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Coliță CI, Olaru DG, Coliță D, Hermann DM, Coliță E, Glavan D, Popa-Wagner A. Induced Coma, Death, and Organ Transplantation: A Physiologic, Genetic, and Theological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065744. [PMID: 36982814 PMCID: PMC10059721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, the death certificate is issued if brain electrical activity is no longer detectable. However, recent research has shown that in model organisms and humans, gene activity continues for at least 96 h postmortem. The discovery that many genes are still working up to 48 h after death questions our definition of death and has implications for organ transplants and forensics. If genes can be active up to 48 h after death, is the person technically still alive at that point? We discovered a very interesting parallel between genes that were upregulated in the brain after death and genes upregulated in the brains that were subjected to medically-induced coma, including transcripts involved in neurotransmission, proteasomal degradation, apoptosis, inflammation, and most interestingly, cancer. Since these genes are involved in cellular proliferation, their activation after death could represent the cellular reaction to escape mortality and raises the question of organ viability and genetics used for transplantation after death. One factor limiting the organ availability for transplantation is religious belief. However, more recently, organ donation for the benefit of humans in need has been seen as “posthumous giving of organs and tissues can be a manifestation of love spreading also to the other side of death”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar-Ivan Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Denissa-Greta Olaru
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Daniela Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Eugen Coliță
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020276 Bucharest, Romania; (C.-I.C.)
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.P.-W.)
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University for Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.P.-W.)
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Cauzzo S, Callara AL, Morelli MS, Hartwig V, Esposito F, Montanaro D, Passino C, Emdin M, Giannoni A, Vanello N. Mapping dependencies of BOLD signal change to end-tidal CO 2: linear and nonlinear modeling, and effect of physiological noise correction. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 362:109317. [PMID: 34380051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disentangling physiological noise and signal of interest is a major issue when evaluating BOLD-signal changes in response to breath holding. Currently-adopted approaches for retrospective noise correction are general-purpose, and have non-negligible effects in studies on hypercapnic challenges. NEW METHOD We provide a novel approach to the analysis of specific and non-specific BOLD-signal changes related to end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) in breath-hold fMRI studies. Multiple-order nonlinear predictors for PETCO2 model a region-dependent nonlinear input-output relationship hypothesized in literature and possibly playing a crucial role in disentangling noise. We explore Retrospective Image-based Correction (RETROICOR) effects on the estimated BOLD response, applying our analysis both with and without RETROICOR and analyzing the linear and non-linear correlation between PETCO2 and RETROICOR regressors. RESULTS The RETROICOR model of noise related to respiratory activity correlated with PETCO2 both linearly and non-linearly. The correction affected the shape of the estimated BOLD response to hypercapnia but allowed to discard spurious activity in ventricles and white matter. Activation clusters were best detected using non-linear components in the BOLD response model. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD We evaluated the side-effects of standard physiological noise correction procedure, tailoring our analysis on challenging understudied brainstem and subcortical regions. Our novel approach allowed to characterize delays and non-linearities in BOLD response. CONCLUSIONS RETROICOR successfully avoided false positives, still broadly affecting the estimated non-linear BOLD responses. Non-linearities in the model better explained CO2-related BOLD signal fluctuations. The necessity to modify the standard procedure for physiological-noise correction in breath-hold studies was addressed, stating its crucial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cauzzo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Sole Morelli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Passino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Giannoni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Truelson SA, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014; 51:841-854. [PMID: 25509059 PMCID: PMC4269303 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.12.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that diaphragm muscle plasticity occurs with mechanical overloads, yet less is known about synergistic parasternal intercostal muscle fiber remodeling. We conducted overload training with intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion (ITTO) exercises in conscious animals. We hypothesized that ITTO would yield significant fiber hypertrophy and myogenic activation that would parallel diaphragm fiber remodeling. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a tracheal cuff and were randomly assigned to receive daily 10 min sessions of conscious ITTO or observation (sham) over 2 wk. After training, fiber morphology, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition, cross-sectional area, proportion of Pax7-positive nuclei, and presence of embryonic MHC (eMHC) were quantified. Type IIx/b fibers were 20% larger after ITTO training than with sham training (ITTO: 4,431 +/– 676 μm2, sham: 3,689 +/– 400 μm2, p < 0.05), and type I fibers were more prevalent after ITTO (p < 0.01). Expression of Pax7 was increased in ITTO parasternals and diaphragm (p < 0.05). In contrast, the proportion of eMHC-positive fibers was increased only in ITTO parasternals (1.2% [3.4%–0.6%], sham: 0% [0.6%–0%], p < 0.05). Although diaphragm and parasternal type II fibers hypertrophy to a similar degree, myogenic remodeling appears to differ between the two muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A. Daniel Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul W. Davenport
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Yang SK, Woo A, Phipps S, Ando A, Leech J, Farrell MJ. Sensorimotor circuitry involved in the higher brain control of coughing. COUGH 2013; 9:7. [PMID: 23497672 PMCID: PMC3602068 DOI: 10.1186/1745-9974-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an overwhelming body of evidence to support the existence of higher brain circuitries involved in the sensory detection of airways irritation and the motor control of coughing. The concept that cough is purely a reflex response to airways irritation is now superseded by the recognition that perception of an urge-to-cough and altered behavioral modification of coughing are key elements of cough disorders associated with airways disease. Understanding the pathways by which airway sensory nerves ascend into the brain and the patterns of neural activation associated with airways irritation will undoubtedly provide new insights into disordered coughing. This brief review aims to explore our current understanding of higher order cough networks by summarizing data from recent neuroanatomical and functional studies in animals and humans. We provide evidence for the existence of distinct higher order network components involved in the discrimination of signals arising from the airways and the motor control of coughing. The identification of these network components provides a blueprint for future research and the development of targeted managements for cough and the urge-to-cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Smith BK, Martin AD, Vandenborne K, Darragh BD, Davenport PW. Chronic intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion elicits diaphragmatic muscle fiber remodeling in conscious rodents. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49264. [PMID: 23133678 PMCID: PMC3486807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of inspiratory muscle strength training has increased in clinical medicine, its effect on diaphragm fiber remodeling is not well-understood and no relevant animal respiratory muscle strength training-rehabilitation experimental models exist. We tested the postulate that intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion (ITTO) conditioning in conscious animals would provide a novel experimental model of respiratory muscle strength training, and used significant increases in diaphragmatic fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) as the primary outcome measure. We hypothesized that ITTO would increase costal diaphragm fiber CSA and further hypothesized a greater duration and magnitude of occlusions would amplify remodeling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical placement of a tracheal cuff and were randomly assigned to receive daily either 10-minute sessions of ITTO, extended-duration, 20-minute ITTO (ITTO-20), partial obstruction with 50% of cuff inflation pressure (ITTO-PAR) or observation (SHAM) over two weeks. After the interventions, fiber morphology, myosin heavy chain composition and CSA were examined in the crural and ventral, medial, and dorsal costal regions. In the medial costal diaphragm, with ITTO, type IIx/b fibers were 26% larger in the medial costal diaphragm (p<0.01) and 24% larger in the crural diaphragm (p<0.05). No significant changes in fiber composition or morphology were detected. ITTO-20 sessions also yielded significant increases in medial costal fiber cross-sectional area, but the effects were not greater than those elicited by 10-minute sessions. On the other hand, ITTO-PAR resulted in partial airway obstruction and did not generate fiber hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that the magnitude of the load was more influential in altering fiber cross-sectional area than extended-duration conditioning sessions. The results also indicated that ITTO was associated with type II fiber hypertrophy in the medial costal region of the diaphragm and may be an advantageous experimental model of clinical respiratory muscle strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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Pate KM, Davenport PW. Tracheal occlusion conditioning causes stress, anxiety and neural state changes in conscious rats. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:819-29. [PMID: 23024371 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.068924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that mechanical loads to breathing are stressful stimuli and evoke compensatory behaviours. Conditioning of stressful stimuli is known to cause changes in basal stress levels and behaviour. Individuals with respiratory obstructive diseases repeatedly experience bouts of airway obstruction, which may act as a form of conditioning, and often have affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. It is unknown whether the development of affective disorders in these individuals results from the unexpected recurring respiratory perturbations. To investigate this possibility, we developed a model to elicit tracheal occlusion (TO) in conscious rats and exposed them to 10 days of TO conditioning. We hypothesized that healthy, conscious animals exposed to TO conditioning would develop stress and anxiety and would have modulated neural activity in respiratory, stress, discriminative and affective neural regions. Following TO conditioning, rats had increased basal corticosterone levels, greater adrenal weights and elevated anxiety levels compared with animals not receiving TO. Significant increases in cytochrome oxidase staining were found in brainstem respiratory nuclei, periaqueductal grey, dorsal raphe, thalamus and insular cortex. These results suggest that healthy animals develop stress and anxiety responses to respiratory load conditioning via inescapable tracheal occlusions, which may be mediated through state changes in specific brain nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pate
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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McGovern AE, Davis-Poynter N, Farrell MJ, Mazzone SB. Transneuronal tracing of airways-related sensory circuitry using herpes simplex virus 1, strain H129. Neuroscience 2012; 207:148-66. [PMID: 22306285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensory input from the airways to suprapontine brain regions contributes to respiratory sensations and the regulation of respiratory function. However, relatively little is known about the central organization of this higher brain circuitry. We exploited the properties of the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) to perform anterograde transneuronal tracing of the central projections of airway afferent nerve pathways. The extrathoracic trachea in Sprague-Dawley rats was inoculated with HSV-1 H129, and tissues along the neuraxis were processed for HSV-1 immunoreactivity. H129 infection appeared in the vagal sensory ganglia within 24 h and the number of infected cells peaked at 72 h. Brainstem nuclei, including the nucleus of the solitary tract and trigeminal sensory nuclei were infected within 48 h, and within 96 h infected cells were evident within the pons (lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei), thalamus (ventral posteromedial, ventral posterolateral, submedius, and reticular nuclei), hypothalamus (paraventricular and lateral nuclei), subthalamus (zona incerta), and amygdala (central and anterior amygdala area). At later times H129 was detected in cortical forebrain regions including the insular, orbital, cingulate, and somatosensory cortices. Vagotomy significantly reduced the number of infected cells within vagal sensory nuclei in the brainstem, confirming the main pathway of viral transport is through the vagus nerves. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the stellate and superior cervical ganglia were infected by 72 h, however, there was no evidence for retrograde transynaptic movement of the virus in sympathetic pathways in the central nervous system (CNS). These data demonstrate the organization of key structures within the CNS that receive afferent projections from the extrathoracic airways that likely play a role in the perception of airway sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E McGovern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4072
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