genes in Kadaknath (ATFs, C/EPDs) were observed to be important regulators of cellular adaptive functions, while in broiler, the hub genes were involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication. The study is an attempt to get an insight into the transcript diversity of pectoralis major muscles of Kadaknath and broiler chicken.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03682-0.

Role of p53 in Cisplatin-Induced Myotube Atrophy

Chemotherapy-induced sarcopenia is an unfavorable prognostic factor implicated in the development of postoperative complications and reduces the quality of life of patients with cancer. Skeletal muscle loss due to cisplatin use is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1). Although animal studies suggest the involvement of p53 in age-, immobility-, and denervation-related muscle atrophy, the association between cisplatin-induced atrophy and p53 remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of a p53-specific inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha (PFT-α), on cisplatin-induced atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Cisplatin increased the protein levels of p53, phosphorylated p53, and upregulated the mRNA expression of p53 target genes PUMA and p21 in C2C12 myotubes. PFT-α ameliorated the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial dysfunction, and also reduced the cisplatin-induced increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Although PFT-α also reduced the cisplatin-induced increase in MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 gene expression, it did not ameliorate the decrease in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein levels and muscle-specific actin and myoglobin protein levels. We conclude that cisplatin increases muscle degradation in C2C12 myotubes in a p53-dependent manner, but p53 has minimal involvement in the reduction of muscle protein synthesis.

Dominant-negative p53-overexpression in skeletal muscle induces cell death and fiber atrophy in rats

The tumor suppressor p53 is thought to play a key role in the maintenance of cell size and homeostasis, but relatively little is known about its role in skeletal muscle. Based on its ability to suppress cell growth, we hypothesized that inhibiting the function of wild-type p53 through the overexpression of a dominant-negative p53 mutant (DDp53) could result in muscle fiber hypertrophy. To test this hypothesis, we electroporated adult rat tibialis anterior muscles with DDp53 and collected the tissue three weeks later. We confirmed successful overexpression of DDp53 on a histological and biochemical level and found pronounced changes to muscle architecture, metabolism, and molecular signaling. Muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area, and fiber diameter significantly decreased with DDp53 overexpression. We found histopathological changes in DDp53 transfected muscle which were accompanied by increased levels of proteins that are associated with membrane damage and repair. In addition, DDp53 decreased oxidative phosphorylation complex I and V protein levels, and despite its negative effects on muscle mass and fiber size, caused an increase in muscle protein synthesis as assessed via the SUnSET technique. Interestingly, the increase in muscle protein synthesis was concomitant with a decrease in phospho-S6K1 (Thr389). Furthermore, the muscle wasting in the DDp53 electroporated leg was accompanied by a decrease in global protein ubiquitination and an increase in proteasome activity. In conclusion, overexpression of a dominant-negative p53 mutant in skeletal muscle results in decreased muscle mass, myofiber size, histological muscle damage, a metabolic phenotype, and perturbed homeostasis between muscle protein synthesis and degradation.

p53 regulates skeletal muscle mitophagy and mitochondrial quality control following denervation-induced muscle disuse

Persistent inactivity promotes skeletal muscle atrophy, marked by mitochondrial aberrations that affect strength, mobility, and metabolic health leading to the advancement of disease. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) pathways include biogenesis (synthesis), mitophagy/lysosomal turnover, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, which serve to maintain an optimal organelle network. Tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in regulating muscle mitochondria in response to cellular stress; however, its role in the context of muscle disuse has yet to be explored, and whether p53 is necessary for MQC remains unclear. To address this, we subjected p53 muscle-specific KO (mKO) and WT mice to unilateral denervation. Transcriptomic and pathway analyses revealed dysregulation of pathways pertaining to mitochondrial function, and especially turnover, in mKO muscle following denervation. Protein and mRNA data of the MQC pathways indicated activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and mitophagy-lysosome systems along with reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis and content in WT and mKO tissue following chronic denervation. However, p53 ablation also attenuated the expression of autophagy-mitophagy machinery, reduced autophagic flux, and enhanced lysosomal dysfunction. While similar reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis and content were observed between genotypes, MQC dysregulation exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction in mKO fibers, evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species. Moreover, acute experiments indicate that p53 mediates the expression of transcriptional regulators of MQC pathways as early as 1 day following denervation. Together, our data illustrate exacerbated mitochondrial dysregulation with denervation stress in p53 mKO tissue, thus indicating that p53 contributes to organellar maintenance via regulation of MQC pathways during muscle atrophy.

Identification of Potentially Related Genes and Mechanisms Involved in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Excessive Exercise in Zebrafish

Long-term imbalance between fatigue and recovery may eventually lead to muscle weakness or even atrophy. We previously reported that excessive exercise induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, the effect of excessive exercise on the skeletal muscles remains unclear. In the present study, we successfully established an excessive-exercise-induced skeletal muscle atrophy zebrafish model, with decreased muscle fiber size, critical swimming speed, and maximal oxygen consumption. High-throughput RNA-seq analysis identified differentially expressed genes in the model system compared with control zebrafish. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were enriched in autophagy, homeostasis, circadian rhythm, response to oxidative stress, apoptosis, the p53 signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified several hub genes, including keap1b, per3, ulk1b, socs2, esrp1, bcl2l1, hsp70, igf2r, mdm2, rab18a, col1a1a, fn1a, ppih, tpx2, uba5, nhlrc2, mcm4, tac1, b3gat3, and ddost, that correlate with the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by excessive exercise. The underlying regulatory pathways and muscle-pressure-response-related genes identified in the present study will provide valuable insights for prescribing safe and accurate exercise programs for athletes and the supervision and clinical treatment of muscle atrophy induced by excessive exercise.

Emerging Strategies Targeting Catabolic Muscle Stress Relief

Skeletal muscle wasting represents a common trait in many conditions, including aging, cancer, heart failure, immobilization, and critical illness. Loss of muscle mass leads to impaired functional mobility and severely impedes the quality of life. At present, exercise training remains the only proven treatment for muscle atrophy, yet many patients are too ill, frail, bedridden, or neurologically impaired to perform physical exertion. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that can be applied to an in vivo context and attenuate secondary myopathies represents an unmet medical need. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the molecular pathways involved in regulating skeletal muscle wasting with a focus on pro-catabolic factors, in particular, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and its activating muscle-specific E3 ligase RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). Mechanistic progress has provided the opportunity to design experimental therapeutic concepts that may affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system and prevent subsequent muscle wasting, with novel advances made in regards to nutritional supplements, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFB) inhibitors, myostatin antibodies, β2 adrenergic agonists, and small-molecules interfering with MuRF1, which all emerge as a novel in vivo treatment strategies for muscle wasting.

Effects of Genetic Variation on Urinary Small Molecule Signatures of Mice after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: A Study of p53 Deficiency

Due to risks from potential exposures to ionizing radiation (IR), improved radiological countermeasures are required, as well as rapid high-throughput biodosimetry. Genotypic variation in the general population contributes to differences in radiosensitivity that may affect biodosimetry accuracy. Previous studies utilized radiosensitive mutant mouse models (Parp1^−/− and Atm^−/−) to determine the effects of genotypic deficiency on radiation signatures. Here, we extend this approach by examining changes in the urinary metabolome in a hematopoietic (HP) resistant mouse model (p53^−/−) after IR exposure. As p53 is a primary regulator in radiation response and apoptosis, limited hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis leads to reduced mortality at doses of ~8–10 Gy but increased mortality at higher doses (>15 Gy) due to mitotic catastrophe in gastrointestinal (GI) crypt cells. Urine was collected from mice (wild-type (WT), p53^+/−, and p53^−/−) pre-irradiation and at 4 and 24 h after total body irradiation (TBI) (WT: 8 and 10 Gy; p53^−/−: 10 Gy) for metabolic phenotyping using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) platform. Minimal differences were detected between unirradiated WT, p53^+/−, and p53^−/− mice. While similar perturbations were observed for metabolites involved in tryptophan, vitamin B6, and histamine pathways, glycine conjugation, and redox metabolism for WT and p53^−/− mice after TBI, an overall dampened response was observed in p53-deficient mice. Despite comparable metabolite patterns between genotypes, differentiation was achieved through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with high specificity and sensitivity for carnitine, N1-acetylspermidine, and creatine. These studies highlight that both attenuated and dampened metabolic responses due to genetic variability in the general population need to be addressed in biodosimetry frameworks.