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Jodoin HL, Hinks A, Roussel OP, Contento VS, Dalton BH, Power GA. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness abolishes sex differences in fatigability during sustained submaximal isometric contractions. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023:S2095-2546(23)00014-5. [PMID: 36801454 PMCID: PMC10362487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Females are typically less fatigable than males during sustained isometric contractions at lower isometric contraction intensities. This sex difference in fatigability becomes more variable during higher intensity isometric and dynamic contractions. While less fatiguing than isometric or concentric contractions, eccentric contractions induce greater and longer lasting impairments in force production. However, it is not clear how muscle weakness influences fatigability in males and females during sustained isometric contractions. METHODS We investigated the effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness on time to task failure (TTF) during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction in young (18-30 years) healthy males (n = 9) and females (n = 10). Participants performed a sustained isometric contraction of the dorsiflexors at 35° plantar flexion by matching a 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque target until task failure (i.e., falling below 5% of their target torque for ≥2 s). The same sustained isometric contraction was repeated 30 min after 150 maximal eccentric contractions. Agonist and antagonist activation were assessed using surface electromyography over the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, respectively. RESULTS Males were ∼41% stronger than females. Following eccentric exercise both males and females experienced an ∼20% decline in maximal voluntary contraction torque. TTF was ∼34% longer in females than males prior to eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness. However, following eccentric exercise-induced muscle weakness, this sex-related difference was abolished, with both groups having an ∼45% shorter TTF. Notably, there was ∼100% greater antagonist activation in the female group during the sustained isometric contraction following exercise-induced weakness as compared to the males. CONCLUSION This increase in antagonist activation disadvantaged females by decreasing their TTF, resulting in a blunting of their typical fatigability advantage over males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Jodoin
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olivia P Roussel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Vincenzo S Contento
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Muscle oxygenation is associated with bilateral strength asymmetry during isokinetic testing in sport teams. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation Does Not Accelerate Recovery after a Change of Direction Sprinting Exercise Protocol. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204331. [PMID: 36297014 PMCID: PMC9609908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BCAAs supplementation has been widely used for post-exercise recovery. However, no evidence is currently available to answer the question of whether BCAAs supplementation can attenuate muscle damage and ameliorate recovery after a bout of change of direction (COD) sprinting, which is an exercise motion frequently used during team sport actions. This study aimed to assess the effect of BCAAs supplementation on muscle damage markers, subjective muscle soreness, neuromuscular performance, and the vascular health of collegiate basketball players during a 72 h recovery period after a standardized COD protocol. Participants orally received either BCAAs (0.17 g/kg BCAAs + 0.17 g/kg glucose) or placebo (0.34 g/kg glucose) supplementation before and immediately after a COD exercise protocol in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled manner. Creatine kinase increased immediately after exercise and peaked at 24 h, muscle soreness remained elevated until 72 h, whilst arterial stiffness decreased after exercise for both supplemented conditions. A negligibly lower level of interleukin-6 was found in the BCAAs supplemented condition. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support the benefits of BCAAs supplementation on mitigating muscle damage and soreness, neuromuscular performance, and arterial stiffness after COD for basketball players.
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Cherouveim ED, Margaritelis NV, Koulouvaris P, Tsolakis C, Malliou VJ, Chatzinikolaou PN, Franchi MV, Porcelli S, Kyparos A, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels during and after submaximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:195-202. [PMID: 34602006 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1983248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the potential differences in muscle (vastus lateralis) and cerebral (prefrontal cortex) oxygenation levels as well as in the number of repetitions and total work output between isokinetic eccentric and concentric exercise at a moderate relative intensity until exhaustion. Ten recreationally active young men underwent two isokinetic exercise sessions either concentric or eccentric, one on each randomly selected leg. The protocols were performed at 60°/s and an intensity corresponding to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each contraction type. Concentric torque was significantly lower compared to eccentric torque in both peak values and at values corresponding to 60% of MVC [230 ± 18 Nm vs. 276 ± 19 Nm (P = .014) and 137 ± 12 Nm vs. 168 ± 11 Nm, respectively (P = .010)]. The participants performed 40% more contractions during eccentric compared to concentric exercise [122 ± 15 vs. 78 ± 7, respectively]. No differences were found in the levels of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total haemoglobin and tissue saturation index when eccentric and eccentric exercise regimes were compared (all P > .05). Our results demonstrate that eccentric exercise of moderate intensity leads to greater resistance to fatigue and more work output compared to concentric exercise, despite the comparable muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koulouvaris
- Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charis Tsolakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki J Malliou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Cerebral Oxygenation during Cycling and Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Exercise. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030062. [PMID: 34287318 PMCID: PMC8293372 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the effects of cycling and pure concentric and pure eccentric high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on skeletal muscle (i.e., vastus lateralis) and cerebral oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (n = 12, age 26 ± 1 yr, body mass 78 ± 2 kg, height 176 ± 2 cm, body fat 17 ± 1% of body mass) performed, in a random order, cycling exercise and isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise. The isokinetic exercises were performed on each randomly selected leg. The muscle and the cerebral oxygenation were assessed by measuring oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index. During the cycling exercise, participants performed seven sets of seven seconds maximal intensity using a load equal to 7.5% of their body mass while, during isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise, they were performed seven sets of five maximal muscle contractions. In all conditions, a 15 s rest was adopted between sets. The cycling HIIE caused greater fatigue (i.e., greater decline in fatigue index) compared to pure concentric and pure eccentric isokinetic exercise. Muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced during HIIE in the three exercise modes, with no difference between them. Cerebral oxygenation was affected only marginally during cycling exercise, while no difference was observed between conditions. It is concluded that a greater volume of either concentric or eccentric isokinetic maximal intensity exercise is needed to cause exhaustion which, in turn, may cause greater alterations in skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation.
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Bontemps B, Vercruyssen F, Gruet M, Louis J. Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:2083-2110. [PMID: 33037592 PMCID: PMC7674385 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were - 12% (- 15%; - 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h-1 (9.8 km h-1; 12.9 km h-1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bontemps
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Mathieu Gruet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, Toulon, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Yoshimura M, Hojo T, Yamamoto H, Tachibana M, Nakamura M, Tsutsumi H, Fukuoka Y. Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9785. [PMID: 32884861 PMCID: PMC7444506 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cold therapy has the disadvantage of inducing vasoconstriction in arterial and venous capillaries. The effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot water depend mainly on not only cutaneous vasodilation but also muscle vasodilation. We examined the effects of artificial CO2 cold water immersion (CCWI) on skin oxygenation and muscle oxygenation and the immersed skin temperature. Subjects and Methods Fifteen healthy young males participated. CO2-rich water containing CO2 >1,150 ppm was prepared using a micro-bubble device. Each subject’s single leg was immersed up to the knee in the CO2-rich water (20 °C) for 15 min, followed by a 20-min recovery period. As a control study, a leg of the subject was immersed in cold tap-water at 20 °C (CWI). The skin temperature at the lower leg under water immersion (Tsk-WI) and the subject’s thermal sensation at the immersed and non-immersed lower legs were measured throughout the experiment. We simultaneously measured the relative changes of local muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation compared to the basal values (Δoxy[Hb+Mb], Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb], and Δtotal[Hb+Mb]) at rest, which reflected the blood flow in the muscle, and we measured the tissue O2 saturation (StO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy on two regions of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles. Results Compared to the CWI results, the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] and Δtotal[Hb+Mb] in the TA muscle at CCWI were increased and continued at a steady state during the recovery period. In GAS muscle, the Δtotal[Hb+Mb] and Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb] were increased during CCWI compared to CWI. Notably, StO2values in both TA and GAS muscles were significantly increased during CCWI compared to CWI. In addition, compared to the CWI, a significant decrease in Tsk at the immersed leg after the CCWI was maintained until the end of the 20-min recovery, and the significant reduction continued. Discussion The combination of CO2 and cold water can induce both more increased blood inflow into muscles and volume-related (total heme concentration) changes in deoxy[Hb+Mb] during the recovery period. The Tsk-WI stayed lower with the CCWI compared to the CWI, as it is associated with vasodilation by CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Yoshimura
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Sports Facility Service, Mizuno Corporation, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hojo
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misato Tachibana
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Warfare, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Science, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of eco-Bubble® development, Taikohgiken Itd., Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuoka
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Larsen RG, Thomsen JM, Hirata RP, Steffensen R, Poulsen ER, Frøkjaer JB, Graven-Nielsen T. Impaired microvascular reactivity after eccentric muscle contractions is not restored by acute ingestion of antioxidants or dietary nitrate. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14162. [PMID: 31293100 PMCID: PMC6640596 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise leads to impaired microvascular function but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the role of oxidative stress and of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Thirty young men and women performed eccentric contractions of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (ECC), with the contralateral leg serving as nonexercising control (CON). Participants were randomized into three groups ingesting an antioxidant cocktail (AO), beetroot juice (BR) or placebo 46 h postexercise. At baseline and 48 h postexercise, hyperemic responses to brief muscle contractions and 5 min of cuff occlusion were assessed bilaterally in the TA muscles using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging. Eccentric contractions resulted in delayed time-to-peak (~22%; P < 0.001), blunted peak (~21%; P < 0.001) and prolonged time-to-half relaxation (~12%, P < 0.001) in the BOLD response to brief contractions, with no effects of AO or BR, and no changes in CON. Postocclusive time-to-peak was also delayed (~54%; P < 0.001) in ECC, with no effects of AO or BR, and no changes in CON. Impaired microvascular reactivity after eccentric contractions is confined to the exercised tissue, and is not restored with acute ingestion of AO or BR. Impairments in microvascular reactivity after unaccustomed eccentric contractions may result from structural changes within the microvasculature that can diminish muscle blood flow regulation during intermittent activities requiring prompt adjustments in oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Larsen
- Sports Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens M Thomsen
- Sports Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rogerio P Hirata
- Department of Health Science and Technology, SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rudi Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva R Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens B Frøkjaer
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Graven-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Lima LCR, Nosaka K, Chen TC, Pinto RS, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Decreased running economy is not associated with decreased force production capacity following downhill running in untrained, young men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:84-92. [PMID: 32090683 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1727570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationships between changes in running economy (RE) and indirect muscle damage markers following downhill running (DHR) to test the hypothesis that decreased RE after DHR would be associated with decreases in muscle function. Forty-five young men ran downhill (-15%) for 30 min at the velocity corresponding to 70% of their peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and other parameters possibly associated with RE (blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion, stride length and frequency) were measured during 5-minute level running at the velocity corresponding to 80%VO2peak before, immediately after and 1-3 days after DHR. Knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC), rate of torque development, vertical jump performance, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity were assessed at the same time points. The values of the dependent variables were compared among time points by one-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests when appropriate. Pearson's correlation tests were used to examine relationships between changes in VO2 (RE parameter) and changes in muscle damage parameters. VO2 during the level run increased (p < 0.05) immediately after DHR (18.3 ± 4.6%) and sustained until 2 days post-DHR (11.7 ± 4.2%). MVC decreased (p < 0.05) immediately (-21.8 ± 6.1%) to 3 days (-13.6 ± 5.9%) post-DHR, and muscle soreness developed 1-3 days post-DHR. The magnitude of changes in VO2 did not significantly (p < 0.05) correlate with the changes in muscle damage makers (r = -0.02-0.13) nor stride length (r = -0.05) and frequency (r = -0.05). The absence of correlation between the changes in VO2 and MVC suggests that strength loss was not a key factor affecting RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Changes in Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity After a Trail-Running Race. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:278-284. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a trail-running race on muscle oxidative function by measuring pulmonary gas exchange variables and muscle fractional O2 extraction. Methods: Eighteen athletes were evaluated before (PRE) and after (POST) a trail-running competition of 32 or 50 km with 2000 or 3500 m of elevation gain, respectively. During the week before the race, runners performed an incremental uphill running test and an incremental exercise by utilizing a 1-leg knee extension ergometer. The knee extension exercise was repeated after the end of the race. During the knee extension test, the authors measured oxygen uptake () and micromolar changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb)+myoglobin (Mb) concentrations (Δ[deoxy(Hb+Mb)]) on vastus lateralis with a portable near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: was lower at POST versus PRE (−23.9% [9.0%]; P < .001). at POST was lower than at the same workload at PRE (−8.4% [15.6%]; P < .050). Peak power output and time to exhaustion decreased at POST by −23.7% (14.3%) and −18.3% (11.3%), respectively (P < .005). At POST, the increase of Δ[deoxy(Hb+Mb)] as a function of work rate, from unloaded to peak, was less pronounced (from 20.2% [10.1%] to 64.5% [21.1%] of limb ischemia at PRE to 16.9% [12.7%] to 44.0% [18.9%] at POST). Peak Δ[deoxy(Hb+Mb)] values were lower at POST (by −31.2% [20.5%]; P < .001). Conclusions: Trail running leads to impairment in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism, possibly related to muscle damage from repeated eccentric contractions. In association with other mechanisms, the impairment of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism is likely responsible for the reduced exercise capacity and tolerance during and following these races.
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Costa P, Simão R, Perez A, Gama M, Lanchtermacher R, Musialowski R, Braga F, de Mello Coelho V, Palma A. A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Undulatory, Staggered, and Linear Load Manipulations in Aerobic Training on Oxygen Supply, Muscle Injury, and Metabolism in Male Recreational Runners. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31332593 PMCID: PMC6646634 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Taper is considered as a strategy to avoid overtraining and increase peak performance in athletes. Because aerobic exercise increases the level and duration of independence during the lifespan, the participation of recreational athletes has increased in running events around the world. However, the effects of using load reduction in their training and aerobic performance are still not well known. Objectives Our goal was to compare load manipulations, using tapering-like periods in the end of recreational athletes training evaluating alterations in oxygen supply, muscle injury, and metabolism markers. Methods Healthy males (n = 88, 20–35 years old) were randomly distributed in groups using a combination of two mesocycles of 4 weeks, undulatory and staggered, with two daily microcycles, undulatory and linear. Undulatory-undulatory (Und-Und) and undulatory-linear (Und-Lin) groups had load reduction in the final week of training while the staggered-undulatory (Sta-Und) and staggered-linear (Sta-Lin) groups did not. Cardiorespiratory capacity (V̇O2max), body mass index (BMI), and body fat % were evaluated. Blood samples were also collected to analyze hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), circulating levels of hemoglobin (Hb), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea (U), cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT), and free T/C ratio. Results After 8 weeks of training, Und-Und had the highest trend to increase V̇O2max. Both Und-Und and Sta-Lin reduced body fat %. Und-Und showed a significant increase in MCHC, T and Free T/C ratio, a positive trend to increase Ht% and Hb levels, and a trend to decrease CK, LDH, and C circulating levels. Sta-Lin presented a trend to decrease Ht% and Hb levels, a significant increase in CK, LDH, AST, ALT circulating levels, and a decrease in Free T/C ratio. Conclusion The use of daily undulatory training load provides better gains for aerobic fitness while the use of staggered load, mainly associated with linear load, promotes inadequate recovery in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Simão
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Perez
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gama
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Rogério Lanchtermacher
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Musialowski
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Fábio Braga
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Mello Coelho
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Palma
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 540 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21940-901, Brazil.
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Baranauskienė N, Kilikevičienė S, Stasiulė L, Civinskienė G, Stasiulis A. Gender differences in residual effect of prior drop jumps on oxygen uptake during heavy cycling exercise. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2017; 53:331-338. [PMID: 29239779 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Unaccustomed eccentric or eccentric-concentric exercise leaves us stiff and sore the next day and can cause muscle damage. The data about the residual effect of prior eccentric-concentric exercises on oxygen uptake (VO2) during constant cycling exercise in women or the data about differences of such effect between genders are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess differences of the residual effect of PDJ on VO2 during HCE and indirect muscle damage parameters between women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study aimed to asses differences of the residual effect of prior drop jumps (PDJ) on VO2 during heavy cycling exercise (HCE) and indirect muscle damage parameters between men (n=8) and women (n=11). On four different days participants performed one incremental cycling exercise and three HCE (control [CON], 45min [45' PDJ] and 24h [24h PDJ] after 100 drop jumps). The intensity of HCE was set to work rate corresponding to 50% of the difference between the second and the first ventilatory thresholds which were determined analyzing pulmonary gas exchange parameters during incremental cycling exercise. Capillary blood samples were collected in order to measure blood lactate concentration immediately after HCE and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity 24h after PDJ. Subjects rated perceived exertion and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) using 20 and 10 point scales, respectively. RESULTS VO2 at 3-6min of HCE performed 45' after PDJ was significantly increased as compared to CON HCE only in the male group. Both men and women felt moderate muscle pain. CK activity was significantly increased 24h after PDJ in the male group. Both during HCE 45' PDJ and 24h PDJ, the significant positive correlation was observed between relative changes of VO2 during steady state of HCE and CK activity only in the male group. CONCLUSIONS Prior eccentric-concentric exercise of thigh muscles (100 drop jumps) accelerates VO2 kinetics at the start and increases VO2 during steady state of heavy cycling only in the male group. So, prior exercise of such type has a higher negative impact on cycling economy in men than in women and this might be related to greater muscle damage and fatigue in physically active male persons after plyometric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Baranauskienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Sandra Kilikevičienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Stasiulė
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Genuvaitė Civinskienė
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Stasiulis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on critical torque. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2225-2236. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chrismas BCR, Taylor L, Siegler JC, Midgley AW. A Reduction in Maximal Incremental Exercise Test Duration 48 h Post Downhill Run Is Associated with Muscle Damage Derived Exercise Induced Pain. Front Physiol 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28337151 PMCID: PMC5343012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To examine whether exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and muscle soreness reduce treadmill maximal incremental exercise (MIE) test duration, and true maximal physiological performance as a consequence of exercise induced pain (EIP) and perceived effort. Methods: Fifty (14 female), apparently healthy participants randomly allocated into a control group (CON, n = 10), or experimental group (EXP, n = 40) visited the laboratory a total of six times: visit 1 (familiarization), visit 2 (pre 1), visit 3 (pre 2), visit 4 (intervention), visit 5 (24 h post) and visit 6 (48 h post). Both groups performed identical testing during all visits, except during visit 4, where only EXP performed a 30 min downhill run and CON performed no exercise. During visits 2, 3, and 6 all participants performed MIE, and the following measurements were obtained: time to exhaustion (TTE), EIP, maximal oxygen consumption (V·O2max), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum blood lactate (BLamax), and the contribution of pain to terminating the MIE (assessed using a questionnaire). Additionally during visits 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 the following markers of EIMD were obtained: muscle soreness, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), creatine kinase (CK). Results: There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.32) between any trials for any of the measures obtained during MIE for CON. In EXP, TTE decreased by 34 s (3%), from pre 2 to 48 h post (p < 0.001). There was a significant association between group (EXP, CON) and termination of the MIE due to “pain” during 48 h post (χ2 = 14.7, p = 0.002). Conclusion: EIMD resulted in premature termination of a MIE test (decreased TTE), which was associated with EIP, MVC, and VA. The exact mechanisms responsible for this require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna C R Chrismas
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | - Lee Taylor
- ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research CentreDoha, Qatar; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, UK
| | - Jason C Siegler
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University Ormskirk, UK
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15
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Casanova N, Reis JF, Vaz JR, Machado R, Mendes B, Button DC, Pezarat-Correia P, Freitas SR. Effects of roller massager on muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:56-63. [PMID: 28095747 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1280609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments (n = 10) were conducted to determine the effects of roller massager (RM) on ankle plantar flexor muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Experiment 1 examined both functional [i.e., ankle plantar flexion maximal isometric contraction and submaximal (30%) sustained force; ankle dorsiflexion maximal range of motion and resistance to stretch; and medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold] and morphological [cross-sectional area, thickness, fascicle length, and fascicle angle] variables, before and immediately, 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after an EIMD stimulus. Experiment 2 examined medial gastrocnemius deoxyhaemoglobin concentration kinetics before and 48 h after EIMD. Participants performed both experiments twice: with (RM) and without (no-roller massager; NRM) the application of a RM (6 × 45 s; 20-s rest between sets). RM intervention did not alter the functional impairment after EIMD, as well as the medial gastrocnemius morphology and oxygenation kinetics (P > 0.05). Although, an acute increase of ipsilateral (RM = + 19%, NRM = -5%, P = 0.032) and a strong tendency for contralateral (P = 0.095) medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold were observed. The present results suggest that a RM has no effect on plantar flexors performance, morphology, and oxygenation recovery after EIMD, except for muscle pain pressure threshold (i.e., a soreness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Casanova
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,b Escola de Turismo, Desporto e Hospitalidade , Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,b Escola de Turismo, Desporto e Hospitalidade , Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal.,d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rita Machado
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Bruno Mendes
- d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Duane C Button
- c Memorial University , School of Human Kinetics and Recreation , St. John's , NL , Canada
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- a CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana , Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa , Cruz Quebrada , Dafundo , Portugal.,d Sport Lisboa e Benfica , Benfica LAB , Lisboa , Portugal
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16
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Caldwell JT, Wardlow GC, Branch PA, Ramos M, Black CD, Ade CJ. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on vascular function and skeletal muscle microvascular deoxygenation. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/22/e13032. [PMID: 27884955 PMCID: PMC5358004 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of unaccustomed eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD) on macro‐ and microvascular function. We tested the hypotheses that resting local and systemic endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and microvascular reactivity would decrease, V˙O2max would be altered, and that during ramp exercise, peripheral O2 extraction, evaluated via near‐infrared‐derived spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated hemoglobin + myoglobin ([HHb]), would be distorted following EIMD. In 13 participants, measurements were performed prior to (Pre) and 48 h after a bout of knee extensor eccentric exercise designed to elicit localized muscle damage (Post). Flow‐mediated dilation and postocclusive reactive hyperemic responses measured in the superficial femoral artery served as a measurement of local vascular function relative to the damaged tissue, while the brachial artery served as an index of nonlocal, systemic, vascular function. During ramp‐incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer, [HHb] and tissue saturation (TSI%) in the m. vastus lateralis were measured. Superficial femoral artery FMD significantly decreased following EIMD (pre 6.75 ± 3.89%; post 4.01 ± 2.90%; P < 0.05), while brachial artery FMD showed no change. The [HHb] and TSI% amplitudes were not different following EIMD ([HHb]: pre, 16.9 ± 4.7; post 17.7 ± 4.9; TSI%: pre, 71.0 ± 19.7; post 71.0 ± 19.7; all P > 0.05). At each progressive increase in workload (i.e., 0–100% peak), the [HHb] and TOI% responses were similar pre‐ and 48 h post‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Additionally, V˙O2max was similar at pre‐ (3.0 ± 0.67 L min−1) to 48 h post (2.96 ± 0.60 L min−1)‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Results suggest that moderate eccentric muscle damage leads to impaired local, but not systemic, macrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas .,Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Garrett C Wardlow
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Patrece A Branch
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Macarena Ramos
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Rose Chrismas BC, Taylor L, Siegler JC, Midgley AW. Muscle-damaging exercise 48 h prior to a maximal incremental exercise treadmill test reduces time to exhaustion: is it time to reconsider our pretest procedures? Res Sports Med 2016; 25:11-25. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1258641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Taylor
- Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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Rizo-Roca D, Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Núñez-Espinosa C, Santos-Alves E, Gonçalves IO, Magalhães J, Ascensão A, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torrella JR. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise improves muscle morphofunctional recovery after eccentric exercise to exhaustion in trained rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:580-592. [PMID: 27765844 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00501.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise leads to muscle morphological and functional alterations, including microvasculature damage, the repair of which is modulated by hypoxia. We present the effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and exercise on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). Soleus muscles from trained rats were excised before (CTRL) and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after a double session of EEIMD protocol. A recovery treatment consisting of one of the following protocols was applied 1 day after the EEIMD: passive normobaric recovery (PNR), a 4-h daily exposure to passive hypobaric hypoxia at 4,000 m (PHR), or hypobaric hypoxia exposure followed by aerobic exercise (AHR). EEIMD produced an increase in the percentage of abnormal fibers compared with CTRL, and it affected the microvasculature by decreasing capillary density (CD, capillaries per mm2) and the capillary-to-fiber ratio (CF). After 14 days, AHR exhibited CD and CF values similar to those of CTRL animals (789 and 3.30 vs. 746 and 3.06) and significantly higher than PNR (575 and 2.62) and PHR (630 and 2.92). Furthermore, VEGF expression showed a significant 43% increase in AHR when compared with PNR. Moreover, after 14 days, the muscle fibers in AHR had a more oxidative phenotype than the other groups, with significantly smaller cross-sectional areas (AHR, 3,745; PNR, 4,502; and PHR, 4,790 µm2), higher citrate synthase activity (AHR, 14.8; PNR, 13.1; and PHR, 12 µmol·min-1·mg-1) and a significant 27% increment in PGC-1α levels compared with PNR. Our data show that hypoxia combined with exercise attenuates or reverses the morphofunctional alterations induced by EEIMD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study provides new insights into the use of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with exercise as a strategy to recover muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. We analyzed the effects of hypobaric exposure combined with aerobic exercise on histopathological features of muscle damage, fiber morphofunctionality, capillarization, angiogenesis, and the oxidative capacity of damaged soleus muscle. Most of these parameters were improved after a 2-wk protocol of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia combined with aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rizo-Roca
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J G Ríos-Kristjánsson
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - C Núñez-Espinosa
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - E Santos-Alves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I O Gonçalves
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T Pagès
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - G Viscor
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - J R Torrella
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
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Type of Ground Surface during Plyometric Training Affects the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010015. [PMID: 29910263 PMCID: PMC5968928 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage from a bout of plyometric exercise (PE; 10 × 10 vertical jumps) performed in aquatic, sand and firm conditions. Twenty-four healthy college-aged men were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Aquatic (AG, n = 8), Sand (SG, n = 8) and Firm (FG, n = 8). The AG performed PE in an aquatic setting with a depth of ~130 cm. The SG performed PE on a dry sand surface at a depth of 20 cm, and the FG performed PE on a 10-cm-thick wooden surface. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), knee range of motion (KROM), maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of the knee extensors, vertical jump (VJ) and 10-m sprint were measured before and 24, 48 and 72 h after the PE. Compared to baseline values, FG showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater changes in CK, DOMS, and VJ at 24 until 48 h. The MIVC decreased significantly for the SG and FG at 24 until 48 h post-exercise in comparison to the pre-exercise values. There were no significant (p > 0.05) time or group by time interactions in KROM. In the 10-m sprint, all the treatment groups showed significant (p < 0.05) changes compared to pre-exercise values at 24 h, and there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between groups. The results indicate that PE in an aquatic setting and on a sand surface induces less muscle damage than on a firm surface. Therefore, training in aquatic conditions and on sand may be beneficial for the improvement of performance, with a concurrently lower risk of muscle damage and soreness.
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Northey JM, Rattray B, Argus CK, Etxebarria N, Driller MW. Vascular Occlusion and Sequential Compression for Recovery After Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:533-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gavin JP, Myers S, Willems MET. The Accumulative Effect of Concentric-Biased and Eccentric-Biased Exercise on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Subsequent Low-Intensity Exercise: A Preliminary Study. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:131-40. [PMID: 26839613 PMCID: PMC4723161 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the accumulative effect of concentric-biased and eccentric-biased exercise on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular responses to low-intensity exercise performed hours later. Fourteen young men cycled at low-intensity (~60 rpm at 50% maximal oxygen uptake) for 10 min before, and 12 h after: concentric-biased, single-leg cycling exercise (CON) (performed ~19:30 h) and eccentric-biased, double-leg knee extension exercise (ECC) (~06:30 h the following morning). Respiratory measures were sampled breath-by-breath, with oxidation values derived from stoichiometry equations. Knee extensor neuromuscular function was assessed before and after CON and ECC. Cardiorespiratory responses during low-intensity cycling were unchanged by accumulative CON and ECC. The RER was lower during low-intensity exercise 12 h after CON and ECC (0.88 ± 0.08), when compared to baseline (0.92 ± 0.09; p = 0.02). Fat oxidation increased from baseline (0.24 ± 0.2 g·min(-1)) to 12 h after CON and ECC (0.39 ± 0.2 g·min(-1); p = 0.01). Carbohydrate oxidation decreased from baseline (1.59 ± 0.4 g·min(-1)) to 12 h after CON and ECC (1.36 ± 0.4 g·min(-1); p = 0.03). These were accompanied by knee extensor force loss (right leg: -11.6%, p < 0.001; left leg: -10.6%, p = 0.02) and muscle soreness (right leg: 2.5 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001; left leg: 2.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.01). Subsequent concentric-biased and eccentric-biased exercise led to increased fat oxidation and decreased carbohydrate oxidation, without impairing cardiorespiration, during low-intensity cycling. An accumulation of fatiguing and damaging exercise increases fat utilisation during low intensity exercise performed as little as 12 h later.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peter Gavin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Myers
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
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Larsen RG, Hirata RP, Madzak A, Frøkjær JB, Graven-Nielsen T. Eccentric exercise slows in vivo microvascular reactivity during brief contractions in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed exercise involving eccentric contractions results in muscle soreness and an overall decline in muscle function, however, little is known about the effects of eccentric exercise on microvascular reactivity in human skeletal muscle. Fourteen healthy men and women performed eccentric contractions of the dorsiflexor muscles in one leg, while the contralateral leg served as a control. At baseline, and 24 and 48 h after eccentric exercise, the following were acquired bilaterally in the tibialis anterior muscle: 1) transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted magnetic resonance images to determine muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and T2; 2) blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) images during and following brief, maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) to monitor the hyperemic responses with participants positioned supine in a 3T magnet; 3) muscle strength; and 4) pain pressure threshold. Compared with the control leg, eccentric exercise resulted in soreness, decline in strength (∼20%), increased mCSA (∼7%), and prolonged T2 (∼7%) at 24 and 48 h ( P < 0.05). The BOLD response to a brief MVC was altered 24 and 48 h after eccentric exercise, such that time-to-peak (∼35%, P < 0.05) and time-to-half-recovery (∼23%, P < 0.05) were prolonged. The altered contraction-induced hyperemic response suggests slowed microvascular reactivity and altered matching of O2 delivery to O2 utilization within muscle tissue showing signs of muscle damage. These changes in microvascular regulation after eccentric exercise may impede rapid adjustments in muscle blood flow at exercise onset and during activities involving brief bursts of muscle activation, which may impair O2 delivery and contribute to reduced muscle function after eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Larsen
- Physical Activity and Human Performance Group, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Alborg, Denmark
| | - Rogerio P. Hirata
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Alborg, Denmark
| | - Adnan Madzak
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; and
| | - Jens B. Frøkjær
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; and
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Alborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Graven-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Alborg, Denmark
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Black CD, Gonglach AR, Hight RE, Renfroe JB. Time-course of recovery of peak oxygen uptake after exercise-induced muscle damage. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 216:70-7. [PMID: 26102253 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2 peak has been shown to be reduced 48 h following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), but it is unclear how long this reduction may persist. In this study eight endurance trained participants (21.5 ± 1.1 years old) performed a maximal exercise tests over 10-days followings EIMD. Cardiorespiratory variables were collected via open-circuit spirometry and soreness, maximal strength (MVC), motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties were assessed prior to each test. MVC was reduced for up to 4-days (p ≤ 0.05) and soreness was evident for 10-days in the quadriceps (p < 0.05). V̇O2peak was reduced 7.4% 2-days post EIMD (55.5 ± 6.0 vs. 51.3 ± 5.8; p = 0.006) and remained reduced in 6 of 8 participants at 10-days post (p = 0.005). No relationship was found between changes in MVC, soreness, motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties and changes in V̇O2peak (p > 0.05). EIMD resulted in small, but prolonged reductions in V̇O2peak. Our findings suggest mechanisms aside from force loss and soreness are primarily responsible for the reductions in V̇O2peak after EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA; Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
| | - Alexander R Gonglach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert E Hight
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Jessica B Renfroe
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
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Hosseinzadeh M, Samani A, Andersen OK, Nosaka K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Madeleine P. Ipsilateral resistance exercise prevents exercise-induced central sensitization in the contralateral limb: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2253-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Adami A, Koga S, Kondo N, Cannon DT, Kowalchuk JM, Amano T, Rossiter HB. Changes in whole tissue heme concentration dissociates muscle deoxygenation from muscle oxygen extraction during passive head-up tilt. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1091-9. [PMID: 25678700 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00918.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin concentration ([HHb]), assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), is commonly used as a surrogate of regional O2 extraction (reflecting the O2 delivery-to-consumption ratio, Q̇/V̇o2). However, [HHb] change (Δ[HHb]) is also influenced by capillary-venous heme concentration, and/or small blood vessel volume (reflected in total heme; [THb]). We tested the hypotheses that Δ[HHb] is associated with O2 extraction, and insensitive to [THb], over a wide range of Q̇/V̇o2 elicited by passive head-up tilt (HUT; 10-min, 15° increments, between -10° and 75°). Steady-state common femoral artery blood flow (FBF) was measured by echo-Doppler, and time-resolved NIRS measured [HHb] and [THb] of vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius (GS) in 13 men. EMG confirmed muscles were inactive. During HUT in VL [HHb] increased linearly (57 ± 10 to 101 ± 16 μM; P < 0.05 above 15°) and was associated (r(2) ∼ 0.80) with the reduction in FBF (618 ± 75 ml/min at 0° to 268 ± 52 ml/min at 75°; P < 0.05 above 30°) and the increase in [THb] (228 ± 30 vs. 252 ± 32 μM; P < 0.05 above 15°). GS response was qualitatively similar to VL. However, there was wide variation within and among individuals, such that the overall limits of agreement between Δ[HHb] and ΔFBF ranged from -35 to +19% across both muscles. Neither knowledge of tissue O2 saturation nor vascular compliance could appropriately account for the Δ[HHb]-ΔFBF dissociation. Thus, under passive tilt, [HHb] is influenced by Q̇/V̇o2, as well as microvascular hematocrit and/or tissue blood vessel volume, complicating its use as a noninvasive surrogate for muscle microvascular O2 extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Adami
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Shunsaku Koga
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; and
| | - Daniel T Cannon
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - John M Kowalchuk
- School of Kinesiology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; and
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California;
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Faster $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}$$ V ˙ O 2 kinetics after eccentric contractions is explained by better matching of O2 delivery to O2 utilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fulford J, Eston RG, Rowlands AV, Davies RC. Assessment of magnetic resonance techniques to measure muscle damage 24 h after eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e28-39. [PMID: 24738493 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study examined which of a number of different magnetic resonance (MR) methods were sensitive to detecting muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. Seventeen healthy, physically active participants, with muscle damage confirmed by non-MR methods were tested 24 h after performing eccentric exercise. Techniques investigated whether damage could be detected within the quadriceps muscle as a whole, and individually within the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus intermedius (VI). Relative to baseline values, significant changes were seen in leg and muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes and the resting inorganic phosphate concentration. Significant time effects over all muscles were also seen in the transverse relaxation time (T2) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, with individually significant changes seen in the VL, VM, and VI for T2 and in the VI for ADC. A significant correlation was found between muscle volume and the average T2 change (r = 0.59) but not between T2 and ADC or Pi alterations. There were no significant time effects over all muscles for magnetization transfer contrast images, for baseline pH, phosphocreatine (PCr), phosphodiester, or ATP metabolite concentrations or the time constant describing the rate of PCr recovery following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fulford
- Exeter NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Joyce S, Sabapathy S, Bulmer AC, Minahan C. The effect of prior eccentric exercise on heavy-intensity cycling: the role of gender and oral contraceptives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:995-1003. [PMID: 24504652 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if gender and/or the use of oral contraceptives alter cycling performance with exercise-induced muscle damage (EiMD). METHODS Nine male adults (MEN), nine normally menstruating female adults (WomenNM), and nine female adults using oral contraceptives (WomenOC) participated. Gas exchange and time to exhaustion were measured during continuous cycling performed at three distinct power outputs before (pre) and 48 h after (post) 240 maximal effort eccentric contractions of the quadriceps muscles designed to induce muscle damage (i.e., EiMD). RESULTS The change in muscle damage (i.e., range of motion about the knee joint and serum creatine kinase activity) from pre- compared to post-EiMD was greater in MEN and WomenOC compared to the WomenNM. Time to exhaustion decreased after EiMD in MEN (5.19 ± 4.58 min, p = 0.01) and in WomenOC (2.86 ± 2.83 min, p = 0.02) but did not change in WomenNM (0.98 ± 2.28 min, p = 0.43). Accordingly, the slow component of O2 uptake, expressed relative to time to exhaustion (i.e., % min(-1)), was greater in post- compared to pre-EiMD for MEN (p = 0.02) and the WomenOC (p = 0.03), but not for the WomenNM (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION The preservation of exercise tolerance during heavy-intensity cycling performed after intense eccentric exercise is improved in women compared to men. Furthermore, the preservation of exercise tolerance is exclusive to 17β-estradiol and cannot be replicated with an exogenous synthetic estrogen replacement delivered in an oral contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joyce
- Griffith University Sports Science, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Koh HW, Cho SH, Kim CY, Cho BJ, Kim JW, Bo KH. Effects of vibratory stimulations on maximal voluntary isometric contraction from delayed onset muscle soreness. J Phys Ther Sci 2013; 25:1093-5. [PMID: 24259922 PMCID: PMC3818754 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vibratory stimulation on maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). [Subjects] Sixty healthy adults participated in this study. The exclusion criteria were orthopedic or neurologic disease. [Methods] The researchers induced DOMS in the musculus extensor carpi radialis longus of each participant. Subjects in the control group received no treatment. The ultrasound group received ultrasound treatment (intensity, 1.0 W/cm(2;) frequency 1 MHz; time, 10 minutes). The vibration group received vibration stimulation (frequency, 20 MHz; time, 10 minutes). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was recorded at baseline, immediately after exercise, and 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise. [Results] MVIC measurements showed statistically significant differences in the vibration group compared with the control group. [Conclusion] Vibratory stimulation had a positive effect on recovery of muscle function from DOMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Woo Koh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Daegu University
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Francescato MP, Cettolo V, Bellio R. Confidence intervals for the parameters estimated from simulated O2 uptake kinetics: effects of different data treatments. Exp Physiol 2013; 99:187-95. [PMID: 24121286 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.076208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour of pulmonary O2 uptake following a moderate-intensity step exercise increment is usually described by a first brief increase, followed by a second exponential time course reaching the new steady state (phase II). The parameters describing the phase II kinetics are investigated by applying different data treatments to the acquired O2 uptake data to reduce the effects of their noise before running a non-linear regression procedure. The effects of different data treatments (nothing, resampling at various time intervals or averaging of more repetitions) on the precision and/or accuracy of the kinetics parameters estimated by non-linear regression with a simple mono-exponential model were investigated by artificially generating 10(5) simulated responses with average breath duration of 3.5 s. The simulations showed that, whatever the explored data treatment, the average estimated parameters were close to the theoretical ones. Nevertheless, in all the explored conditions, the non-linear regression provided narrower asymptotic confidence intervals than the real ones. In particular, when the responses were resampled at 1 s time intervals, the width of the asymptotic confidence interval for the time constant was 50% of the real one, even after the averaging of more repetitions. The reasons for this discrepancy were investigated further, allowing us to identify some methods to obtain the correct confidence interval of the O2 uptake kinetics parameters. The simplest method to obtain an asymptotic confidence interval close to the real one is to average more responses resampled to a time interval slightly longer than the average breath duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Francescato
- M. P. Francescato: Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 - Udine, Italy.
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Gault ML, Willems MET. Aging, functional capacity and eccentric exercise training. Aging Dis 2013; 4:351-63. [PMID: 24307968 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2013.0400351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multi-factorial process that ultimately induces a decline in our physiological functioning, causing a decreased health-span, quality of life and independence for older adults. Exercise participation is seen as a way to reduce the impact of aging through maintenance of physiological parameters. Eccentric exercise is a model that can be employed with older adults, due to the muscle's ability to combine high muscle force production with a low energy cost. There may however be a risk of muscle damage before the muscle is able to adapt. The first part of this review describes the process of aging and how it reduces aerobic capacity, muscle strength and therefore functional mobility. The second part highlights eccentric exercise and the associated muscle damage, in addition to the repeated bout effect. The final section reviews eccentric exercise interventions that have been completed by older adults with a focus on the changes in functional mobility. In conclusion, eccentric endurance exercise is a potential training modality that can be applied to older adults for improving muscle strength, aerobic capacity and functional ability. However, further research is needed to assess the effects on aerobic capacity and the ideal prescription for eccentric endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Gault
- Mandy L. Gault, Mark E.T. Willems, University of Chichester, Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
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Effects of muscle-damaging exercise on physiological, metabolic, and perceptual responses during two modes of endurance exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Black CD, Dobson RM. Prior Eccentric Exercise Reduces V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and Ventilatory Threshold but Does Not Alter Movement Economy During Cycling Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2530-7. [PMID: 22105050 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Applied Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.
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Hirai DM, Copp SW, Ferguson SK, Holdsworth CT, McCullough DJ, Behnke BJ, Musch TI, Poole DC. Exercise training and muscle microvascular oxygenation: functional role of nitric oxide. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:557-65. [PMID: 22678970 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00151.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training induces multiple adaptations within skeletal muscle that may improve local O(2) delivery-utilization matching (i.e., Po(2)mv). We tested the hypothesis that increased nitric oxide (NO) function is intrinsic to improved muscle Po(2)mv kinetics from rest to contractions after exercise training. Healthy young Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sedentary (n = 18) or progressive treadmill exercise training (n = 10; 5 days/wk, 6-8 wk, final workload of 60 min/day at 35 m/min, -14% grade) groups. Po(2)mv was measured via phosphorescence quenching in the spinotrapezius muscle at rest and during 1-Hz twitch contractions under control (Krebs-Henseleit solution), sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor; 300 μM), and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, nonspecific NO synthase blockade; 1.5 mM) superfusion conditions. Exercise-trained rats had greater peak oxygen uptake (Vo(2 peak)) than their sedentary counterparts (81 ± 1 vs. 72 ± 2 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1), respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-trained rats had significantly slower Po(2)mv fall throughout contractions (τ(1); time constant for the first component) during control (sedentary: 8.1 ± 0.6; trained: 15.2 ± 2.8 s). Compared with control, SNP slowed τ(1) to a greater extent in sedentary rats (sedentary: 38.7 ± 5.6; trained: 26.8 ± 4.1 s; P > 0.05) whereas l-NAME abolished the differences in τ(1) between sedentary and trained rats (sedentary: 12.0 ± 1.7; trained: 11.2 ± 1.4 s; P < 0.05). Our results indicate that endurance exercise training leads to greater muscle microvascular oxygenation across the metabolic transient following the onset of contractions (i.e., slower Po(2)mv kinetics) partly via increased NO-mediated function, which likely constitutes an important mechanism for training-induced metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5802, USA
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Molina R, Denadai BS. Muscle damage slows oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate-intensity exercise performed at high pedal rate. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:848-55. [PMID: 22050134 DOI: 10.1139/h11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dependence of oxygen uptake (VO₂) kinetics on pedal cadence during moderate-intensity exercise following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty untrained males were randomly assigned to a 50 revolution per minute (rpm) (age, 23.3 ± 1.8 years; VO₂(max), 38.9 ± 2.8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) or 100 rpm group (age, 24.4 ± 3.5 years, VO₂(max), 42.9 ± 4.3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹). Participants completed "step" tests to moderate-intensity exercise from an unloaded baseline on a cycle ergometer before (baseline) and at 24 and 48 h after muscle-damaging exercise (10 sets of 10 eccentric contractions performed on an isokinetic dynamometer with a 2-min rest between each set). Pedal cadence was kept constant throughout each cycling trial (50 or 100 rpm). There were no changes in phase II pulmonary VO₂ kinetics following EIMD for the 50 rpm group (baseline = 35 ± 4 s; 24 h = 35 ± 7 s; and 48 h = 36 ± 9 s). However, the phase II VO₂ was significantly greater at 24 h (59 ± 27 s) compared with baseline (39 ± 6 s) and 48 h (40 ± 9 s) for the 100 rpm group. It is concluded that the effects of EIMD on phase II VO₂ kinetics during moderate-intensity cycling exercise is dependent on pedal cadence. The slower VO₂ kinetics after muscle damage suggests that type II fibers are involved during transition to moderate-intensity exercise at high pedal cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Molina
- São Paulo State University, Rio Claro-São Paulo, Brazil
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Yamanaka R, Yunoki T, Arimitsu T, Lian CS, Roghayyeh A, Matsuura R, Yano T. Relationship between effort sense and ventilatory response to intense exercise performed with reduced muscle glycogen. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2149-62. [PMID: 21964911 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of muscle glycogen reduction on surface electromyogram (EMG) activity and effort sense and ventilatory responses to intense exercise (IE). Eight subjects performed an IE test in which IE [100-105% of peak O(2) uptake ([Formula: see text]), 2 min] was repeated three times (IE(1st), IE(2nd) and IE(3rd)) at 100-120-min intervals. Each interval consisted of 20-min passive recovery, 40-min submaximal exercise at ventilatory threshold intensity (51.5 ± 2.7% of [Formula: see text]), and a further resting recovery for 40-60 min. Blood pH during IE and subsequent 20-min recovery was significantly higher in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st) (P < 0.05). Effort sense of legs during IE was significantly higher in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st) and IE(2nd). Integrated EMG (IEMG) measured in the vastus lateralis during IE was significantly lower in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st). In contrast, mean power frequency of the EMG was significantly higher in the IE(2nd) and the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st). Ventilation ([Formula: see text]) in the IE(3rd) was significantly higher than that in the IE(1st) during IE and the first 60 s after the end of IE. These results suggest that ventilatory response to IE is independent of metabolic acidosis and at least partly associated with effort sense elicited by recruitment of type II fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan.
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Davies RC, Eston RG, Fulford J, Rowlands AV, Jones AM. Muscle damage alters the metabolic response to dynamic exercise in humans: a31P-MRS study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:782-90. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01021.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to test the hypothesis that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) alters the muscle metabolic response to dynamic exercise, and that this contributes to the observed reduction in exercise tolerance following EIMD in humans. Ten healthy, physically active men performed incremental knee extensor exercise inside the bore of a whole body 1.5-T superconducting magnet before (pre) and 48 h after (post) performing 100 squats with a load corresponding to 70% of body mass. There were significant changes in all markers of muscle damage [perceived muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity (434% increase at 24 h), and isokinetic peak torque (16% decrease at 24 h)] following eccentric exercise. Muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) and pH values during incremental exercise were not different pre- and post-EIMD ( P > 0.05). However, resting inorganic phosphate concentration ([Pi]; pre: 4.7 ± 0.8; post: 6.7 ± 1.7 mM; P < 0.01) and, consequently, [Pi]/[PCr] values (pre: 0.12 ± 0.02; post: 0.18 ± 0.05; P < 0.01) were significantly elevated following EIMD. These mean differences were maintained during incremental exercise ( P < 0.05). Time to exhaustion was significantly reduced following EIMD (519 ± 56 and 459 ± 63 s, pre- and post-EIMD, respectively, P < 0.001). End-exercise pH (pre: 6.75 ± 0.04; post: 6.83 ± 0.04; P < 0.05) and [PCr] (pre: 7.2 ± 1.7; post: 14.5 ± 2.1 mM; P < 0.01) were higher, but end-exercise [Pi] was not significantly different (pre: 19.7 ± 1.9; post: 21.1 ± 2.6 mM, P > 0.05) following EIMD. The results indicate that alterations in phosphate metabolism, specifically the elevated [Pi] at rest and throughout exercise, may contribute to the reduced exercise tolerance observed following EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger G. Eston
- School of Sport and Health Sciences and
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and
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Burt DG, Twist C. The Effects of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Cycling Time-Trial Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2185-92. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e86148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Davies RC, Rowlands AV, Poole DC, Jones AM, Eston RG. Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage dissociates the lactate and gas exchange thresholds. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:181-9. [PMID: 21170804 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.526626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that exercise-induced muscle damage would increase the ventilatory (V(E)) response to incremental/ramp cycle exercise (lower the gas exchange threshold) without altering the blood lactate profile, thereby dissociating the gas exchange and lactate thresholds. Ten physically active men completed maximal incremental cycle tests before (pre) and 48 h after (post) performing eccentric exercise comprising 100 squats. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath and fingertip blood sampled at 1-min intervals for determination of blood lactate concentration. The gas exchange threshold occurred at a lower work rate (pre: 136 ± 27 W; post: 105 ± 19 W; P < 0.05) and oxygen uptake (VO(2)) (pre: 1.58 ± 0.26 litres · min(-1); post: 1.41 ± 0.14 litres · min(-1); P < 0.05) after eccentric exercise. However, the lactate threshold occurred at a similar work rate (pre: 161 ± 19 W; post: 158 ± 22 W; P > 0.05) and VO(2) (pre: 1.90 ± 0.20 litres · min(-1); post: 1.88 ± 0.15 litres · min(-1); P > 0.05) after eccentric exercise. These findings demonstrate that exercise-induced muscle damage dissociates the V(E) response to incremental/ramp exercise from the blood lactate response, indicating that V(E) may be controlled by additional or altered neurogenic stimuli following eccentric exercise. Thus, due consideration of prior eccentric exercise should be made when using the gas exchange threshold to provide a non-invasive estimation of the lactate threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C Davies
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Muthalib M, Lee H, Millet GY, Ferrari M, Nosaka K. The repeated-bout effect: influence on biceps brachii oxygenation and myoelectrical activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00191.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated biceps brachii oxygenation and myoelectrical activity during and following maximal eccentric exercise to better understand the repeated-bout effect. Ten men performed two bouts of eccentric exercise (ECC1, ECC2), consisting of 10 sets of 6 maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors separated by 4 wk. Tissue oxygenation index minimum amplitude (TOImin), mean and maximum total hemoglobin volume by near-infrared spectroscopy, torque, and surface electromyography root mean square (EMGRMS) during exercise were compared between ECC1 and ECC2. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion, plasma creatine kinase activity, muscle soreness, TOImin, and EMGRMS during sustained (10-s) and 30-repeated isometric contraction tasks at 30% (same absolute force) and 100% MVC (same relative force) for 4 days postexercise were compared between ECC1 and ECC2. No significant differences between ECC1 and ECC2 were evident for changes in torque, TOImin, mean total hemoglobin volume, maximum total hemoglobin volume, and EMGRMS during exercise. Smaller ( P < 0.05) changes and faster recovery of muscle damage markers were evident following ECC2 than ECC1. During 30% MVC tasks, TOImin did not change, but EMGRMS increased 1–4 days following ECC1 and ECC2. During 100% MVC tasks, EMGRMS did not change, but torque and TOImin decreased 1–4 days following ECC1 and ECC2. TOImin during 100% MVC tasks and EMGRMS during 30% MVC tasks recovered faster ( P < 0.05) following ECC2 than ECC1. We conclude that the repeated-bout effect cannot be explained by altered muscle activation or metabolic/hemodynamic changes, and the faster recovery in muscle oxygenation and activation was mainly due to faster recovery of force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makii Muthalib
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Hoseong Lee
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Graduate School of Sport of Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, South Korea
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Université de Lyon, and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Elmer S, Hahn S, McAllister P, Leong C, Martin J. Improvements in multi-joint leg function following chronic eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 22:653-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Denis R, Bringard A, Perrey S. Vastus lateralis oxygenation dynamics during maximal fatiguing concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:276-82. [PMID: 21256047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess whether high intensity exhaustive eccentric (ECC) exercise was associated with a greater decrease in muscle oxygenation compared to high intensity exhaustive concentric (CON) exercise during maximal isokinetic knee extensions. On two separate days, ten recreationally active participants performed maximal isokinetic concentric (KE(CON)) and eccentric (KE(ECC)) knee extension exercises at 60°s(-1) until exhaustion. Muscle oxygenation profile and activity were acquired continuously from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy, along with surface electromyography (sEMG). The torque output was significantly greater during KE(ECC) (P<0.01). Total time to exhaustion was longer in ECC condition (P<0.01). The decrease in tissue oxygenation index observed between the beginning and end-exercise values was significantly greater during KE(ECC) than during KE(CON) (P<0.05) while total haemoglobin volume did not differ significantly. KE(ECC) resulted in a significant increase in end-exercise integrated sEMG (P<0.05). We propose that the associated higher intramuscular pressure may have compressed blood vessels and led to a greater decrease in tissue oxygenation index. The observed end-exercise increase in neural drive during KE(ECC) may have occurred to prevent from muscle performance decrease. These results suggest that, over time, repeated maximal ECC actions induce a greater O(2) extraction compared to maximal CON actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Denis
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Ventilatory response to moderate incremental exercise performed 24 h after resistance exercise with concentric and eccentric contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1769-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Muthalib M, Lee H, Millet GY, Ferrari M, Nosaka K. Comparison between maximal lengthening and shortening contractions for biceps brachii muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:710-20. [PMID: 20595540 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01297.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions (ECC) require lower systemic oxygen (O2) and induce greater symptoms of muscle damage than concentric contractions (CON); however, it is not known if local muscle oxygenation is lower in ECC than CON during and following exercise. This study compared between ECC and CON for changes in biceps brachii muscle oxygenation [tissue oxygenation index (TOI)] and hemodynamics [total hemoglobin volume (tHb) = oxygenated-Hb + deoxygenated-Hb], determined by near-infrared spectroscopy over 10 sets of 6 maximal contractions of the elbow flexors of 10 healthy subjects. This study also compared between ECC and CON for changes in TOI and tHb during a 10-s sustained and 30-repeated maximal isometric contraction (MVC) task measured immediately before and after and 1–3 days following exercise. The torque integral during ECC was greater ( P < 0.05) than that during CON by ∼30%, and the decrease in TOI was smaller ( P < 0.05) by ∼50% during ECC than CON. Increases in tHb during the relaxation phases were smaller ( P < 0.05) by ∼100% for ECC than CON; however, the decreases in tHb during the contraction phases were not significantly different between sessions. These results suggest that ECC utilizes a lower muscle O2 relative to O2 supply compared with CON. Following exercise, greater ( P < 0.05) decreases in MVC strength and increases in plasma creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were evident 1–3 days after ECC than CON. Torque integral, TOI, and tHb during the sustained and repeated MVC tasks decreased ( P < 0.01) only after ECC, suggesting that muscle O2 demand relative to O2 supply during the isometric tasks was decreased after ECC. This could mainly be due to a lower maximal muscle mass activated as a consequence of muscle damage; however, an increase in O2 supply due to microcirculation dysfunction and/or inflammatory vasodilatory responses after ECC is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makii Muthalib
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hoseong Lee
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Université de Lyon, F-42023, and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; and
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Alterations in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses following acute eccentric cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1225-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jones AM, Davies RC, Ferreira LF, Barstow TJ, Koga S, Poole DC. Reply to Quaresima and Ferrari. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00314.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Quaresima V, Ferrari M. Muscle oxygenation by near-infrared-based tissue oximeters. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:371; author reply 372-3. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00215.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on ventilatory and perceived exertion responses to moderate and severe intensity cycle exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:11-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meeusen R. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Perception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:2066; author reply 2067. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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