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Schwartz JL, Fongwoo TA, Bentley RF. The effect of self-identified arm dominance on exercising forearm hemodynamics and skeletal muscle desaturation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305539. [PMID: 38885214 PMCID: PMC11182511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The human forearm model is commonly employed in physiological investigations exploring local vascular function and oxygen delivery; however, the effect of arm dominance on exercising forearm hemodynamics and skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in untrained individuals is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of self-identified arm dominance on forearm hemodynamics and SmO2 in untrained individuals during submaximal, non-ischemic forearm exercise. Twenty healthy individuals (23±4 years, 50% female; 80% right-handed) completed three-minute bouts of supine rhythmic (1 second contraction: 2 second relaxation duty cycle) forearm handgrip exercise at both absolute (10kg; 98N) and relative (30% of maximal voluntary contraction) intensities in each forearm. Beat-by-beat measures of forearm blood flow (FBF; ml/min), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; mmHg) and flexor digitorum superficialis SmO2 (%) were obtained throughout and averaged during the final 30 seconds of rest, exercise, and recovery while forearm vascular conductance was calculated (FVC; ml/min/100mmHg). Data are Δ from rest (mean±SD). Absolute force production did not differ between non-dominant and dominant arms (97±11 vs. 98±13 N, p = 0.606) whereas relative force production in females did (69±24 vs. 82±25 N, p = 0.001). At both exercise intensities, FBFRELAX, FVCRELAX, MAPRELAX, and the time constant tau for FBF and SmO2 were unaffected by arm dominance (all p>0.05). While arm dominance did not influence SmO2 during absolute intensity exercise (p = 0.506), the non-dominant arm in females experienced an attenuated reduction in SmO2 during relative intensity exercise (-14±10 vs. -19±8%, p = 0.026)-though exercise intensity was also reduced (p = 0.001). The present investigation has demonstrated that arm dominance in untrained individuals does not impact forearm hemodynamics or SmO2 during handgrip exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Schwartz
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trishawna A. Fongwoo
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jacobs JL, Ridge ST, Bruening DA, Brewerton KA, Gifford JR, Hoopes DM, Johnson AW. Passive hallux adduction decreases lateral plantar artery blood flow: a preliminary study of the potential influence of narrow toe box shoes. J Foot Ankle Res 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31700547 PMCID: PMC6829837 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-019-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood flow is essential in maintaining tissue health. Thus, compromised blood flow can prevent tissue healing. An adducted hallux, as seen inside a narrow shoe, may put passive tension on the abductor hallucis, compressing the lateral plantar artery into the calcaneus and restricting blood flow. The purposes of this study were to compare lateral plantar artery blood flow before and after passive hallux adduction and to compare blood flow with arch height. Methods Forty-five healthy volunteers (20 female, 25 male; age = 24.8 ± 6.8 yr; height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight = 73.4 ± 13.5 kg) participated in this cross-over design study. Arch height index (AHI) was calculated, and blood flow measurements were obtained using ultrasound (L8-18i transducer, GE Logiq S8). The lateral plantar artery was imaged deep to abductor hallucis for 120 s: 60 s at rest, then 60 s of passive hallux adduction. Maximal passive hallux adduction was performed by applying pressure to the medial side of the hallux. Blood flow was calculated in mL/min, and pre-passive hallux adduction was compared to blood flow during passive hallux adduction. Results Log transformed data was used to run a paired t-test between the preadduction and postadduction blood flow. The volume of blood flow was 22.2% lower after passive hallux adduction compared to before (- 0.250 ± 0.063, p < 0.001). As AHI decreased, there was a greater negative change in blood flow. As baseline blood flow increased, there was also a greater negative change in blood flow. Conclusions Our preliminary findings of decreased blood flow through passive hallux adduction indicate conditions that elicit passive hallux adduction (e.g. wearing narrow-toed shoes) may have important effects on foot blood flow. Individuals with lower AHI appear to have a greater risk of decreased blood flow with passive hallux adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Jacobs
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Sarah T Ridge
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Dustin A Bruening
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - K Annie Brewerton
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Jayson R Gifford
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Daniel M Hoopes
- Revere Health Orthopaedics, 1055 North 500 West #121, Building C, Provo, UT 84604 USA
| | - A Wayne Johnson
- 1Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 106 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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Zuj KA, Prince CN, Hughson RL, Peterson SD. Superficial femoral artery blood flow with intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower leg applied during walking exercise and recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:559-567. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00656.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if muscle blood flow during walking exercise and postexercise recovery can be augmented through the application of intermittent compression of the lower legs applied during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle. Results from four conditions were assessed: no compression (NoComp), compression during walking (ExComp), compression during postexercise recovery (RecComp), and compression applied throughout (AllComp). Superficial femoral artery (SFA) blood flow was measured (Doppler ultrasound) during rest and postexercise recovery. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, finger photoplethysmography) was used to calculate vascular conductance as VC = SFA flow/MAP. Near infrared spectroscopy measured changes in oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration throughout the test. Compression during exercise increased SFA blood flow measured over the first 15 s of postexercise recovery (AllComp: 532.2 ± 123.1 mL/min; ExComp: 529.8 ± 99.2 mL/min) compared with NoComp (462.3 ± 87.3 mL/min P < 0.05) and corresponded to increased VC (NoComp: 4.7 ± 0.9 mL·min−1·mmHg−1 versus ExComp: 5.5 ± 1.0 mL·min−1·mmHg−1, P < 0.05). Similarly, compression throughout postexercise recovery also resulted in increased SFA flow (AllComp: 190.5 ± 57.1 mL/min; RecComp: 158.7 ± 49.1 mL/min versus NoComp: 108.8 ± 28.5 mL/min, P < 0.05) and vascular conductance. Muscle contractions during exercise reduced total hemoglobin with O2Hb comprising ~57% of the observed reduction. Compression during exercise augmented this reduction ( P < 0.05) with O2HB again comprising ~55% of the reduction. Total hemoglobin was reduced with compression during postexercise recovery ( P < 0.05) with O2Hb accounting for ~40% of this reduction. Results from this study indicate that intermittent compression applied during walking and during postexercise recovery enhanced vascular conductance during exercise and elevated postexercise SFA blood flow and tissue oxygenation during recovery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intermittent compression mimics the mechanical actions of voluntary muscle contraction on venous volume. This study demonstrates that compression applied during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle while walking accentuates the actions of the muscle pump resulting in increased immediate postexercise muscle blood flow and vascular conductance. Similarly, compression applied during the recovery period independently increased arterial flow and tissue oxygenation, potentially providing conditions conducive to faster recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Zuj
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Chekema N. Prince
- University of Waterloo, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sean D. Peterson
- University of Waterloo, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Drouin PJ, Kohoko ZIN, Mew OK, Lynn MJT, Fenuta AM, Tschakovsky ME. Fatigue-independent alterations in muscle activation and effort perception during forearm exercise: role of local oxygen delivery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:111-121. [PMID: 31070953 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygen-conforming response (OCR) of skeletal muscle refers to a downregulation of muscle force for a given muscle activation when oxygen delivery (O2D) is reduced, which is rapidly reversed when O2D is restored. We tested the hypothesis that the OCR exists in voluntary human exercise and results in compensatory changes in muscle activation to maintain force output, thereby altering perception of effort. In eight men and eight women, electromyography (EMG), oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), forearm blood flow (FBF), and task effort awareness (TEA) were measured. Participants completed two nonfatiguing rhythmic handgrip tests consisting of 5-min steady state (SS) followed by two bouts of 2-min brachial artery compression to reduce FBF by ~50% of SS (C1 and C2), separated by 2 min of no compression (NC1) and ending with 2 min of no compression (NC2). When FBF was compromised during C1, EMG/Force (1.58 ± 0.39) increased compared with SS (1.31 ± 0.33, P = 0.001). However, EMG/Force was not restored upon FBF restoration at NC1 (1.48 ± 0.38, P = 0.479), consistent with C1 evoking skeletal muscle fatigue. When FBF was compromised during C2, EMG/Force increased (1.73 ± 0.50) compared with NC1 (1.48 ± 0.38, P = 0.013). EMG/Force returned to NC1 levels during NC2 (1.50 ± 0.39, P = 0.016), consistent with an OCR in C2. TEA (SS 2.2 ± 2.3, C1 3.9 ± 2.5, NC1 3.4 ± 2.7, C2 4.6 ± 2.7, NC2 3.9 ± 2.8) mirrored changes in EMG. It is noteworthy that during the second compromise and then restoration of muscle oxygenation EMG and TEA were rapidly restored to precompromise levels. We interpreted these findings to support the existence of an OCR and its ability to rapidly modify perception of effort during voluntary exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In healthy individuals, when force output is maintained during rhythmic handgrip exercise, muscle activation and perception of effort rapidly increase with compromised muscle oxygen delivery (O2D) and then return to precompromised levels when muscle O2D is restored. These findings suggest that an oxygen-conforming response (OCR) exists and is able to modify perception of effort during voluntary exercise. Therefore, similar to fatigue, an OCR may have implications for exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Z I N Kohoko
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - O K Mew
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - M J T Lynn
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - A M Fenuta
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - M E Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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Bentley RF, Walsh JJ, Drouin PJ, Velickovic A, Kitner SJ, Fenuta AM, Tschakovsky ME. Dietary nitrate restores compensatory vasodilation and exercise capacity in response to a compromise in oxygen delivery in the noncompensator phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:594-605. [PMID: 28596274 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00953.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, dietary nitrate supplementation has been shown to improve exercise capacity in healthy individuals through a potential nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Nitric oxide has been shown to play an important role in compensatory vasodilation during exercise under hypoperfusion. Previously, we established that certain individuals lack a vasodilation response when perfusion pressure reductions compromise exercising muscle blood flow. Whether this lack of compensatory vasodilation in healthy, young individuals can be restored with dietary nitrate supplementation is unknown. Six healthy (21 ± 2 yr), recreationally active men completed a rhythmic forearm exercise. During steady-state exercise, the exercising arm was rapidly transitioned from an uncompromised (below heart) to a compromised (above heart) position, resulting in a reduction in local pressure of -31 ± 1 mmHg. Exercise was completed following 5 days of nitrate-rich (70 ml, 0.4 g nitrate) and nitrate-depleted (70 ml, ~0 g nitrate) beetroot juice consumption. Forearm blood flow (in milliliters per minute; brachial artery Doppler and echo ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury; finger photoplethysmography), exercising forearm venous effluent (ante-cubital vein catheter), and plasma nitrite concentrations (chemiluminescence) revealed two distinct vasodilatory responses: nitrate supplementation increased (plasma nitrite) compared with placebo (245 ± 60 vs. 39 ± 9 nmol/l; P < 0.001), and compensatory vasodilation was present following nitrate supplementation (568 ± 117 vs. 714 ± 139 ml ⋅ min-1 ⋅ 100 mmHg-1; P = 0.005) but not in placebo (687 ± 166 vs. 697 ± 171 min-1 ⋅ 100 mmHg-1; P = 0.42). As such, peak exercise capacity was reduced to a lesser degree (-4 ± 39 vs. -39 ± 27 N; P = 0.01). In conclusion, dietary nitrate supplementation during a perfusion pressure challenge is an effective means of restoring exercise capacity and enabling compensatory vasodilation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previously, we identified young, healthy persons who suffer compromised exercise tolerance when exercising muscle perfusion pressure is reduced as a result of a lack of compensatory vasodilation. The ability of nitrate supplementation to restore compensatory vasodilation in such noncompensators is unknown. We demonstrated that beetroot juice supplementation led to compensatory vasodilation and restored perfusion and exercise capacity. Elevated plasma nitrite is an effective intervention for correcting the absence of compensatory vasodilation in the noncompensator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick J Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Velickovic
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah J Kitner
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Fenuta
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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