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Wang Y, Liu Z, Ma G, Xu Y, Li Y. Mouth breathing induces condylar remodelling and chondrocyte apoptosis via both the extrinsic and mitochondrial pathways in male adolescent rats. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102146. [PMID: 37399641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of mouth breathing is high in children and adolescents. It causes various changes to the respiratory tract and, consequently, craniofacial growth deformities. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to these effects are obscure. Herein, we aimed to study the effects of mouth breathing on chondrocyte proliferation and death in the condylar cartilage and morphological changes in the mandible and condyle. Additionally, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying chondrocyte apoptosis and investigate any variations in the related pathways. Subchondral bone resorption and decreased condylar cartilage thickness were observed in mouth-breathing rats; further, mRNA expression levels of Collagen II, Aggrecan, and Sox 9 were lower in the mouth breathing group, while those of matrix metalloproteinase 9 increased. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling staining and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that apoptosis occurred in the proliferative and hypertrophic layers of cartilage in the mouth breathing group. TNF, BAX, cytochrome c, and cleaved-caspase-3 were highly expressed in the condylar cartilage of the mouth-breathing rats. These results suggest that mouth breathing leads to subchondral bone resorption, cartilage layer thinning, and cartilage matrix destruction, inducing chondrocyte apoptosis via both the extrinsic and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Department of Orthodontics, No. 399, Yanchang Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, CN 200072, China
| | - Z Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Department of Orthodontics, No. 399, Yanchang Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, CN 200072, China
| | - G Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Department of Orthodontics, No. 399, Yanchang Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, CN 200072, China
| | - Y Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Department of Orthodontics, No. 399, Yanchang Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, CN 200072, China
| | - Y Li
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University, Department of Orthodontics, No. 399, Yanchang Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai CN 200072, China.
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Koecklin KHU, Kato C, Abe Y, Yabushita T, Kokai S, Ono T. Histological and contractile changes in the genioglossus muscle after nasal obstruction in growing rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6245. [PMID: 37069178 PMCID: PMC10110532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to address the genioglossus muscle physiological and histological changes after unilateral nasal obstruction in growing rats. Fifty-four 6-day-old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into control (n = 27) and experimental (n = 27) groups. Unilateral nasal obstruction was performed at 8 days old. Contractile properties of the genioglossus whole muscle were measured at 5-, 7- and 9-week-old, including the twitch and tetanic forces, contraction time, half-decay time, and fatigue index. The histological characteristics of the genioglossus were also evaluated at 5-, 7- and 9-week-old, analyzing the myosin heavy chain composition of the slow, fast, IIa and IIb muscle fiber type, by measuring the number, rate, diameter and cross-sectional area. The maximal twitch force, and tetanic force at 60 Hz and 80 Hz force was significantly increased at all ages after nasal obstruction. The fatigue index was decreased at 5 weeks-old after nasal obstruction. The diameter and cross-sectional area of the fast, IIa and IIb muscle fiber types were increased at 7 and 9 weeks after nasal obstruction, while only the diameter of IIa type and cross-sectional area of IIb type were increased at 5 weeks-old after nasal obstruction. Nasal obstruction during growth affects the whole genioglossus muscle contractile properties and histological characteristics, increasing its force, the diameter and area of its muscle fibers. These changes in the genioglossus muscle may affect the normal growth, development and function of the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Ishidori H, Okihara H, Ogawa T, Abe Y, Kato C, Aung PT, Fujita A, Kokai S, Ono T. Nasal obstruction during the growth period modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in association with tyrosine kinase receptor B mRNA reduction in mouse hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:5-17. [PMID: 34842314 PMCID: PMC9300175 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that nasal obstruction induces high‐level brain dysfunction, including memory and learning deficits. We previously demonstrated that unilateral nasal obstruction (UNO) during the growth period increases the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The expression of BDNF is regulated by the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway, which is linked to neuronal differentiation, proliferation, and maintenance. However, little is known about whether Wnt3a protein expression could be an index for modulations analyses in the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway caused by UNO during the growth period. This study aimed to investigate the effects of UNO during the growth period on the Wnt/β‐Catenin pathway in the hippocampus using combined behavioural, biochemical, and histological approaches. Male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into the control (CONT; n = 6) and experimental (UNO; n = 6) groups. Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels were measured, and a passive avoidance test was performed in mice aged 15 weeks. Brain tissues were subjected to immunohistochemistry, real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis. Compared with control mice, UNO mice had lower SpO2 levels and exhibited memory/learning impairments during behavioural testing. Moreover, Wnt3a protein, BDNF mRNA, and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the hippocampus in the UNO group than in the CONT group. Our findings suggested that UNO during the growth period appeared to modulate the hippocampal Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and BDNF production in association with TrkB mRNA reduction, thereby resulting in memory and learning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phyo Thura Aung
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Aung PT, Kato C, Fujita A, Abe Y, Ogawa T, Ishidori H, Okihara H, Kokai S, Ono T. Effects of low occlusal loading on the neuromuscular behavioral development of cortically-elicited jaw movements in growing rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7175. [PMID: 33785823 PMCID: PMC8010060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of altered occlusal force on masticatory-related neuromuscular control, which projects from the anterior part of the cortical masticatory area (A-CMA), during growth remains unclear. This study sought to evaluate the effect of occlusal hypofunction on neuromuscular development of jaw muscle activities and cortically-induced rhythmic jaw movements (RJMs) in growing rats. Sixty-four 2-week-old male albino Wistar rats were divided into the control (fed normal diet) and experimental (fed soft diet) groups soon after weaning. Electromyographic activity was recorded at 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks from the right masseter and anterior digastric along with RJMs. We found a significantly longer onset latency and smaller peak-to-peak amplitude in the experimental group than that in the control group. The RJMs showed an increase in gape size and lateral excursion until up to 9 weeks in both groups. However, both the average gape size and lateral excursion were significantly smaller in the experimental group than that in the control group after 9 weeks. The jaw movement pattern also showed a significant decrease at the maximum opening period in the experimental group. Our findings indicate that inadequate occlusal function during growth alters neuromuscular control of masticatory behaviors and impairs the pattern of RJMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyo Thura Aung
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Akiyo Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishidori
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
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Tang H, Yonemitsu I, Ikeda Y, Watakabe K, Shibata S, Hosomichi J, Ono T. Effects of unilateral nasal obstruction on the characteristics of jaw-closing muscles in growing rats. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:102-110. [PMID: 30221984 DOI: 10.2319/021918-132.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouth breathing caused by nasal obstruction (owing to abnormal pressure of masticatory muscles) affects craniofacial growth and development. The influence of unilateral nasal obstruction on jaw-closing muscles was investigated in rats to reveal one of the etiologic mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty 8-day-old male Wistar rats were used in this study. Experimental rats were subjected to left-sided nasal obstruction by burning the external nostril tissue at the age of 8 days. Pulse oxygen saturation was recorded each week. Morphologic changes were evaluated by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (to assess the cross-sectional area) and by adenosine triphosphatase activity staining (to assess the myosin heavy chain isoform composition). Immunohistochemical and reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of tumor necrosis factor-α and glucose transporter 4 were carried out at 5 and 9 weeks of age. RESULTS The cross-sectional area of the jaw-closing muscles was lower in the experimental group at 9 weeks of age. The percentage of myosin heavy chain-2a in masseter muscles was increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. An increase in the tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA and protein levels and a decrease in the glucose transporter 4 messenger RNA and protein levels at 5 and 9 weeks of age in the jaw-closing muscles in the experimental group were noted. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral nasal obstruction could affect the morphology and contractile characteristics of jaw-closing muscles during growth in rats.
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Milanesi JDM, Berwig LC, Marquezan M, Schuch LH, Moraes ABD, Silva AMTD, Corrêa ECR. Variables associated with mouth breathing diagnosis in children based on a multidisciplinary assessment. Codas 2018; 30:e20170071. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20182017071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purpose : This study was conducted to identify variables associated with mouth breathing diagnosis in children, based on multidisciplinary domains. Methods 119 children, six to 12 years old, underwent anamnesis, speech therapy (orofacial structures and stomatognathic functions), otorhinolaryngologic (OTRL) with clinical and endoscopic examinations, dental (occlusion) and physiotherapy (body posture and nasal patency) assessments. Nasal patency was evaluated using Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF) and the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. A multiple logistic regression was performed considering breathing mode as the dependent variable and the co-variables from each multidisciplinary assessment as associated variables. Results Association with MB diagnosis was found in each professional domain with: nasal obstruction report (Odds ratio - OR=5.55), time of pacifier use (OR=1.25), convex facial type (OR=3.78), obtuse nasal angle (OR=4.30), half-open or open lip posture (OR=4.13), tongue position on the mouth floor (OR=5.88), reduced hard palate width (OR=2.99), unexpected contraction during mastication (OR=2.97), obstructive pharyngeal tonsils (OR=8.37), Angle Class II malocclusion (OR=10.85) and regular gingival maintenance (OR=2.89). Conclusion We concluded that a multidisciplinary diagnosis is important, given that each evaluation domain, including OTRL, dental and speech therapy, presented variables associated with MB diagnosis. Body posture and nasal patency variables were not associated with MB.
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Unilateral nasal obstruction induces degeneration of fungiform and circumvallate papillae in rats. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:220-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sato T, Yamaguchi M, Murakami Y, Horigome Y, Negishi S, Kasai K. Changes in maxillofacial morphology due to improvement of nasal obstruction in rats. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018; 21:84-89. [PMID: 29493884 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of release of experimentally introduced nasal obstruction on maxillofacial morphology and percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into a control group (n = 6) and a nasal obstruction group (n = 30). In the nasal obstruction group, the right nostril was occluded with silicon, which was subsequently removed after a given experimental period (days 7, 21, 35, 49 and 63). These animals were then divided into groups D7, D21, D35, D49 and D63 (each n = 6), according to the day at which the obstruction was released. The SpO2 was measured in rats with nasal obstruction at five experimental points. The maxillofacial morphology in rats on the first day and 63 days after the start of the experiment was evaluated by microcomputed tomography. RESULTS The SpO2 was still lower at 2 weeks after the improvement of the nasal obstruction in the D49 group than in the control group. In addition, the height of the nasal maxillary complex of the D35, D49 and D63 groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that long-term unilateral nasal obstruction in growing rats may affect the growth of the nasomaxillary complex and reduce the SpO2 permanently. Therefore, early improvement of nasal obstruction in rats during the growth period may improve the SpO2 and cranial development and promote normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Murakami
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Horigome
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Negishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Kasai
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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Ogawa T, Okihara H, Kokai S, Abe Y, Karin Harumi UK, Makiguchi M, Kato C, Yabushita T, Michikawa M, Ono T. Nasal obstruction during adolescence induces memory/learning impairments associated with BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway hypofunction and high corticosterone levels. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1056-1065. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasunori Abe
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Uchima Koecklin Karin Harumi
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mio Makiguchi
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya City University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
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Abe Y, Kato C, Uchima Koecklin KH, Okihara H, Ishida T, Fujita K, Yabushita T, Kokai S, Ono T. Unilateral nasal obstruction affects motor representation development within the face primary motor cortex in growing rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1494-1503. [PMID: 28336541 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01130.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal growth is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Nasal obstruction during growth alters the electromyographic activity of orofacial muscles. The facial primary motor area represents muscles of the tongue and jaw, which are essential in regulating orofacial motor functions, including chewing and jaw opening. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic unilateral nasal obstruction during growth on the motor representations within the face primary motor cortex (M1). Seventy-two 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (n = 36) and experimental (n = 36) groups. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction after cauterization of the external nostril at 8 days of age. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping was performed when the rats were 5, 7, 9, and 11 wk old in control and experimental groups (n = 9 per group per time point). Repeated-measures multivariate ANOVA was used for intergroup and intragroup statistical comparisons. In the control and experimental groups, the total number of positive ICMS sites for the genioglossus and anterior digastric muscles was significantly higher at 5, 7, and 9 wk, but there was no significant difference between 9 and 11 wk of age. Moreover, the total number of positive ICMS sites was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control at each age. It is possible that nasal obstruction induced the initial changes in orofacial motor behavior in response to the altered respiratory pattern, which eventually contributed to face-M1 neuroplasticity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Unilateral nasal obstruction in rats during growth periods induced changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and altered development of the motor representation within the face primary cortex. Unilateral nasal obstruction occurring during growth periods may greatly affect not only respiratory function but also craniofacial function in rats. Nasal obstruction should be treated as soon as possible to avoid adverse effects on normal growth, development, and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Abe
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Harumi Uchima Koecklin
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Okihara
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishida
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Uchima Koecklin KH, Hiranuma M, Kato C, Funaki Y, Kataguchi T, Yabushita T, Kokai S, Ono T. Unilateral Nasal Obstruction during Later Growth Periods Affects Craniofacial Muscles in Rats. Front Physiol 2017; 7:669. [PMID: 28119621 PMCID: PMC5222814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal obstruction can occur at different life stages. In early stages of life the respiratory system is still under development, maturing during the growth period. Previous studies have shown that nasal obstruction in neonatal rats alters craniofacial function. However, little is known about the effects of nasal obstruction that develops during later growth periods. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nasal obstruction during later periods of growth on the functional characteristics of the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) and tongue-protruding muscles. In total, 102 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into either a control or experimental group (both n = 51). In order to determine the appropriate timing of nasal obstruction, the saturation of arterial oxygen (SpO2) was monitored at 8 days, and at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks in the control group. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction at the age of 5 weeks. The SpO2 was monitored at 7, 9, and 11 weeks in the experimental group. The electromyographic responses of JOR and the contractile properties of the tongue-protruding muscles were recorded at 7, 9, and 11 weeks. In the control group, SpO2 decreased until 5 weeks of age, and remained relatively stable until 11 weeks of age. The SpO2 was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control. In the experimental group, JOR changes included a longer latency and smaller peak-to-peak amplitude, while changes in the contractile properties of the tongue-protruding muscles included larger twitch and tetanic forces, and a longer half-decay time. These results suggest that nasal obstruction during later growth periods may affect craniofacial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Uchima Koecklin
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Hiranuma
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiho Kato
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiha Funaki
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kataguchi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadachika Yabushita
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kokai
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
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