1
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Hashida R, Nakano D, Matsuse H, Yoshio S, Tsutsumi T, Kawaguchi M, Koya S, Hirota K, Tajima H, Sumida Y, Kanto T, Kawaguchi T, Hiraoka K. A
low‐intensity
10‐min resistance exercise program that ameliorated hepatic fibrosis indices and altered
G‐CSF
/
IP
‐10/
PDGF‐BB
in a patient with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A case report. JGH OPEN 2023; 7:231-234. [PMID: 36968574 PMCID: PMC10037032 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed a low-intensity 10-min resistance exercise program for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We report a case of NAFLD with elevated hepatic fibrosis indices, which were improved by a 60-week daily exercise program. A 71-year-old female patient with NAFLD whose hepatic fibrosis stage corresponded to F2 was referred to our hospital. She performed the exercise once a day with no changes in other lifestyle habits and medications. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance value and NAFLD-liver fat score, the Hepamet fibrosis score, and the enhanced liver fibrosis score decreased. The FIB-4 index and serum levels of Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer decreased to the reference values. We investigated the changes in chemokines/cytokines. The serum granulocyte-colony stimulating factor level was increased, and serum interferon-gamma-induced protein-10 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB levels were decreased. Our program may be beneficial for improving hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Hashida
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine Kurume University Kurume Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation Kurume University Hospital Kurume Japan
| | - Dan Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuse
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine Kurume University Kurume Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation Kurume University Hospital Kurume Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Disease, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology National Center for Global Health and Medicine Ichikawa Japan
| | - Tsubasa Tsutsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Machiko Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Shunji Koya
- Division of Rehabilitation Kurume University Hospital Kurume Japan
| | - Keisuke Hirota
- Division of Rehabilitation Kurume University Hospital Kurume Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tajima
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine Kurume University Kurume Japan
- Division of Rehabilitation Kurume University Hospital Kurume Japan
| | - Yoshio Sumida
- Division of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Department of Internal Medicine Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Liver Disease, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology National Center for Global Health and Medicine Ichikawa Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine Kurume University Kurume Japan
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3
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Ueda N, Musashi M, Shimoda T, Kawaguchi Y, Ohkubo I, Nakagawa Y. Involvement of G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol in transient neutrophilia after marathon races. Eur J Haematol 2021; 107:583-591. [PMID: 34342052 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of the transient increase in neutrophils after running standard marathon races by measurement of cytokines involved in the production and survival of neutrophils, and cortisol. METHODS Fourteen male runners who participated in the Hokkaido Marathon, which is the sole marathon race held in summer in Japan, and finished the standard marathon were analyzed sequentially from the start until a maximum of 8 days after the finish. RESULTS Neutrophilia was observed in all runners just after they reached the goal (mean neutrophils: 13 226/μL). IL-6, G-CSF, and cortisol, but not GM-CSF, increased at the same time. Time-course studies with complete blood counts, biochemical markers, cytokines, and cortisol showed transient increases in neutrophils, monocytes, myoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol. The increase in hsCRP was delayed 6 hours from the first increase in neutrophils. Correlations were observed between the neutrophil count and G-CSF, IL-6, and cortisol (G-CSF; r = .667, IL-6; r = .667, cortisol; r = .623). CONCLUSION These results suggest that G-CSF is directly involved, and IL-6 is involved via cortisol in the transient neutrophilia that occurs after marathon races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Ueda
- Master Course, Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Musashi
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taeko Shimoda
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kawaguchi
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukie Nakagawa
- Division of Nutrition Management, Graduate School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Tseng HW, Kulina I, Salga M, Fleming W, Vaquette C, Genêt F, Levesque JP, Alexander KA. Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossifications Develop Independently of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Neutrophils. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2242-2251. [PMID: 32568412 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHOs) are incapacitating heterotopic bones in periarticular muscles that frequently develop following traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries (SCI). Using our unique model of SCI-induced NHO, we have previously established that mononucleated phagocytes infiltrating injured muscles are required to trigger NHO via the persistent release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine oncostatin M (OSM). Because neutrophils are also a major source of OSM, we investigated whether neutrophils also play a role in NHO development after SCI. We now show that surgery transiently increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels in blood of operated mice, and that G-CSF receptor mRNA is expressed in the hamstrings of mice developing NHO. However, mice defective for the G-CSF receptor gene Csf3r, which are neutropenic, have unaltered NHO development after SCI compared to C57BL/6 control mice. Because the administration of recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) has been trialed after SCI to increase neuroprotection and neuronal regeneration and has been shown to suppress osteoblast function at the endosteum of skeletal bones in human and mice, we investigated the impact of a 7-day rhG-CSF treatment on NHO development. rhG-CSF treatment significantly increased neutrophils in the blood, bone marrow, and injured muscles. However, there was no change in NHO development compared to saline-treated controls. Overall, our results establish that unlike monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils are dispensable for NHO development following SCI, and rhG-CSF treatment post-SCI does not impact NHO development. Therefore, G-CSF treatment to promote neuroregeneration is unlikely to adversely promote or affect NHO development in SCI patients. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Wen Tseng
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Kulina
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Marjorie Salga
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Whitney Fleming
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - François Genêt
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Garches, France.,Evolution of Neuromuscular Diseases: Innovative Concepts and Practice (END:ICAP) U1179 Institut Natational de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Simone Veil-Santé, University of Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kylie A Alexander
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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5
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Schauer T, Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF. Exercise training as prophylactic strategy in the management of neutropenia during chemotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:2925-2937. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schauer
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative CareZealand University Hospital Køge Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper Frank Christensen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, RigshospitaletUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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6
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Bartlett DB, Slentz CA, Willis LH, Hoselton A, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Moss J, Muehlbauer MJ, Spielmann G, Muoio DM, Koves TR, Wu H, Huffman KM, Lord JM, Kraus WE. Rejuvenation of Neutrophil Functions in Association With Reduced Diabetes Risk Following Ten Weeks of Low-Volume High Intensity Interval Walking in Older Adults With Prediabetes - A Pilot Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:729. [PMID: 32431698 PMCID: PMC7214668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil dysfunction is a common feature of aging, and is associated with the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although exercise training improves metabolic health, decreases risk of T2DM, and is associated with improving neutrophil functions, involvement in regular physical activity declines with age. The aim of this study was to determine if neutrophil functions could be improved in association with changes in fitness and metabolic parameters in older adults at risk for T2DM using 10-weeks of low volume high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT). Ten older (71 ± 5 years) sedentary adults with prediabetes (HbA1c: 6.1 ± 0.3%) completed 10 weeks of a supervised HIIT program. Three 30 min sessions/week consisted of ten 60 s intervals of low intensity [50-60% heart rate reserve (HRR)] separated with similar durations of high intensity intervals (80-90% HRR). Before and after training, glucose and insulin sensitivity, neutrophil chemotaxis, bacterial phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial functions were assessed. Exercise-mediated changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and neutrophil functions were compared to six young (23 ± 1 years) healthy adults. Following training, significant reductions in fasting glucose and insulin were accompanied by improved glucose control and insulin sensitivity (all p < 0.05). Before exercise training, VO2peak in the old participants was significantly less than that of the young controls (p < 0.001), but increased by 16 ± 11% following training (p = 0.002) resulting in a 6% improvement of the deficit. Neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and stimulated ROS production were significantly less than that of the young controls, while basal ROS were higher before training (all p < 0.05). Following training, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and stimulated ROS increased while basal ROS decreased, similar to levels observed in the young controls (all p < 0.05) and reducing the deficit of the young controls between 2 and 154%. In five of the adults with prediabetes, neutrophil mitochondrial functions were significantly poorer than the six young controls before training. Following training, mitochondrial functions improved toward those observed in young controls (all p < 0.05), reducing the deficit of the young controls between 14.3 and 451%. Ten weeks of HIIT in older adults at risk for T2DM reduced disease risk accompanied by improved primary and bioenergetic neutrophil functions. Our results are consistent with a reduced risk of infections mediated by relationships in exercise induced systemic and cellular metabolic features. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02441205, registered on May 12th, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Bartlett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cris A. Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Leslie H. Willis
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Hoselton
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Janet L. Huebner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael J. Muehlbauer
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Deborah M. Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Timothy R. Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Helena Wu
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham BRC in Inflammation, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Wang J, Liu S, Li G, Xiao J. Exercise Regulates the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1228:395-408. [PMID: 32342473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound effect of exercise on the normal functioning of the immune system has been well-known. Exercise and immune regulation are interrelated and affect each other. Exercise changes immune regulation by affecting leucocytes, red blood cells, and cytokines, etc. Regular exercise could reduce the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, partially by the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. However, these effects are also likely to be responsible for the suppressed immunity that make our bodies more susceptible to infections. Here we summarize the known mechanisms by which exercise-both acute and chronic-exerts its immune regulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Teschler M, Mooren FC. (Whole-Body) Electromyostimulation, Muscle Damage, and Immune System: A Mini Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1461. [PMID: 31849709 PMCID: PMC6895567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscular damage (EIMD) is a well-known phenomenon in exercise medicine that is closely related to the type and intensity of training, with especially eccentric training content providing various physiological irritations, including mechanical as well as metabolic. Besides the increase in markers of muscular damage, such as creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb), several physiological shifts trigger a kind of stepwise repair chain reactions lasting over a time course from several hours to days. Subsequent inflammatory processes are closely related to muscular damage with decisive influence on physiological repair mechanisms, as indicated by an increased invasion of immune cells and typical patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Previously, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) showed significant, partly extreme distractions in markers of muscular damage lasting over several days. Because of the large area of stimulated muscle mass and a relatively high proportion of eccentric movements, initially too intense WB-EMS is predisposed to produce serious changes on several physiological levels due to its unfamiliar muscular strain. Therefore, it is the aim of this short review to focus on the possible immunological side effects of this aspiring training technology. As the number of original investigations in this field is rather small, we will include data from other studies about the relation of exercise-induced muscle damage and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
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9
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Markworth JF, D'Souza RF, Aasen KMM, Mitchell SM, Durainayagam BR, Sinclair AJ, Peake JM, Egner IM, Raastad T, Cameron-Smith D, Mitchell CJ. Arachidonic acid supplementation transiently augments the acute inflammatory response to resistance exercise in trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:271-286. [PMID: 29698111 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00169.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can result in skeletal muscle damage, leading to the systemic mobilization, activation, and intramuscular accumulation of blood leukocytes. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) are potent inflammatory mediators, but whether changes in dietary ARA intake influence exercise-induced inflammation is not known. This study investigated the effect of 4 wk of dietary supplementation with 1.5 g/day ARA ( n = 9, 24 ± 1.5 yr) or corn-soy oil placebo ( n = 10, 26 ± 1.3 yr) on systemic and intramuscular inflammatory responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise (8 sets each of leg press and extension at 80% one-repetition maximum) in previously trained men. Whole EDTA blood, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 2, 4, and 48 h of recovery. ARA supplementation resulted in higher exercise-stimulated serum creatine kinase activity [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) P = 0.046] and blood leukocyte counts (iAUC for total white cells, P < 0.001; neutrophils: P = 0.007; monocytes: P = 0.015). The exercise-induced fold change in peripheral blood mononuclear cell mRNA expression of interleukin-1β ( IL1B), CD11b ( ITGAM), and neutrophil elastase ( ELANE), as well as muscle mRNA expression of the chemokines interleukin-8 ( CXCL8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ( CCL2) was also greater in the ARA group than placebo. Despite this, ARA supplementation did not influence the histological presence of leukocytes within muscle, perceived muscle soreness, or the extent and duration of muscle force loss. These data show that ARA supplementation transiently increased the inflammatory response to acute resistance exercise but did not impair recovery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Daily arachidonic acid supplementation for 4 wk in trained men augmented the acute systemic and intramuscular inflammatory response to a subsequent bout of resistance exercise. Greater exercise-induced inflammatory responses in men receiving arachidonic acid supplementation were not accompanied by increased symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Although increased dietary arachidonic acid intake does not appear to influence basal inflammation in humans, the acute inflammatory response to exercise stress is transiently increased following arachidonic acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markworth
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland , Grafton , New Zealand.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Sarah M Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland , Grafton , New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sports Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport , Brisbane , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ingrid M Egner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland , Grafton , New Zealand.,Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North , New Zealand.,Riddet Institute , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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10
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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Potential Application for Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7517350. [PMID: 29362521 PMCID: PMC5738577 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7517350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was originally discovered in the context of hematopoiesis. However, the identification of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) being expressed outside the hematopoietic system has revealed wider roles for G-CSF, particularly in tissue repair and regeneration. Skeletal muscle damage, including that following strenuous exercise, induces an elevation in plasma G-CSF, implicating it as a potential mediator of skeletal muscle repair. This has been supported by preclinical studies and clinical trials investigating G-CSF as a potential therapeutic agent in relevant disease states. This review focuses on the growing literature associated with G-CSF and G-CSFR in skeletal muscle under healthy and disease conditions and highlights the current controversies.
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11
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Jajtner AR, Hoffman JR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, Varanoske AN, Church DD, Oliveira LP, Herrlinger KA, Radom-Aizik S, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. The effect of polyphenols on cytokine and granulocyte response to resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13058. [PMID: 28039406 PMCID: PMC5210375 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of resistance exercise on the production, recruitment, percentage, and adhesion characteristics of granulocytes with and without polyphenol (PPB) supplementation. Thirty‐eight untrained men were randomized into three groups: PPB (n = 13, 21.8 ± 2.5 years, 171.2 ± 5.5 cm, 71.2 ± 8.2 kg), placebo (PL; n = 15, 21.6 ± 2.5 years, 176.5 ± 4.9 cm, 84.0 ± 15.7 kg), or control (CON; n = 10, 23.3 ± 4.3 years, 173.7 ± 12.6 cm, 77.3 ± 16.3 kg). Blood samples were obtained pre (PRE), immediately (IP), 1 h (1H), 5 h (5H), 24 h (24H), 48 h (48H), and 96 h (96H) postresistance exercise (PPB/PL) or rest (CON). Fine‐needle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at PRE, 1H, 5H, and 48H. Plasma concentrations and intramuscular content of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), granulocyte (G‐CSF), and granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were analyzed via multiplex assays. Changes in relative number of circulating granulocytes and adhesion receptor (CD11b) were assessed using flow cytometry. Intramuscular IL‐8 was significantly elevated at 1H, 5H, and 48H (P < 0.001). Area under the curve analysis indicated a greater intramuscular IL‐8 content in PL than PPB (P = 0.011). Across groups, circulating G‐CSF was elevated from PRE at IP (P < 0.001), 1H (P = 0.011), and 5H (P = 0.025), while GM‐CSF was elevated at IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.007). Relative number of granulocytes was elevated at 1H (P < 0.001), 5H (P < 0.001), and 24H (P = 0.005, P = 0.006) in PPB and PL, respectively. Across groups, granulocyte CD11b expression was upregulated from PRE to IP (P < 0.001) and 1H (P = 0.015). Results indicated an increase in circulating CD11b on granulocytes, and IL‐8 within the muscle following intense resistance exercise. Polyphenol supplementation may attenuate the IL‐8 response, however, did not affect granulocyte percentage and adhesion molecule expression in peripheral blood following resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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12
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Santos VC, Sierra APR, Oliveira R, Caçula KG, Momesso CM, Sato FT, Silva MBB, Oliveira HH, Passos MEP, de Souza DR, Gondim OS, Benetti M, Levada-Pires AC, Ghorayeb N, Kiss MAPDM, Gorjão R, Pithon-Curi TC, Cury-Boaventura MF. Marathon Race Affects Neutrophil Surface Molecules: Role of Inflammatory Mediators. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166687. [PMID: 27911915 PMCID: PMC5135050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatigue induced by marathon races was observed in terms of inflammatory and immunological outcomes. Neutrophil survival and activation are essential for inflammation resolution and contributes directly to the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marathon races on surface molecules related to neutrophil adhesion and extrinsic apoptosis pathway and its association with inflammatory markers. We evaluated 23 trained male runners at the São Paulo International Marathon 2013. The following components were measured: hematological and inflammatory mediators, muscle damage markers, and neutrophil function. The marathon race induced an increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts; creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 levels. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations were significantly higher 24 h and 72 h after the marathon race. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decreased 72 h after the marathon race. We also observed an increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and decreasedTNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) expression immediately after and 24 h after the marathon race. We observed an increased DNA fragmentation and L-selectin and Fas receptor expressions in the recovery period, indicating a possible slow rolling phase and delayed neutrophil activation and apoptosis. Marathon racing affects neutrophils adhesion and survival in the course of inflammation, supporting the “open-window” post-exercise hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Coneglian Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Renno Sierra
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Medicine Department, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MFCB); (APRS)
| | - Rodrigo Oliveira
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kim Guimarães Caçula
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César Miguel Momesso
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Takeo Sato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Braga Barros Silva
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena Oliveira
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Ribeiro de Souza
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivia Santos Gondim
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marino Benetti
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MFCB); (APRS)
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13
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Szlezak AM, Szlezak SL, Keane J, Tajouri L, Minahan C. Establishing a dose-response relationship between acute resistance-exercise and the immune system: Protocol for a systematic review. Immunol Lett 2016; 180:54-65. [PMID: 27810335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise immunology research has traditionally focussed on aerobic-exercise, however it has become apparent in more recent years that resistance-exercise can also considerably affect host immunobiology. To date however, no systematic process has been used to establish a dose-response relationship between resistance-exercise and the immune system. The present systematic review was thus conducted to determine the dose-response effects of a bout of resistance-exercise on acute leukocyte counts. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, over the date range of 1989-2016. Following the PICO elements, eligibility criteria included: i) participants: healthy humans aged 18-40; ii) intervention: a single bout of resistance-exercise; iii) comparator: at least one comparator group; iv) outcome: acute measures of circulating leukocyte counts. Specific exclusion criteria were also applied. Risk of bias and quality of evidence was assessed using the PEDro scale. Due to the individual designs of the admitted studies, a qualitative analysis (systematic narrative synthesis) was employed in the present review. The results of the present review demonstrate that a single bout of resistance-exercise induces an acute monocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphocytosis. It became apparent that the reviewed literature either does not consistently specify, or does not describe with sufficient detail, the time-course between the onset of exercise and the collection of blood. We recommend that researchers consider addressing this in future studies, and also collect blood measures during exercise to aid with comparison of temporal effects. Regarding the determination of a dose-response relationship, an acute neutrophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis appears to occur more rapidly and to a greater magnitude following a single bout of high-dose vs low-dose resistance-exercise. Mechanistically, exercise-induced cell trafficking changes are associated with mechanical, metabolic and endocrine factors. Physical aptitude of the host may also affect resistance-exercise-induced lymphocyte trafficking responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Szlezak
- Griffith Sports Physiology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport QLD 4215, Australia.
| | | | - James Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Robina QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Robina QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Physiology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport QLD 4215, Australia.
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14
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Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, Henson DA, Meaney MP, Knab AM, Cialdell-Kam L. Comparison of Watermelon and Carbohydrate Beverage on Exercise-Induced Alterations in Systemic Inflammation, Immune Dysfunction, and Plasma Antioxidant Capacity. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080518. [PMID: 27556488 PMCID: PMC4997430 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming carbohydrate- and antioxidant-rich fruits during exercise as a means of supporting and enhancing both performance and health is of interest to endurance athletes. Watermelon (WM) contains carbohydrate, lycopene, l-citrulline, and l-arginine. WM may support exercise performance, augment antioxidant capacity, and act as a countermeasure to exercise-induced inflammation and innate immune changes. Trained cyclists (n = 20, 48 ± 2 years) participated in a randomized, placebo controlled, crossover study. Subjects completed two 75 km cycling time trials after either 2 weeks ingestion of 980 mL/day WM puree or no treatment. Subjects drank either WM puree containing 0.2 gm/kg carbohydrate or a 6% carbohydrate beverage every 15 min during the time trials. Blood samples were taken pre-study and pre-, post-, 1 h post-exercise. WM ingestion versus no treatment for 2-weeks increased plasma l-citrulline and l-arginine concentrations (p < 0.0125). Exercise performance did not differ between WM puree or carbohydrate beverage trials (p > 0.05), however, the rating of perceived exertion was greater during the WM trial (p > 0.05). WM puree versus carbohydrate beverage resulted in a similar pattern of increase in blood glucose, and greater increases in post-exercise plasma antioxidant capacity, l-citrulline, l-arginine, and total nitrate (all p < 0.05), but without differences in systemic markers of inflammation or innate immune function. Daily WM puree consumption fully supported the energy demands of exercise, and increased post-exercise blood levels of WM nutritional components (l-citrulline and l-arginine), antioxidant capacity, and total nitrate, but without an influence on post-exercise inflammation and changes in innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Shanely
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Penelope Perkins-Veazie
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Department of Horticulture Science, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Dru A Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Mary P Meaney
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Amy M Knab
- Kinesiology Department, Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28274, USA.
| | - Lynn Cialdell-Kam
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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15
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Henriques I, Lopes-Pacheco M, Padilha GA, Marques PS, Magalhães RF, Antunes MA, Morales MM, Rocha NN, Silva PL, Xisto DG, Rocco PRM. Moderate Aerobic Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Elastase-Induced Emphysema. Front Physiol 2016; 7:329. [PMID: 27536247 PMCID: PMC4971418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the therapeutic effects of aerobic training on lung mechanics, inflammation, morphometry and biological markers associated with inflammation, and endothelial cell damage, as well as cardiac function in a model of elastase-induced emphysema. Methods: Eighty-four BALB/c mice were randomly allocated to receive saline (control, C) or 0.1 IU porcine pancreatic elastase (emphysema, ELA) intratracheally once weekly for 4 weeks. After the end of administration period, once cardiorespiratory impairment associated with emphysema was confirmed, each group was further randomized into sedentary (S) and trained (T) subgroups. Trained mice ran on a motorized treadmill, at moderate intensity, 30 min/day, 3 times/week for 4 weeks. Results: Four weeks after the first instillation, ELA animals, compared to C, showed: (1) reduced static lung elastance (Est,L) and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in lung tissue, (2) increased elastic and collagen fiber content, dynamic elastance (E, in vitro), alveolar hyperinflation, and levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (3) increased right ventricular diastolic area (RVA). Four weeks after aerobic training, ELA-T group, compared to ELA-S, was associated with reduced lung hyperinflation, elastic and collagen fiber content, TNF-α levels, and RVA, as well as increased Est,L, E, and levels of VEGF. Conclusion: Four weeks of regular and moderate intensity aerobic training modulated lung inflammation and remodeling, thus improving pulmonary function, and reduced RVA and pulmonary arterial hypertension in this animal model of elastase-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Henriques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele A Padilha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Marques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Magalhães
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nazareth N Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Fluminense Federal UniversityNiterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora G Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise on Plasma Protein Profiles of Endurance-Trained and Untrained Individuals over Time. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4851935. [PMID: 27239103 PMCID: PMC4867072 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4851935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute physical exercise and repeated exercise stimuli affect whole-body metabolic and immunologic homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine plasma protein profiles of trained (EET, n = 19) and untrained (SED, n = 17) individuals at rest and in response to an acute bout of endurance exercise. Participants completed a bicycle exercise test at an intensity corresponding to 80% of their VO2max. Plasma samples were taken before, directly after, and three hours after exercise and analyzed using multiplex immunoassays. Seventy-eight plasma variables were included in the final analysis. Twenty-nine variables displayed significant acute exercise effects in both groups. Seven proteins differed between groups, without being affected by acute exercise. Among these A2Macro and IL-5 were higher in EET individuals while leptin showed elevated levels in SED individuals. Fifteen variables revealed group and time differences with elevated levels for IL-3, IL-7, IL-10, and TNFR2 in EET individuals. An interaction effect could be observed for nine variables including IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-3, and muscle damage markers. The proteins that differ between groups indicate a long-term exercise effect on plasma protein concentrations. These findings might be of importance in the development of exercise-based strategies in the prevention and therapy of chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases and for training monitoring.
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17
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF): A saturated fatty acid-induced myokine with insulin-desensitizing properties in humans. Mol Metab 2016; 5:305-316. [PMID: 27069870 PMCID: PMC4812007 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Circulating long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) are important metabolic signals that acutely enhance fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and insulin secretion. However, if chronically elevated, they provoke inflammation, insulin resistance, and β-cell failure. Moreover, FFAs act via multiple signaling pathways as very potent regulators of gene expression. In human skeletal muscle cells differentiated in vitro (myotubes), we have shown in previous studies that the expression of CSF3, the gene encoding granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), is markedly induced upon FFA treatment and exercise. Methods and results We now report that CSF3 is induced in human myotubes by saturated, but not unsaturated, FFAs via Toll-like receptor 4-dependent and -independent pathways including activation of Rel-A, AP-1, C/EBPα, Src, and stress kinases. Furthermore, we show that human adipocytes and myotubes treated with G-CSF become insulin-resistant. In line with this, a functional polymorphism in the CSF3 gene affects adipose tissue- and whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in human subjects with elevated plasma FFA concentrations. Conclusion G-CSF emerges as a new player in FFA-induced insulin resistance and thus may be of interest as a target for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. CSF3, the gene encoding G-CSF, is induced in human myotubes by saturated, but not unsaturated, FFAs. CSF3 expression is induced via Toll-like receptor 4-dependent and -independent pathways. Human adipocytes and myotubes treated with G-CSF become insulin-resistant. A CSF3 SNP affects insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in human subjects with elevated plasma FFA concentrations. G-CSF emerges as a new player in FFA-induced insulin resistance.
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18
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Mooren FC, Krüger K. Exercise, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:407-22. [PMID: 26477924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a form of physiological stress which is known to induce an adaptational response. It is proposed that both apoptosis and autophagy are processes which are necessary for adaptation to exercise. Apoptosis and autophagy are induced during exercise to limit tissue damage, restore tissue integrity, terminate inflammatory responses, or induce direct signals for adaptation. Apoptosis is induced by specific mediators like reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and hormones. Autophagic pathways are activated by altered proteins/organelles with the aim to conserve and recycle the cellular resources. In this case, the cell is flooded with damaged molecules, the repairing mechanisms are overtaxed, and apoptosis is induced. In conclusion, autophagy seems to be necessary for adaptation by providing locally the conditions for muscle plasticity and apoptosis systemically by mobilizing progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Krüger K, Pilat C, Schild M, Lindner N, Frech T, Muders K, Mooren FC. Progenitor cell mobilization after exercise is related to systemic levels of G-CSF and muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e283-91. [PMID: 25264280 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different types of exercise are characterized by the ability to induce specific physiological stimuli that might be able to induce the mobilization of progenitor cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in response to endurance, resistance, and eccentric endurance exercise and their relation to markers of muscle damage and inflammation. Healthy male subjects performed acute bouts of either endurance exercise, resistance exercise, or eccentric endurance exercise. Numbers of progenitor cells and several markers of muscle damage and inflammation were determined. Although the endurance exercise was followed by an immediate and short increase of both HPCs and EPCs, the eccentric exercise evoked a long lasting increase up to 24 h for HPCs and 48 h for EPCs (P < 0.05). After resistance exercise, an increase of HPCs was only found 3 h after exercise (P < 0.05). A correlation was found between mobilized progenitor cells and systemic levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels (r = 0.54 and r = 0.51, P < 0.05) as well as for HPCs and creatine kinase levels (r = 0.57, P < 0.05). These results suggest that mobilization of progenitor cells is related to the type of exercise and possibly mediated by G-CSF and muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Pilat
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Schild
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Lindner
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - T Frech
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Muders
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - F C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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20
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Breitbach S, Sterzing B, Magallanes C, Tug S, Simon P. Direct measurement of cell-free DNA from serially collected capillary plasma during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:119-30. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the kinetics of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) due to exercise, we established a direct real-time PCR for the quantification of cfDNA from unpurified capillary plasma by amplification of a 90- and a 222-bp multilocus L1PA2 sequence. Twenty-six male athletes performed an incremental treadmill test. For cfDNA measurement, capillary samples were collected serially from the fingertip preexercise, during, and several times postexercise. Venous blood was drawn before and immediately after exercise to compare capillary and venous cfDNA values. To elucidate the strongest association of cfDNA accumulations with either cardiorespiratory or metabolic function during exercise, capillary cfDNA values were correlated with standard measures like heart rate, oxygen consumption, or lactate concentrations. The venous cfDNA concentrations were significantly higher compared with the capillary plasma, but in both fractions cfDNA increased 9.8-fold and the values correlated significantly ( r = 0.796). During incremental treadmill running, the capillary cfDNA concentrations increased nearly parallel to the lactate values. The values correlated best with heart rate and energy expenditure, followed by oxygen consumption, Borg values, and lactate levels (0.710 ≤ r ≥ 0.808). With this article, we present a sensitive procedure for the direct quantification of cfDNA in unpurified capillary plasma instead of purified venous plasma. Further studies should investigate the differences between capillary and venous cfDNA that might mirror different physiological mechanisms. Enhanced cardiorespiratory function during exercise might lead to the accumulation of cfDNA via the release of stress hormones that already increase at intensities below the anaerobic threshold. Furthermore, cfDNA might be released by neutrophil extracellular traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Breitbach
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Sterzing
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos Magallanes
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suzan Tug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Pilat C, Frech T, Wagner A, Krüger K, Hillebrecht A, Pons-Kühnemann J, Scheibelhut C, Bödeker RH, Mooren FC. Exploring effects of a natural combination medicine on exercise-induced inflammatory immune response: A double-blind RCT. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:534-42. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pilat
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - T. Frech
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - A. Wagner
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - K. Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - A. Hillebrecht
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | | | - C. Scheibelhut
- Medical Statistics; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - R.-H. Bödeker
- Medical Statistics; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - F.-C. Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
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Krüger K, Klocke R, Kloster J, Nikol S, Waltenberger J, Mooren FC. Activity of daily living is associated with circulating CD34+/KDR+ cells and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels in patients after myocardial infarction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:532-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01254.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate whether the extent of activities of daily living (ADL) of patients after myocardial infarction affect numbers of circulating CD34+/KDR+ and CD45+/CD34+ cells, which are supposed to protect structural and functional endothelial integrity. In a cross-sectional study, 34 male coronary artery disease patients with a history of myocardial infarction were assessed for times spent per week for specific physical ADL, including basic activities (instrumental ADL), leisure time activities, and sport activities, using a validated questionnaire. Individual specific activity times were multiplied with respective specific metabolic equivalent scores to obtain levels of specific activities. Numbers of circulating CD34+/KDR+ and CD45+/CD34+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the colony-forming capacity of CD34+ cells and the level of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in serum were measured. Analysis revealed that the extent of total activities and basic activities, as well as total activity time, were positively correlated with numbers of circulating CD34+/KDR+ cells ( r = 0.60, 0.56, and 0.55, P < 0.05). Higher levels of total activity were also associated with increased colony-forming capacity of CD34+ cells ( r = 0.54, P < 0.05) and with higher systemic levels of G-CSF ( r = 0.44, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that even ADL-related activities of coronary artery disease patients after myocardial infarction exert stimulating effects on CD34+/KDR+ cell mobilization, potentially mediated by increased G-CSF levels. This, in turn, potentially contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise on the diseased cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Rainer Klocke
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Kloster
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Sigrid Nikol
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Frank C. Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; and
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