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Ben-Zeev T, Okun E. High-Intensity Functional Training: Molecular Mechanisms and Benefits. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:335-338. [PMID: 33386577 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength exercise are known to improve health markers, such as cardiovascular health, metabolic health, and cognitive function, as well as to reduce all-cause mortality. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a training paradigm derived from both HIIT and strength exercise to elicit greater muscle recruitment than repetitive aerobic exercises, thereby improving both cardiovascular fitness and strength parameters. Herein, we provide a focused review of the known molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of HIFT on cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavor Ben-Zeev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Olsen LA, Nicoll JX, Fry AC. The skeletal muscle fiber: a mechanically sensitive cell. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:333-349. [PMID: 30612167 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-04061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of skeletal muscle, whether an increase in size, change in metabolism, or alteration in structural properties, is in a continuous state of flux largely dependent upon physical activity. Much of the past research has expounded upon these ever-changing aspects of the muscle fiber following exercise. Specifically, endocrine and paracrine signaling have been heavily investigated lending to much of the past literature comprised of such endocrinological dynamics following muscle activity. Mechanotransduction, the ability of a cell to convert a mechanical stimulus into an intracellular biochemical response, has garnered much less attention. Recent work, however, has demonstrated the physical continuity of the muscle fiber, specifically demonstrating a continuous physical link between the extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoskeleton, and nuclear matrix as a means to rapidly regulate gene expression following a mechanical stimulus. Similarly, research has shown mechanical stimuli to directly influence cytoplasmic signaling whether through oxidative adaptations, increased muscle size, or enhanced muscle integrity. Regrettably, minimal research has investigated the role that exercise may play within the mechanotransducing signaling cascades. This proposed line of study may prove paramount as muscle-related diseases greatly impact one's ability to lead an independent lifestyle along with contributing a substantial burden upon the economy. Thus, this review explores both biophysical and biochemical mechanotransduction, and how these signaling pathways may be influenced following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Olsen
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Justin X Nicoll
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8287, USA
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Gibson OR, Taylor L, Watt PW, Maxwell NS. Cross-Adaptation: Heat and Cold Adaptation to Improve Physiological and Cellular Responses to Hypoxia. Sports Med 2018; 47:1751-1768. [PMID: 28389828 PMCID: PMC5554481 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To prepare for extremes of heat, cold or low partial pressures of oxygen (O2), humans can undertake a period of acclimation or acclimatization to induce environment-specific adaptations, e.g. heat acclimation (HA), cold acclimation (CA), or altitude training. While these strategies are effective, they are not always feasible due to logistical impracticalities. Cross-adaptation is a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby alternative environmental interventions, e.g. HA or CA, may be a beneficial alternative to altitude interventions, providing physiological stress and inducing adaptations observable at altitude. HA can attenuate physiological strain at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise at altitude via adaptations allied to improved O2 delivery to metabolically active tissue, likely following increases in plasma volume and reductions in body temperature. CA appears to improve physiological responses to altitude by attenuating the autonomic response to altitude. While no cross-acclimation-derived exercise performance/capacity data have been measured following CA, post-HA improvements in performance underpinned by aerobic metabolism, and therefore dependent on O2 delivery at altitude, are likely. At a cellular level, heat shock protein responses to altitude are attenuated by prior HA, suggesting that an attenuation of the cellular stress response and therefore a reduced disruption to homeostasis at altitude has occurred. This process is known as cross-tolerance. The effects of CA on markers of cross-tolerance is an area requiring further investigation. Because much of the evidence relating to cross-adaptation to altitude has examined the benefits at moderate to high altitudes, future research examining responses at lower altitudes should be conducted, given that these environments are more frequently visited by athletes and workers. Mechanistic work to identify the specific physiological and cellular pathways responsible for cross-adaptation between heat and altitude, and between cold and altitude, is warranted, as is exploration of benefits across different populations and physical activity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK. .,Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK.
| | - Lee Taylor
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter W Watt
- Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
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Gibson OR, Tuttle JA, Watt PW, Maxwell NS, Taylor L. Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA transcription is characterised by large, sustained changes in core temperature during heat acclimation. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1021-1035. [PMID: 27511024 PMCID: PMC5083671 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intracellular heat shock protein-72 (Hsp72) and heat shock protein-90α (Hsp90α) have been implicated as important components of acquired thermotolerance, providing cytoprotection during stress. This experiment determined the physiological responses characterising increases in Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA on the first and tenth day of 90-min heat acclimation (in 40.2 °C, 41.0 % relative humidity (RH)) or equivalent normothermic training (in 20 °C, 29 % RH). Pearson's product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression were performed to determine relationships between physiological [e.g. (Trec, sweat rate (SR) and heart rate (HR)] and training variables (exercise duration, exercise intensity, work done), and the leukocyte Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA responses via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR) (n = 15). Significant (p < 0.05) correlations existed between increased Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA (r = 0.879). Increased core temperature was the most important criteria for gene transcription with ΔTrec (r = 0.714), SR (r = 0.709), Trecfinal45 (r = 0.682), area under the curve where Trec ≥ 38.5 °C (AUC38.5 °C; r = 0.678), peak Trec (r = 0.661), duration Trec ≥ 38.5 °C (r = 0.650) and ΔHR (r = 0.511) each demonstrating a significant (p < 0.05) correlation with the increase in Hsp72 mRNA. The Trec AUC38.5 °C (r = 0.729), ΔTrec (r = 0.691), peak Trec (r = 0.680), Trecfinal45 (r = 0.678), SR (r = 0.660), duration Trec ≥ 38.5 °C (r = 0.629), the rate of change in Trec (r = 0.600) and ΔHR (r = 0.531) were the strongest correlate with the increase in Hsp90α mRNA. Multiple regression improved the model for Hsp90α mRNA only, when Trec AUC38.5 °C and SR were combined. Training variables showed insignificant (p > 0.05) weak (r < 0.300) relationships with Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA. Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA correlates were comparable on the first and tenth day. When transcription of the related Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA is important, protocols should rapidly induce large, prolonged changes in core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK.
| | - James A Tuttle
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology (MCMP) and Applied Sport and Exercise Science (ASEP) Research Groups, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Peter W Watt
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil S Maxwell
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, Welkin Human Performance Laboratories, University of Brighton, Denton Road, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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