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Maffiuletti NA, Dirks ML, Stevens-Lapsley J, McNeil CJ. Electrical stimulation for investigating and improving neuromuscular function in vivo: Historical perspective and major advances. J Biomech 2023; 152:111582. [PMID: 37088030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This historical review summarizes the major advances - particularly from the last 50 years - in transcutaneous motor-level electrical stimulation, which can be used either as a tool to investigate neuromuscular function and its determinants (electrical stimulation for testing; EST) or as a therapeutic/training modality to improve neuromuscular and physical function (neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NMES). We focus on some of the most important applications of electrical stimulation in research and clinical settings, such as the investigation of acute changes, chronic adaptations and pathological alterations of neuromuscular function with EST, as well as the enhancement, preservation and restoration of muscle strength and mass with NMES treatment programs in various populations. For both EST and NMES, several major advances converge around understanding and optimizing motor unit recruitment during electrically-evoked contractions, also taking into account the influence of stimulation site (e.g., muscle belly vs nerve trunk) and type (e.g., pulse duration, frequency, and intensity). This information is equally important both in the context of mechanistic research of neuromuscular function as well as for clinicians who believe that improvements in neuromuscular function are required to provide health-related benefits to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Onate-Figuérez A, Soto-León V, Avendaño-Coy J, Mordillo-Mateos L, Pérez-Borrego YA, Redondo-Galán C, Arias P, Oliviero A. Hand Motor Fatigability Induced by a Simple Isometric Task in Spinal Cord Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175108. [PMID: 36079035 PMCID: PMC9457081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed: (1) to evaluate the hand motor fatigability in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and compare it with measurements obtained form an able-bodied population; (2) to compare the hand motor fatigability in people with tetraplegia and in people with paraplegia; and (3) to analyse if motor fatigability is different in people with SCI with and without clinical significant perceived fatigability. Materials and Methods: 96 participants with SCI (40 cervical and 56 thoracolumbar) and 63 able-bodied controls performed a simple hand isometric task to assess motor fatigability. The Fatigue Severity Scale was used for perceived fatigability evaluation. Results: The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) the waning in muscle force (motor fatigability) during a fatiguing task is similar in controls and participants with SCI; (2) the motor fatigability is influenced by the maximal muscle force (measured at the beginning of the task); and (3) the perceived fatigability and the motor fatigability are largely independent in the individuals with SCI. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the capability to maintain a prolonged effort is preserved in SCI, and this capacity depends on the residual maximal muscle force in people with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Onate-Figuérez
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- GIFTO Group, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Vanesa Soto-León
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Avendaño-Coy
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- GIFTO Group, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.-C.); (A.O.)
| | - Laura Mordillo-Mateos
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Redondo-Galán
- Rehabilitation Department, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Arias
- Universidade da Coruña, NEUROcom (Neuroscience and Motor Control Group), Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences-INEF Galicia, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
- Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), 15001 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- FENNSI Group, National Hospital for Paraplegics, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- Advanced Rehabilitation Unit, Hospital Los Madroños, 28690 Brunete, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.-C.); (A.O.)
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Prak RF, Marsman JBC, Renken R, Tepper M, Thomas CK, Zijdewind I. Increased Ipsilateral M1 Activation after Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Facilitates Motor Performance. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2988-2998. [PMID: 34491111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in muscle weakness and difficulties with force gradation. Although these impairments arise from the injury and subsequent changes at spinal levels, changes have also been demonstrated in the brain. Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) imaging was used to investigate these changes in brain activation in the context of unimanual contractions with the first dorsal interosseous muscle. BOLD- and force data were obtained in 19 individuals with SCI (AISA Impairment Scale [AIS] C/D, level C4-C8) and 24 able-bodied controls during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). To assess force modulation, participants performed 12 submaximal contractions with each hand (at 10, 30, 50, and 70% MVC) by matching their force level to a visual target. MVCs were weaker in the SCI group (both hands p < 0.001), but BOLD activation did not differ between SCI and control groups. For the submaximal contractions, force (as %MVC) was similar across groups. However, SCI participants showed increased activity of the ipsilateral motor cortex and contralateral cerebellum across all contractions, with no differential effect of force level. Activity of ipsilateral M1 was best explained by force of the target hand (vs. the non-target hand). In conclusion, the data suggest that after incomplete cervical SCI, individuals remain capable of producing maximal supraspinal drive and are able to modulate this drive adequately. Activity of the ipsilateral motor network appears to be task related, although it remains uncertain how this activity contributes to task performance and whether this effect could potentially be harnessed to improve motor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Prak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bernard C Marsman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Renken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga Tepper
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine K Thomas
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems and University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Prak RF, Marsman JBC, Renken R, van der Naalt J, Zijdewind I. Fatigue following mild traumatic brain injury relates to visual processing and effort perception in the context of motor performance. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102783. [PMID: 34425550 PMCID: PMC8379650 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a substantial number of patients experience disabling fatigue for months after the initial injury. To date, the underlying mechanisms of fatigue remain unclear. Recently, it was shown that mTBI patients with persistent fatigue do not demonstrate increased performance fatigability (i.e., objective performance decline) during a sustained motor task. However, it is not known whether the neural activation required to sustain this performance is altered after mTBI. METHODS Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI data were acquired from 19 mTBI patients (>3 months post-injury) and 19 control participants during two motor tasks. Force was recorded from the index finger abductors of both hands during submaximal contractions and a 2-minute maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with the right hand. Voluntary muscle activation (i.e., CNS drive) was indexed during the sustained MVC using peripheral nerve stimulation. Fatigue was quantified using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). Questionnaire, task, and BOLD data were compared across groups, and linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between BOLD-activity and fatigue in the mTBI group. RESULTS The mTBI patients reported significantly higher levels of fatigue (FSS: 5.3 vs. 2.6, p < 0.001). Both mTBI- and control groups demonstrated significant performance fatigability during the sustained MVC, but no significant differences in task performance or BOLD-activity were observed between groups. However, mTBI patients reporting higher FSS scores showed increased BOLD-activity in the bilateral visual cortices (mainly extrastriate) and the left midcingulate gyrus. Furthermore, across all participants mean voluntary muscle activation during the sustained MVC correlated with long lasting post-contraction BOLD-activation in the right insula and midcingulate cortex. CONCLUSION The fMRI findings suggest that self-reported fatigue in mTBI may relate to visual processing and effort perception. Long lasting activation associated with high levels of CNS drive might be related to changes in cortical homeostasis in the context of high effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Prak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan-Bernard C Marsman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Remco Renken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joukje van der Naalt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Balbinot G, Li G, Wiest MJ, Pakosh M, Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Zariffa J. Properties of the surface electromyogram following traumatic spinal cord injury: a scoping review. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34187509 PMCID: PMC8244234 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts spinal and supraspinal pathways, and this process is reflected in changes in surface electromyography (sEMG). sEMG is an informative complement to current clinical testing and can capture the residual motor command in great detail-including in muscles below the level of injury with seemingly absent motor activities. In this comprehensive review, we sought to describe how the sEMG properties are changed after SCI. We conducted a systematic literature search followed by a narrative review focusing on sEMG analysis techniques and signal properties post-SCI. We found that early reports were mostly focused on the qualitative analysis of sEMG patterns and evolved to semi-quantitative scores and a more detailed amplitude-based quantification. Nonetheless, recent studies are still constrained to an amplitude-based analysis of the sEMG, and there are opportunities to more broadly characterize the time- and frequency-domain properties of the signal as well as to take fuller advantage of high-density EMG techniques. We recommend the incorporation of a broader range of signal properties into the neurophysiological assessment post-SCI and the development of a greater understanding of the relation between these sEMG properties and underlying physiology. Enhanced sEMG analysis could contribute to a more complete description of the effects of SCI on upper and lower motor neuron function and their interactions, and also assist in understanding the mechanisms of change following neuromodulation or exercise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.
| | - Guijin Li
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matheus Joner Wiest
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Maureen Pakosh
- Library & Information Services, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julio Cesar Furlan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder Kalsi-Ryan
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose Zariffa
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Severijns D, Cuypers K, Meesen R, Feys P, Zijdewind I. Force decline after low and high intensity contractions in persons with multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:359-367. [PMID: 30669012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Force decline during strong contractions is dominated by changes in the periphery whereas during weaker contraction changes in voluntary activation become more important. We compared force decline and contributing factors in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) during low and high intensity contractions. METHODS Index finger abduction force, force evoked by electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve at rest (RTw), and during MVCs were investigated in 19 PwMS and 19 controls. Participants performed contractions in sets of six contractions (7 s-on, 3 s-off) at 25% or 80% MVC. After each set, a 5 s-MVC was performed with superimposed nerve stimulation followed by RTw. Contractions were repeated until MVC dropped below 80% of initial MVC. RESULTS Low compared to high intensity contractions caused a greater decline in voluntary activation and a smaller decline in RTw. Compared to controls, PwMS accomplished equal sets of contractions but showed a smaller decline in RTw. Female PwMS showed poorer voluntary activation. The number of low intensity contractions was associated with sense of fatigue in PwMS. CONCLUSION Although, no difference in fatigability was observed, the mechanism contributing to force decline differed between PwMS and controls during submaximal contractions. SIGNIFICANCE During weak contractions, fatigue and fatigability are associated in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Severijns
- REVAL, Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- REVAL, Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Meesen
- REVAL, Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Feys
- REVAL, Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Yao B, Klein CS, Hu H, Li S, Zhou P. Motor Unit Properties of the First Dorsal Interosseous in Chronic Stroke Subjects: Concentric Needle and Single Fiber EMG Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1587. [PMID: 30559674 PMCID: PMC6287192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to better understand changes in motor unit electrophysiological properties in people with chronic stroke based on concentric needle electromyography (EMG) and single fiber EMG recordings. The first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle was studied bilaterally in eleven hemiparetic stroke subjects. A significant increase in mean fiber density (FD) was found in the paretic muscle compared with the contralateral side based on single fiber EMG (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1, respectively, P = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between the paretic and contralateral sides in most concentric needle motor unit action potential (MUAP) parameters, such as amplitude (768.7 ± 441.7 vs. 855.0 ± 289.9 μV), duration (8.9 ± 1.8 vs. 8.68 ± 0.9 ms) and size index (1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3) (P > 0.18), nor was there a significant difference in single fiber EMG recorded jitter (37.0 ± 9.6 vs. 39.9 ± 10.6 μs, P = 0.45). The increase in FD suggests motor units of the paretic FDI have enlarged due to collateral reinnervation. However, sprouting might be insufficient to result in a statistically significant change in the concentric needle MUAP parameters. Single fiber EMG appears more sensitive than concentric needle EMG to reflect electrophysiological changes in motor units after stroke. Both single fiber and concentric needle EMG recordings may be necessary to better understand muscle changes after stroke, which is important for development of appropriate rehabilitation strategies. The results provide further evidence that motor units are remodeled after stroke, possibly in response to a loss of motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cliff S Klein
- Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Hu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Guangdong Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Sars V, Prak RF, Hortobágyi T, Zijdewind I. Age- and Sex-Related Differences in Motor Performance During Sustained Maximal Voluntary Contraction of the First Dorsal Interosseous. Front Physiol 2018; 9:637. [PMID: 29899705 PMCID: PMC5989487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age and sex affect the neuromuscular system including performance fatigability. Data on performance fatigability and underlying mechanisms in hand muscles are scarce. Therefore, we determined the effects of age and sex on force decline, and the mechanisms contributing to force decline, during a sustained isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with the index finger abductor (first dorsal interosseous, FDI). Subjects (n = 51, age range: 19–77 years, 25 females) performed brief and a 2-min sustained MVC with the right FDI. Abduction force and root mean squared electromyographic activity (rms-EMG) were recorded in both hands. Double-pulse stimulation was applied to the ulnar nerve during (superimposed twitch) and after (doublet-force) the brief and sustained MVCs. Compared to females, males were stronger (134%, p < 0.001) and exhibited a greater decline in voluntary (difference: 8%, p = 0.010) and evoked (doublet) force (difference: 12%, p = 0.010) during and after the sustained MVC. Age did not affect MVC, force decline and superimposed twitch. The ratio between the doublet- and MVC-force was greater in females (0.33, p = 0.007) and in older (0.38, p = 0.06) individuals than in males (0.30) and younger (0.30) individuals; after the sustained MVC this ratio increased with age and the increase was larger for females compared to males (p = 0.04). The inadvertent contralateral, left force and rms-EMG activity increased over time (2.7–13.6% MVC and 5.4–17.7% MVC, respectively). Males had higher contralateral forces than females (p = 0.012) and contralateral force was higher at the start of the contralateral contraction in older compared with young subjects (difference: 29%, p = 0.008). In conclusion, our results suggest that the observed sex-differences in performance fatigability were mainly due to differences in peripheral muscle properties. Yet the reduced amount of contralateral activity and the larger difference in evoked versus voluntary force in female subjects indicate that sex-differences in voluntary activation should not be overlooked. These data obtained in neurological healthy adults provides a framework and help the interpretation and referencing of neurophysiological measures in patients suffering from neuromuscular diseases, who often present with symptoms of performance fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Sars
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Roeland F Prak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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