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Bavarsad NH, Bagheri S, Kourosh-Arami M, Komaki A. Aromatherapy for the brain: Lavender's healing effect on epilepsy, depression, anxiety, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease: A review article. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18492. [PMID: 37554839 PMCID: PMC10404968 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junctions, and muscles. Herbal medicine has long been used to cure these diseases. One of these plants is lavender, which is composed of various compounds, including terpenes, such as linalool, limonene, triterpenes, linalyl acetate, alcohols, ketones, polyphenols, coumarins, cineole, and flavonoids. In this review, the literature was searched using scientific search engines and databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed) for papers published between 1982 and 2020 via keywords, including review, lavender, and neurological disorders. This plant exerts its healing effect on many diseases, such as anxiety and depression through an inhibitory effect on GABA. The anti-inflammatory effects of this plant have also been documented. It improves depression by regulating glutamate receptors and inhibiting calcium channels and serotonergic factors, such as SERT. Its antiepileptic mechanism is due to an increase in the inhibitory effect of GABA and potassium current and a decrease in sodium current. Therefore, many vegetable oils are also used in herbal medicine. In this review, the healing effect of lavender on several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, depression, anxiety, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease was investigated. All findings strongly support the traditional uses of lavender. More clinical studies are needed to investigate the effect of the plants' pharmacological active constituents on the treatment of life-threatening diseases in humans. The limitations of this study are the low quality and the limited number of clinical studies. Different administration methods of lavender are one of the limitations of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hatami Bavarsad
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shokufeh Bagheri
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Shin YK, Seol GH. Effects of linalyl acetate on oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction: can linalyl acetate prevent mild cognitive impairment? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233977. [PMID: 37576815 PMCID: PMC10416234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a major public health challenge with an increasing prevalence. Although the mechanisms underlying the development of MCI remain unclear, MCI has been reported to be associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that agents that reduce these factors may be key to preventing MCI. Currently, no agents have been approved for the treatment of MCI, with the efficacy of commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors remaining unclear. Relatively safe natural products that can prevent the development of MCI are of great interest. Linalyl acetate (LA), the major component of clary sage and lavender essential oils, has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which may have the potential for the prevention of MCI. The present review briefly summarizes the pathogenesis of MCI related to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction as well as the benefits of LA against these MCI-associated factors. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to search the relevant literature. Further clinical research may lead to the development of new strategies for preventing MCI, particularly in high-risk populations with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and endothelial dysfunction (e.g., patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- You Kyoung Shin
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zuzarte M, Girão H, Salgueiro L. Aromatic Plant-Based Functional Foods: A Natural Approach to Manage Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:5130. [PMID: 37446792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic plants and their essential oils have shown beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and, therefore, are potential raw materials in the development of functional foods. However, despite their undeniable potential, essential oils present several limitations that need to be addressed, such as stability, poor solubility, undesirable sensory effects, and low bioavailability. The present review provides a current state-of-the-art on the effects of volatile extracts obtained from aromatic plants on the cardiovascular system and focuses on major challenges that need to be addressed to increase their use in food products. Moreover, strategies underway to overcome these limitations are pointed out, thus anticipating a great appreciation of these extracts in the functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Zuzarte
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- University Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- University Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Liu H, Chen W, Chai Y, Liu W, Chen H, Sun L, Tang X, Luo C, Chen D, Cheng X, Wang F, Yuan X, Huang C. Terpenoids and their gene regulatory networks in Opisthopappus taihangensis 'Taihang Mingzhu' as detected by transcriptome and metabolome analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1014114. [PMID: 36247591 PMCID: PMC9557748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1014114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Taihang Mingzhu' is the hybrid offspring of Opisthopappus taihangensis, and it has an excellent characteristic of whole-plant fragrance. At present, the genes and metabolites involved in the synthesis of its aromatic compounds are unknown because of the paucity of molecular biology studies on flowering in the Opisthopappus Shih genus. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids, the main aromatic compounds in 'Taihang Mingzhu', we conducted transcriptome and metabolite analyses on its leaves and bud, inflorescences at the color-development, flowering, and full-bloom stages. A total of 82,685 unigenes were obtained, of which 43,901 were annotated on the basis of information at the protein databases Nr, SwissProt, KEGG, and COG/KOG (e-value<0.00001). Using gas headspace solid-phase microextraction chromatography - mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS), 1350 metabolites were identified, the most abundant of which were terpenoids (302 metabolites). Analyses of the gene regulatory network of terpenoids in 'Taihang Mingzhu' identified 52 genes potentially involved in the regulation of terpenoid synthesis. The correlations between genes related to terpenoid metabolism/regulation and metabolite abundance were analyzed. We also extracted the essential oil from the leaves of 'Taihang Mingzhu' by hydrodistillation, and obtained 270 aromatic compounds. Again, the most abundant class was terpenoids. These results provide guidance for the extraction of essential oil from 'Taihang Mingzhu' leaves and flowers. In addition, our analyses provide valuable genetic resources to identify genetic targets to manipulate the aromatic profiles of this plant and other members the Opisthopappus Shih genus by molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wendan Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Beijing Liu Wenchao Institute of Summer Chrysanthemums Breeding Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Yuan
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenoids: An Update. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010182. [PMID: 35011414 PMCID: PMC8746715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin levels or insulin resistance. Despite the availability of several oral and injectable hypoglycemic agents, their use is associated with a wide range of side effects. Monoterpenes are compounds extracted from different plants including herbs, vegetables, and fruits and they contribute to their aroma and flavor. Based on their chemical structure, monoterpenes are classified into acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes. They have been found to exhibit numerous biological and medicinal effects such as antipruritic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Therefore, monoterpenes emerged as promising molecules that can be used therapeutically to treat a vast range of diseases. Additionally, monoterpenes were found to modulate enzymes and proteins that contribute to insulin resistance and other pathological events caused by DM. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms by which monoterpenes can be used in the pharmacological intervention of DM via the alteration of certain enzymes, proteins, and pathways involved in the pathophysiology of DM. Based on the fact that monoterpenes have multiple mechanisms of action on different targets in in vitro and in vivo studies, they can be considered as lead compounds for developing effective hypoglycemic agents. Incorporating these compounds in clinical trials is needed to investigate their actions in diabetic patients in order to confirm their ability in controlling hyperglycemia.
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Yuan R, Zhang D, Yang J, Wu Z, Luo C, Han L, Yang F, Lin J, Yang M. Review of aromatherapy essential oils and their mechanism of action against migraines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113326. [PMID: 32877718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Migraines have become a major threat to human health, as they significantly affect human health and quality of life due to a high prevalence rate, attack rate and pain intensity. Aromatherapy, with its comfortable and pleasant natural characteristics and rapid and efficient characteristics, is widely favored by patients in the folk. Chinese folk also have the application history and related records of aromatic plants in the treatment of migraine. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to review the pathogenesis of migraine, the application of plant essential oils in the treatment of migraine, and further explore the material basis and mechanism of action of plant essential oils against migraine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search the electronic literature of essential oils with anti-migraine effect in Google Scholar, PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and further search the research situation of the monomer components of essential oils in migraine, inflammation, pain and other aspects. RESULTS studies show that there are 10 types of plant essential oils that could relieve migraine symptoms, and that 16 monomers may play a role in migraine treatment by effectively inhibiting neurogenic inflammation, hyperalgesia and balancing vasorelaxation. CONCLUSION Aromatic plant essential oils can relieve migraine effectively, these findings can be used as an important part of the development of anti-migraine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Yuan
- Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Sichuan Baicao Jinggong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, PR China
| | - Chuanhong Luo
- Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Fangli Yang
- Sinopharm Sichuan Orthopedic Tehnology & Equipment Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, PR China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, PR China; School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, PR China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
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Shin YK, Hsieh YS, Han AY, Kwon S, Kang P, Seol GH. Sex-specific susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and preventive effect of linalyl acetate. Life Sci 2020; 260:118432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sanchis-Soler G, Tortosa-Martínez J, Manchado-Lopez C, Cortell-Tormo JM. The effects of stress on cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: Physical exercise as a counteract measure. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 152:157-193. [PMID: 32450995 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complicated multi-systemic neurological disorder that involves different biological pathways. Several risk factors have been identified, including chronic stress. Chronic stress produces an alteration in the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) system, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which over time increase the risk of AD and also the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, associated with cognitive impairment and AD. Considering the multi-factorial etiology of AD, understanding the complex interrelationships between different risk factors is of potential interest for designing adequate strategies for preventing, delaying the onset or slowing down the progression of this devastating disease. Thus, in this review we will explore the general mechanisms and evidence linking stress, cardiovascular disease and AD, and discuss the potential benefits of physical activity for AD by counteracting the negative effects of chronic stress, CVD and risk factors.
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Linalyl acetate prevents three related factors of vascular damage in COPD-like and hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2019; 232:116608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Ma Q, Li X, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Chen J. Influence of Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors in chronic stress-depressed rats through regulating tryptophan metabolism in hippocampus. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:21-31. [PMID: 30587994 PMCID: PMC6302818 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s185295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan metabolism has always been considered to play a vital role in mental disorder diseases, and how traditional Chinese formula Xiaoyaosan regulates the tryptophan metabolism is a complement to the pathogenesis of depression. This study established a depression rat model by the chronic immobilization stress (CIS) method and observed the change in tryptophan metabolism in hippocampus and the effects of Xiaoyaosan. METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: control group, CIS group, Xiaoyaosan group, and fluoxetine group. The depression model was established by the 21-day CIS. The food intake and body weight were recorded, and the sucrose preference test (SPT), novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test and open field test (OFT) were also used to evaluate the model. Then, the contents of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in hippocampus were detected by the ELISA method, and the expression levels of tryptophan hydrogenase 2 (TPH2) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in hippocampus were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. RESULTS The behavioral data showed a significant difference between the model group and the normal group. The 5-HT content in the hippocampi of CIS rats was significantly reduced, whereas the tryptophan content in the hippocampi of model rats was significantly increased. The TPH2 level in hippocampus of the model group was significantly decreased, and the IDO1 level was significantly increased. Xiaoyaosan and fluoxetine could significantly reverse these changes and had obvious curative effects. CONCLUSION The abnormal tryptophan metabolism existed in the hippocampi of chronic stress-depressed rats, which was closely related to the pathogenesis of depression. Xiaoyaosan could improve the tryptophan metabolism by regulating the expression levels of TPH2 and IDO1, thus exerting an antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China, .,Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China,
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