1
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Torun A. Role of Resistance Exercise in Cardiology. Anatol J Cardiol 2024; 28:217-221. [PMID: 38327182 PMCID: PMC11059226 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2023.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise is a form of exercise that increases muscular strength and endurance by exercising a muscle or muscle group against external resistance. Resistance exercises have an important potential in preventing cardiac diseases, increasing treatment efficiency, and improving quality of life. In spite of the fact that the vast majority of cardiology research to date has focused on aerobic exercise, an increasing number of studies on resistance exercise have been published in the past few years. Although resistance exercise was combined with aerobic exercise in most of these studies, its isolated efficacy was also examined. In conditions such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac rehabilitation, resistance exercise (RE) is regarded as a potentially beneficial approach. In addition to interventional and medical treatments, resistance exercise can also be considered as a cost-effective and sustainable method. The effects of resistance exercise on a variety of cardiovascular conditions were investigated in this evaluation of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Torun
- Department of Cardiology, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Carr JMJR, Howe CA, Gibbons TD, Tymko MM, Steele AR, Vizcardo-Galindo GA, Tremblay JC, Ainslie PN. Cerebral endothelium-dependent function and reactivity to hypercapnia: the role of α 1-adrenoreceptors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1356-1367. [PMID: 36326471 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed hypercapnic cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and endothelium-dependent function [cerebral shear-mediated dilation (cSMD)] in the internal carotid artery (ICA) with and without systemic α1-adrenoreceptor blockade via Prazosin. We hypothesized that CVR would be reduced, whereas cSMD would remain unchanged, after Prazosin administration when compared with placebo. In 15 healthy adults (3 female, 26 ± 4 years), we conducted ICA duplex ultrasound during CVR [target +10 mmHg partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) above baseline, 5 min] and cSMD (+9 mmHg [Formula: see text] above baseline, 30 s) using dynamic end-tidal forcing with and without α1-adrenergic blockade (Prazosin; 0.05 mg/kg) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized design. The CVR in the ICA was not different between placebo and Prazosin (P = 0.578). During CVR, the reactivities of mean arterial pressure and cerebrovascular conductance to hypercapnia were also not different between conditions (P = 0.921 and P = 0.664, respectively). During Prazosin, cSMD was lower (1.1 ± 2.0% vs 3.8 ± 3.0%; P = 0.032); however, these data should be interpreted with caution due to the elevated baseline diameter (+1.3 ± 3.6%; condition: P = 0.0498) and lower shear rate (-14.5 ± 23.0%; condition: P < 0.001). Therefore, lower cSMD post α1-adrenoreceptor blockade might not indicate a reduction in cerebral endothelial function per se, but rather, that α1-adrenoreceptors contribute to resting cerebral vascular restraint at the level of the ICA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed steady-state hypercapnic cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral endothelium-dependent function, with and without α1-adrenergic blockade (Prazosin), in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, and randomized study, to assess the contribution of α1-adrenergic receptors to cerebrovascular CO2 regulation. After administration of Prazosin, cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 was not different compared with placebo despite lower blood flow, whereas cerebral endothelium-dependent function was reduced, likely due to elevated baseline internal carotid arterial diameter. These findings suggest that α1-adrenoreceptor activity does not influence cerebral blood flow regulation to CO2 and cerebral endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M J R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Travis D Gibbons
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew R Steele
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gustavo A Vizcardo-Galindo
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Carr JMJR, Ainslie PN, Howe CA, Gibbons TD, Tymko MM, Steele AR, Hoiland RL, Vizcardo-Galindo GA, Patrician A, Brown CV, Caldwell HG, Tremblay JC. Brachial artery responses to acute hypercapnia: The roles of shear stress and adrenergic tone. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1440-1453. [PMID: 36114662 DOI: 10.1113/ep090690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the contributions of shear stress and adrenergic tone to brachial artery vasodilatation during hypercapnia? What is the main finding and its importance? In healthy young adults, shear-mediated vasodilatation does not occur in the brachial artery during hypercapnia, as elevated α₁-adrenergic activity typically maintains vascular tone and offsets distal vasodilatation controlling flow. ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the shear stress dependency of brachial artery (BA) responses to hypercapnia, and the α₁-adrenergic restraint of these responses. We hypothesized that elevated shear stress during hypercapnia would cause BA vasodilatation, but where shear stress was prohibited (via arterial compression), the BA would not vasodilate (study 1); and, in the absence of α₁-adrenergic activity, blood flow, shear stress and BA vasodilatation would increase (study 2). In study 1, 14 healthy adults (7/7 male/female, 27 ± 4 years) underwent bilateral BA duplex ultrasound during hypercapnia (partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide, +10.2 ± 0.3 mmHg above baseline, 12 min) via dynamic end-tidal forcing, and shear stress was reduced in one BA using manual compression (compression vs. control arm). Neither diameter nor blood flow was different between baseline and the last minute of hypercapnia (P = 0.423, P = 0.363, respectively) in either arm. The change values from baseline to the last minute, in diameter (%; P = 0.201), flow (ml/min; P = 0.234) and conductance (ml/min/mmHg; P = 0.503) were not different between arms. In study 2, 12 healthy adults (9/3 male/female, 26 ± 4 years) underwent the same design with and without α₁-adrenergic receptor blockade (prazosin; 0.05 mg/kg) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind and randomized design. BA flow, conductance and shear rate increased during hypercapnia in the prazosin control arm (interaction, P < 0.001), but in neither arm during placebo. Even in the absence of α₁-adrenergic restraint, downstream vasodilatation in the microvasculature during hypercapnia is insufficient to cause shear-mediated vasodilatation in the BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M J R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Travis D Gibbons
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew R Steele
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Gustavo A Vizcardo-Galindo
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Courtney V Brown
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah G Caldwell
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Hemingway HW, Richey RE, Moore AM, Shokraeifard AM, Thomas GC, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Romero SA. Shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:199-208. [PMID: 34941435 PMCID: PMC8759960 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00748.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in humans. However, the mechanism/s mediating this protective effect remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that inhibiting the increase in shear stress induced by acute heat exposure would attenuate the protection of endothelial function following I/R injury. Nine (3 women) young healthy participants were studied under three experimental conditions: 1) thermoneutral control; 2) whole body heat exposure to increase body core temperature by 1.2°C; and 3) heat exposure + brachial artery compression to inhibit the temperature-dependent increase in shear stress. Endothelial function was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation before (pre-I/R) and after (post-I/R) 20 min of arm ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. Brachial artery shear rate was increased during heat exposure (681 ± 359 s-1), but not for thermoneutral control (140 ± 63 s-1; P < 0.01 vs. heat exposure) nor for heat + brachial artery compression (139 ± 60 s-1; P < 0.01 vs. heat exposure). Ischemia-reperfusion injury reduced flow-mediated dilatation following thermoneutral control (pre-I/R, 5.5 ± 2.9% vs. post-I/R, 3.8 ± 2.9%; P = 0.06), but was protected following heat exposure (pre-I/R, 5.8 ± 2.9% vs. post-I/R, 6.1 ± 2.9%; P = 0.5) and heat + arterial compression (pre-I/R, 4.4 ± 2.8% vs. post-I/R, 5.8 ± 2.8%; P = 0.1). Contrary to our hypothesis, our findings demonstrate that shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial I/R injury in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute heat exposure protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans. However, the mechanism/s mediating this protective effect remain unclear. We utilized arterial compression to inhibit the temperature-dependent increase in brachial artery blood velocity that occurs during acute heat exposure to isolate the contribution of shear stress to the protection of endothelial function following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our findings demonstrate that shear stress induced by acute heat exposure is not obligatory to protect against endothelial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden W. Hemingway
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rauchelle E. Richey
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Amy M. Moore
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Austin M. Shokraeifard
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Gabriel C. Thomas
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Albert H. Olivencia-Yurvati
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas,2Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steven A. Romero
- 1Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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5
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Larson EA, Ely BR, Brunt VE, Francisco MA, Harris SM, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Brachial and carotid hemodynamic response to hot water immersion in men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R823-R832. [PMID: 34643115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00110.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to compare the brachial and carotid hemodynamic response to hot water immersion (HWI) between healthy young men and women. Ten women (W) and 11 men (M) (24 ± 4 yr) completed a 60-min HWI session immersed to the level of the sternum in 40°C water. Brachial and carotid artery hemodynamics (Doppler ultrasound) were measured at baseline (seated rest) and every 15 min throughout HWI. Within the brachial artery, total shear rate was elevated to a greater extent in women [+479 (+364, +594) s-1] than in men [+292 (+222, +361) s-1] during HWI (P = 0.005). As shear rate is inversely proportional to blood vessel diameter and directly proportional to blood flow velocity, the sex difference in brachial shear response to HWI was the result of a smaller brachial diameter among women at baseline (P < 0.0001) and throughout HWI (main effect of sex, P < 0.0001) and a greater increase in brachial velocity seen in women [+48 (+36, +61) cm/s] compared with men [+35 (+27, +43) cm/s] with HWI (P = 0.047) which allowed for a similar increase in brachial blood flow between sexes [M: +369 (+287, +451) mL/min, W: +364 (+243, +486) mL/min, P = 0.943]. In contrast, no differences were seen between sexes in carotid total shear rate, flow, velocity, or diameter at baseline or throughout HWI. These data indicate the presence of an artery-specific sex difference in the hemodynamic response to a single bout of HWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Larson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Brett R Ely
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Sarianne M Harris
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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6
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Abdurakhmanov ZM, Umarov BY, Abdurakhmanov MM. Novel Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2021-08-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes the role of assessing the state of the endothelium in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, stratification of their risks, since endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a crucial predictor of this pathologies. In this regard, this paper presents the modern understanding of the methods for assessing ED, presents the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques. Despite the fact that flow-mediated dilation is widely used as a classical method for studying endothelial function, this technique depends on the physiological state of sensory nerves and calcium-activated potassium channels, cardiac output. This review focuses on new biomarkers for ED such as endothelial microparticles, endoglin and endocan, and discusses the relevance of the criteria for their use in clinical practice. Based on current scientific advances, the authors concluded that among these three newest biomarkers, today, endocan can be considered a more informative and reliable cellular marker of ED. Moreover, the authors have shown that when measured separately, many of the studied classical circulating biomarkers do not provide reliable information about the state of the endothelium, since the endothelial function has a complex physiological nature which therefore raises the question of the advisability of considering a combination of classical and new biomarkers for improving the assessment of the endothelial state.
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7
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Carr J, Tremblay JC, Ives SJ, Lyall GK, Baldwin MM, Birch KM, Lee KD, Papadedes DW, King TJ, Gibbons TD, Thomas KN, Hanson BE, Bock JM, Casey DP, Ruediger SL, Bailey TG, Amin SB, Hansen AB, Lawley JS, Williams JS, Cheng JL, MacDonald MJ. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Differential impact of shear rate in the cerebral and systemic circulation: implications for endothelial function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1155-1160. [PMID: 33877934 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00045.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia–Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua C. Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia–Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Gemma K. Lyall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Baldwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kaitlyn D. Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Trevor J. King
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Travis D. Gibbons
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kate N. Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Brady E. Hanson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joshua M. Bock
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Darren P. Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stefanie L. Ruediger
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre of Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom G. Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre of Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sachin B. Amin
- Institute for Sport Science, Division of Physiology, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander B. Hansen
- Institute for Sport Science, Division of Physiology, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justin S. Lawley
- Institute for Sport Science, Division of Physiology, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer S. Williams
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jem L. Cheng
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen J. MacDonald
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Liu KR, Lew LA, McGarity-Shipley EC, Byrne AC, Islam H, Fenuta AM, Pyke KE. Individual variation of follicular phase changes in endothelial function across two menstrual cycles. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1389-1400. [PMID: 33866631 DOI: 10.1113/ep089482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The purpose of this study was to determine intra-individual reproducibility of follicular phase changes in endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation) over two menstrual cycles in healthy, premenopausal women. What is the main finding and its importance? Phase changes in endothelial function were not consistent at the individual level across two menstrual cycles, which challenges the utility of interpreting individual responses over one cycle. ABSTRACT Evidence regarding the impact of menstrual phase on endothelial function is conflicting, and studies to date have examined responses only over a single cycle. It is unknown whether the observed inter-individual variability of phase changes in endothelial function reflects stable, inter-individual differences in responses to oestrogen (E2 ; a primary female sex hormone). The purpose of this study was to examine changes in endothelial function from the early follicular (EF; low-E2 ) phase to the late follicular (LF; high-E2 ) phase over two consecutive cycles. Fourteen healthy, regularly menstruating women [22 ± 3 years of age (mean ± SD)] participated in four visits (EFVisit 1 , LFVisit 2 , EFVisit 3 and LFVisit 4 ) over two cycles. Ovulation testing was used to determine the time between the LF visit and ovulation. During each visit, endothelial function [brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)], E2 and progesterone were assessed. At the group level, there was no impact of phase or cycle on FMD (P = 0.48 and P = 0.65, respectively). The phase change in FMD in cycle 1 did not predict the phase change in cycle 2 (r = 0.03, P = 0.92). Using threshold-based classification (2 × typical error threshold), four of 14 participants (29%) exhibited directionally consistent phase changes in FMD across cycles. Oestrogen was not correlated between cycles, and this might have contributed to variability in the FMD response. The intra-individual variability in follicular fluctuation in FMD between menstrual cycles challenges the utility of interpreting individual responses to phase over a single menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn R Liu
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Lew
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen C McGarity-Shipley
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda C Byrne
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Fenuta
- Human Vascular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Coombs GB, Tremblay JC, Shkredova DA, Carr JMJR, Wakeham DJ, Patrician A, Ainslie PN. Distinct contributions of skin and core temperatures to flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery following passive heating. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:149-159. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00502.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary determinant of vascular adaptations to lifestyle interventions, such as exercise and heat therapy, is repeated elevations in vascular shear stress. Whether skin or core temperatures also modulate the vascular adaptation to acute heat exposure is unknown, likely due to difficulty in dissociating the thermal and hemodynamic responses to heat. We found that skin and core temperatures modify the acute vascular responses to passive heating irrespective of the magnitude of increase in shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff B. Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua C. Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daria A. Shkredova
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jay M. J. R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis J. Wakeham
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Thomas KN, Kissling LS, Gibbons TD, Akerman AP, Rij AM, Cotter JD. The acute effect of resistance exercise on limb blood flow. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2099-2109. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate N. Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lorenz S. Kissling
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Travis D. Gibbons
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ashley P. Akerman
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Andre M. Rij
- Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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11
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Tremblay JC, Ainslie PN, Turner R, Gatterer H, Schlittler M, Woyke S, Regli IB, Strapazzon G, Rauch S, Siebenmann C. Endothelial function and shear stress in hypobaric hypoxia: time course and impact of plasma volume expansion in men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H980-H994. [PMID: 32886005 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00597.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-altitude exposure typically reduces endothelial function, and this is modulated by hemoconcentration resulting from plasma volume contraction. However, the specific impact of hypobaric hypoxia independent of external factors (e.g., cold, varying altitudes, exercise, diet, and dehydration) on endothelial function is unknown. We examined the temporal changes in blood viscosity, shear stress, and endothelial function and the impact of plasma volume expansion (PVX) during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia while controlling for external factors. Eleven healthy men (25 ± 4 yr, mean ± SD) completed two 4-day chamber visits [normoxia (NX) and hypobaric hypoxia (HH; equivalent altitude, 3,500 m)] in a crossover design. Endothelial function was assessed via flow-mediated dilation in response to transient (reactive hyperemia; RH-FMD) and sustained (progressive handgrip exercise; SS-FMD) increases in shear stress before entering and after 1, 6, 12, 48, and 96 h in the chamber. During HH, endothelial function was also measured on the last day after PVX to preexposure levels (1,140 ± 320 mL balanced crystalloid solution). Blood viscosity and arterial shear stress increased on the first day during HH compared with NX and remained elevated at 48 and 96 h (P < 0.005). RH-FMD did not differ during HH compared with NX and was unaffected by PVX despite reductions in blood viscosity (P < 0.05). The stimulus-response slope of increases in shear stress to vasodilation during SS-FMD was preserved in HH and increased by 44 ± 73% following PVX (P = 0.023). These findings suggest that endothelial function is maintained in HH when other stressors are absent and that PVX improves endothelial function in a shear-stress stimulus-specific manner.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a normoxic crossover study design, we examined the impact of hypobaric hypoxia (4 days; altitude equivalent, 3,500 m) and hemoconcentration on blood viscosity, shear stress, and endothelial function. Blood viscosity increased during the hypoxic exposure and was accompanied by elevated resting and exercising arterial shear stress. Flow-mediated dilation stimulated by reactive hyperemia and handgrip exercise was preserved throughout the hypoxic exposure. Plasma volume expansion reversed the hypoxia-associated hemoconcentration and selectively increased handgrip exercise flow-mediated dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Rachel Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Simon Woyke
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivo B Regli
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, "F. Tappeiner" Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Rauch
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, "F. Tappeiner" Hospital, Merano, Italy
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12
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Au JS, Beaudry KM, Pancevski K, Hughson RL, Devries MC. The impact of preconditioning exercise on the vascular response to an oral glucose challenge. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:443-451. [PMID: 33113337 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise elicits direct benefits to insulin sensitivity but may also indirectly improve glucose uptake by hemodynamic conditioning of the vasculature. The purpose of this study was to examine the modifying effect of 3 different types of exercise on the vascular response to an oral glucose challenge. Twenty healthy adults (9 women, 11 men; aged 23 ± 3 years) completed a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at rest, as well as 1.5 hours after moderate continuous cycling exercise (30 min; 65% peak oxygen consumption), high-intensity interval cycling exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% peak heart rate), and lower-load higher-repetition resistance exercise (25-35 repetitions/set, 3 sets). Brachial and superficial femoral artery blood flow, conductance, and oscillatory shear index were measured throughout the OGTT. Regardless of rested state or exercise preconditioning, the OGTT induced reductions in brachial artery blood flow and conductance (p < 0.001), and transient increases in brachial and superficial femoral artery oscillatory shear index and retrograde blood flow (p < 0.01). Continuous cycling and resistance exercise were followed with a small degree of protection against prolonged periods of oscillatory flow. Our findings imply transient peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased limb blood flow during a standard OGTT, for which prior exercise was unable to prevent in healthy adults. Novelty: We investigated the impact of continuous, interval, and resistance exercise on the hemodynamic response to an OGTT. Our findings suggest decreased upper-limb blood flow during an OGTT is not prevented by prior exercise in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayleigh M Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian Pancevski
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hughson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michaela C Devries
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Stoner L, Stone K, Zieff G, Blackwell J, Diana J, Credeur DP, Paterson C, Fryer S. Endothelium function dependence of acute changes in pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated slowing. Vasc Med 2020; 25:419-426. [PMID: 32490736 PMCID: PMC7575299 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20926588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Flow-mediated slowing (FMS), defined as the minimum pulse wave velocity (PWVmin) during reactive hyperemia, is potentially a simple, user-objective test for examining endothelial function. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of a known endothelial dysfunction protocol on arm PWV and PWVmin. Complete data were successfully collected in 22 out of 23 healthy adults (23.8 years [SD 4.1], 16 F, 22.8 kg/m2 [SD 2.8]). Local endothelial dysfunction was induced by increasing retrograde shear stress in the upper arm, through inflation of a distal (forearm) tourniquet to 75 mmHg, for 30 min. Pre- and post-endothelial dysfunction, PWV was measured followed by simultaneous assessment of PWVmin and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). PWV was measured between the upper arm and wrist using an oscillometric device, and brachial FMD using ultrasound. FMD (%) and PWVmin (m/s) were calculated as the maximum increase in diameter and minimum PWV during reactive hyperemia, respectively. Endothelial dysfunction resulted in a large effect size (ES) decrease in FMD (∆ = -3.10%; 95% CI: -4.15, -2.05; ES = -1.3), and a moderate increase in PWV (∆ = 0.38 m/s; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.69; ES = 0.5) and PWVmin (∆ = 0.16 m/s; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.28; ES = 0.6). There was a large intra-individual (pre- vs post-endothelial dysfunction) association between FMD and PWVmin (r = -0.61; 95% CI: -0.82, -0.24). In conclusion, acute change in PWV and PWVmin are at least partially driven by changes in endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keeron Stone
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jade Blackwell
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jake Diana
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel P Credeur
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Craig Paterson
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Simon Fryer
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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14
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Poredos P, Jezovnik MK, Radovancevic R, Gregoric ID. Endothelial Function in Patients With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Angiology 2020; 72:9-15. [PMID: 32757767 DOI: 10.1177/0003319720946977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Shear stress generated by flowing blood regulates the release of substances that provide adequate tissue perfusion. The extent of damage to endothelial cells depends on locally disturbed shear stress caused by the deteriorated flow. Patients with heart failure have reduced cardiac output, which results in reduced blood flow and negative shear stress. Reduced shear stress also affects microcirculation and reduces tissue perfusion. Consequently, the production of free oxygen radicals is increased and bioavailability of nitric oxide is additionally decreased. Therefore, endothelial dysfunction is involved in the progression of heart failure and cardiovascular events. Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are used for the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure. Older pulsatile flow LVADs were mostly substituted by continuous-flow LVADs (cf-LVADs). Despite the advantages of the cf-LVADs, the loss of pulsatility leads to different complications on the micro- and macrovascular levels. One of the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular complications with cf-LVADs may be endothelial dysfunction, which after the implantation of the device does not improve and may even deteriorate. In contrast, the pulsatile pattern of LVADs on blood flow could preserve endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Poredos
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Center for Advanced Heart Failure, 12340The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Vascular Disease, 37663University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja K Jezovnik
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Center for Advanced Heart Failure, 12340The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajko Radovancevic
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Center for Advanced Heart Failure, 12340The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Igor D Gregoric
- Department of Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation, Center for Advanced Heart Failure, 12340The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Hoiland RL, Tremblay JC, Stacey BS, Coombs GB, Nowak‐Flück D, Tymko MM, Patrician A, Stembridge M, Howe CA, Bailey DM, Green DJ, MacLeod DB, Ainslie PN. Acute reductions in haematocrit increase flow‐mediated dilatation independent of resting nitric oxide bioavailability in humans. J Physiol 2020; 598:4225-4236. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Hoiland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Joshua C. Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Benjamin S. Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education University of South Wales Pontypridd UK
| | - Geoff B. Coombs
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Daniela Nowak‐Flück
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Michael M. Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
- Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, & Recreation University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Alexander Patrician
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff UK
| | - Connor A. Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - Damian M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education University of South Wales Pontypridd UK
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences) The University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - David B. MacLeod
- Human Pharmacology & Physiology Lab, Department of Anesthesiology Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, & Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia – Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
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16
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Johns JA, O'Brien MW, Bungay A, Kimmerly DS. Sex and light physical activity impact popliteal, but not brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in physically active young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1387-1395. [PMID: 32687716 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When controlling for baseline diameter, males have greater brachial flow-mediated dilation (BA-FMD) responses than females. It is unclear whether sex differences in baseline diameter also influences popliteal FMD (POP-FMD), which may be impacted by cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels. We hypothesized that males would exhibit greater BA-FMD and POP-FMD when allometrically scaled to baseline diameter. FMD (ultrasonography), cardiorespiratory fitness (indirect calorimetry), and objectively measured physical activity were assessed in males (n = 13; age, 23 ± 3 years; peak oxygen consumption, 48.0 ± 7.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) and females (n = 13; age, 24 ± 2 years; peak oxygen consumption, 36.8 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1). Both groups had similarly high levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (503 ± 174 vs. 430 ± 142 min·week-1, p = 0.25). However, males were more aerobically fit (p < 0.001) and females accumulated more light-intensity physical activity (182 ± 67 vs. 127 ± 53 min·week-1, p = 0.03). Relative and allometrically scaled BA-FMD were similar (both, p ≥ 0.09) between sexes. In contrast, relative (6.2% ± 1.0% vs. 4.6% ± 1.4%, p = 0.001) and scaled (6.8% ± 1.7% vs. 4.7% ± 1.7%, p = 0.03) POP-FMD were greater in females. Relative POP-FMD was related to light-intensity physical activity in the pooled sample (r = 0.43; p = 0.04). However, the enhanced relative POP-FMD in females remained after adjusting for higher light-intensity physical activity levels (p = 0.01). Young females have enhanced popliteal, but not brachial, endothelial health than males with similar moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity levels and higher cardiorespiratory fitness. Novelty In physically active adults, females had greater POP-FMD but not BA-FMD than males. The enhanced POP-FMD in females was not related to greater vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to nitric oxide or their smaller baseline diameters. POP-FMD was associated with light physical activity levels in the pooled sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Amanda Bungay
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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17
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Tymko MM, Tremblay JC, Bailey DM, Green DJ, Ainslie PN. The impact of hypoxaemia on vascular function in lowlanders and high altitude indigenous populations. J Physiol 2019; 597:5759-5776. [PMID: 31677355 DOI: 10.1113/jp277191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia elicits widespread physiological responses that are critical for successful acclimatization; however, these responses may induce apparent maladaptive consequences. For example, recent studies conducted in both the laboratory and the field (e.g. at high altitude) have demonstrated that endothelial function is reduced in hypoxia. Herein, we review the several proposed mechanism(s) pertaining to the observed reduction in endothelial function in hypoxia including: (i) changes in blood flow patterns (i.e. shear stress), (ii) increased inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species (i.e. oxidative stress), (iii) heightened sympathetic nerve activity, and (iv) increased red blood cell concentration and mass leading to elevated nitric oxide scavenging. Although some of these mechanism(s) have been examined in lowlanders, less in known about endothelial function in indigenous populations that have chronically adapted to environmental hypoxia for millennia (e.g. the Peruvian, Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders). There is some evidence indicating that healthy Tibetan and Peruvian (i.e. Andean) highlanders have preserved endothelial function at high altitude, but less is known about the Ethiopian highlanders. However, Andean highlanders suffering from chronic mountain sickness, which is characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells, have markedly reduced endothelial function. This review will provide a framework and mechanistic model for vascular endothelial adaptation to hypoxia in lowlanders and highlanders. Elucidating the pathways responsible for vascular adaption/maladaptation to hypoxia has potential clinical implications for disease featuring low oxygen delivery (e.g. heart failure, pulmonary disease). In addition, a greater understanding of vascular function at high altitude will clinically benefit the global estimated 85 million high altitude residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, UK
| | - Daniel J Green
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Tucker WJ, Rosenberry R, Trojacek D, Sanchez B, Bentley RF, Haykowsky MJ, Tian F, Nelson MD. Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy tracks changes in oxygen delivery and utilization during exercise with and without isolated arterial compression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R81-R88. [PMID: 31746636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00212.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIR-DCS) is an emerging technology for simultaneous measurement of skeletal muscle microvascular oxygen delivery and utilization during exercise. The extent to which NIR-DCS can track acute changes in oxygen delivery and utilization has not yet been fully established. To address this knowledge gap, 14 healthy men performed rhythmic handgrip exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction, with and without isolated brachial artery compression, designed to acutely reduce convective oxygen delivery to the exercising muscle. Radial artery blood flow (Duplex Ultrasound) and NIR-DCS derived variables [blood flow index (BFI), tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2)] were simultaneously measured. During exercise, both radial artery blood flow (+51.6 ± 20.3 mL/min) and DCS-derived BFI (+155.0 ± 82.2%) increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas StO2 decreased -7.9 ± 6.2% (P = 0.002) from rest. Brachial artery compression during exercise caused a significant reduction in both radial artery blood flow (-32.0 ± 19.5 mL/min, P = 0.001) and DCS-derived BFI (-57.3 ± 51.1%, P = 0.01) and a further reduction of StO2 (-5.6 ± 3.8%, P = 0.001) compared with exercise without compression. MRO2 was not significantly reduced during arterial compression (P = 0.83) due to compensatory reductions in StO2, driven by increases in deoxyhemoglobin/myoglobin (+7.1 ± 6.1 μM, P = 0.01; an index of oxygen extraction). Together, these proof-of-concept data help to further validate NIR-DCS as an effective tool to assess the determinants of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption at the level of the microvasculature during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas.,College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas.,Department of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan Rosenberry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Darian Trojacek
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Belinda Sanchez
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Robert F Bentley
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Michael D Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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