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Haji-Abolhassani I, Guitton D, Galiana HL. Modeling eye-head gaze shifts in multiple contexts without motor planning. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1956-1985. [PMID: 27440248 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00605.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During gaze shifts, the eyes and head collaborate to rapidly capture a target (saccade) and fixate it. Accordingly, models of gaze shift control should embed both saccadic and fixation modes and a mechanism for switching between them. We demonstrate a model in which the eye and head platforms are driven by a shared gaze error signal. To limit the number of free parameters, we implement a model reduction approach in which steady-state cerebellar effects at each of their projection sites are lumped with the parameter of that site. The model topology is consistent with anatomy and neurophysiology, and can replicate eye-head responses observed in multiple experimental contexts: 1) observed gaze characteristics across species and subjects can emerge from this structure with minor parametric changes; 2) gaze can move to a goal while in the fixation mode; 3) ocular compensation for head perturbations during saccades could rely on vestibular-only cells in the vestibular nuclei with postulated projections to burst neurons; 4) two nonlinearities suffice, i.e., the experimentally-determined mapping of tectoreticular cells onto brain stem targets and the increased recruitment of the head for larger target eccentricities; 5) the effects of initial conditions on eye/head trajectories are due to neural circuit dynamics, not planning; and 6) "compensatory" ocular slow phases exist even after semicircular canal plugging, because of interconnections linking eye-head circuits. Our model structure also simulates classical vestibulo-ocular reflex and pursuit nystagmus, and provides novel neural circuit and behavioral predictions, notably that both eye-head coordination and segmental limb coordination are possible without trajectory planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Haji-Abolhassani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Daniel Guitton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henrietta L Galiana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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Srulijes K, Mack DJ, Klenk J, Schwickert L, Ihlen EAF, Schwenk M, Lindemann U, Meyer M, Srijana KC, Hobert MA, Brockmann K, Wurster I, Pomper JK, Synofzik M, Schneider E, Ilg U, Berg D, Maetzler W, Becker C. Association between vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression, balance, gait, and fall risk in ageing and neurodegenerative disease: protocol of a one-year prospective follow-up study. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:192. [PMID: 26452640 PMCID: PMC4600299 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Falls frequency increases with age and particularly in neurogeriatric cohorts. The interplay between eye movements and locomotion may contribute substantially to the occurrence of falls, but is hardly investigated. This paper provides an overview of current approaches to simultaneously measure eye and body movements, particularly for analyzing the association of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) suppression, postural deficits and falls in neurogeriatric risk cohorts. Moreover, VOR suppression is measured during head-fixed target presentation and during gaze shifting while postural control is challenged. Using these approaches, we aim at identifying quantitative parameters of eye-head-coordination during postural balance and gait, as indicators of fall risk. Methods/Design Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), age- and sex-matched healthy older adults, and a cohort of young healthy adults will be recruited. Baseline assessment will include a detailed clinical assessment, covering medical history, neurological examination, disease specific clinical rating scales, falls-related self-efficacy, activities of daily living, neuro-psychological screening, assessment of mobility function and a questionnaire for retrospective falls. Moreover, participants will simultaneously perform eye and head movements (fixating a head-fixed target vs. shifting gaze to light emitting diodes in order to quantify vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression ability) under different conditions (sitting, standing, or walking). An eye/head tracker synchronized with a 3-D motion analysis system will be used to quantify parameters related to eye-head-coordination, postural balance, and gait. Established outcome parameters related to VOR suppression ability (e.g., gain, saccadic reaction time, frequency of saccades) and motor related fall risk (e.g., step-time variability, postural sway) will be calculated. Falls will be assessed prospectively over 12 months via protocols and monthly telephone interviews. Discussion This study protocol describes an experimental setup allowing the analysis of simultaneously assessed eye, head and body movements. Results will improve our understanding of the influence of the interplay between eye, head and body movements on falls in geriatric high-risk cohorts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0447-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Srulijes
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - David J Mack
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jochen Klenk
- Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Lars Schwickert
- Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Espen A F Ihlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Michael Schwenk
- Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Lindemann
- Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Miriam Meyer
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - K C Srijana
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. srijana.k.c.@student.uni-tuebingen.de
| | - Markus A Hobert
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Isabel Wurster
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jörn K Pomper
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Erich Schneider
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus -Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ilg
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Clemens Becker
- Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gaze shifts to auditory and visual stimuli in cats. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2013; 14:731-55. [PMID: 23749194 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-013-0401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about the metrics and kinematics of gaze shifts to visual targets in cats, little is known about gaze shifts to auditory targets. Here, cats were trained to localize auditory and visual targets via gaze shifts. Five properties of gaze shifts to sounds were observed. First, gaze shifts were accomplished primarily by large head movements. Unlike primates, the head movement in cats often preceded eye movement though the relative timing of eye in head and head latencies depended upon the target modality and gaze shift magnitude. Second, gaze shift latencies to auditory targets tended to be shorter than equivalent shifts to visual targets for some conditions. Third, the main sequences relating gaze amplitude to maximum gaze velocity for auditory and visual targets were comparable. However, head movements to auditory and visual targets were less consistent than gaze shifts and tended to undershoot the targets by 30 % for both modalities. Fourth, at the end of gaze movement, the proportion of the gaze shift accomplished by the eye-in-head movement was greater to visual than auditory targets. On the other hand, at the end of head movement, the proportion of the gaze shift accomplished by the head was greater to auditory than visual targets. Finally, gaze shifts to long-duration auditory targets were accurate and precise and were similar to accuracy of gaze shifts to long-duration visual targets. Because the metrics of gaze shifts to visual and auditory targets are nearly equivalent, as well as their accuracy, we conclude that both sensorimotor tasks use primarily the same neural substrates for the execution of movement.
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Xiang Y, Yakushin SB, Raphan T. Modeling spatial tuning of adaptation of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp Brain Res 2012; 220:165-78. [PMID: 22660376 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gain adaptation of the yaw angular vestibular ocular reflex (aVOR) induced in side-down positions has gravity-independent (global) and -dependent (localized) components. When the head oscillation angles are small during adaptation, localized gain changes are maximal in the approximate position of adaptation. Concurrently, polarization vectors of canal-otolith vestibular neurons adapt their orientations during these small-angle adaptation paradigms. Whether there is orientation adaptation with large amplitude head oscillations, when the head is not localized to a specific position, is unknown. Yaw aVOR gains were decreased by oscillating monkeys about a yaw axis in a side-down position in a subject-stationary visual surround for 2 h. Amplitudes of head oscillation ranged from 15° to 180°. The yaw aVOR gain was tested in darkness at 0.5 Hz, with small angles of oscillation (±15°) while upright and in tilted positions. The peak value of the gain change was highly tuned for small angular oscillations during adaptation and significantly broadened with larger oscillation angles during adaptation. When the orientation of the polarization vectors associated with the gravity-dependent component of the neural network model was adapted toward the direction of gravity, it predicted the localized learning for small angles and the broadening when the orientation adaptation was diminished. The model-based analysis suggests that the otolith orientation adaptation plays an important role in the localized behavior of aVOR as a function of gravity and in regulating the relationship between global and localized adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Xiang
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Av & Av H, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
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Fuchs AF, Brettler S, Ling L. Head-free gaze shifts provide further insights into the role of the medial cerebellum in the control of primate saccadic eye movements. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:2158-73. [PMID: 20164388 PMCID: PMC2853288 DOI: 10.1152/jn.91361.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines how signals generated in the oculomotor cerebellum could be involved in the control of gaze shifts, which rapidly redirect the eyes from one object to another. Neurons in the caudal fastigial nucleus (cFN), the output of the oculomotor cerebellum, discharged when monkeys made horizontal head-unrestrained gaze shifts, composed of an eye saccade and a head movement. Eighty-seven percent of our neurons discharged a burst of spikes for both ipsiversive and contraversive gaze shifts. In both directions, burst end was much better timed with gaze end than was burst start with gaze start, was well correlated with eye end, and was poorly correlated with head end or the time of peak head velocity. Moreover, bursts accompanied all head-unrestrained gaze shifts whether the head moved or not. Therefore we conclude that the cFN is not part of the pathway that controls head movement. For contraversive gaze shifts, the early part of the burst was correlated with gaze acceleration. Thereafter, the burst of the neuronal population continued throughout the prolonged deceleration of large gaze shifts. For a majority of neurons, gaze duration was correlated with burst duration; for some, gaze amplitude was less well correlated with the number of spikes. Therefore we suggest that the population burst provides an acceleration boost for high acceleration (smaller) contraversive gaze shifts and helps maintain the drive required to extend the deceleration of large contraversive gaze shifts. In contrast, the ipsiversive population burst, which is less well correlated with gaze metrics but whose peak rate occurs before gaze end, seems responsible primarily for terminating the gaze shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert F Fuchs
- Washington National Primate Research Ctr., Univ. of Washington, Box 357330, 1705 NE Pacific St. HSB I421, Seattle, WA 98195-7330, USA.
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Knight TA, Fuchs AF. Contribution of the Frontal Eye Field to Gaze Shifts in the Head-Unrestrained Monkey: Effects of Microstimulation. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:618-34. [PMID: 17065243 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00256.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the primate frontal eye field (FEF) has been inferred primarily from experiments investigating saccadic eye movements with the head restrained. Three recent reports investigating head-unrestrained gaze shifts disagree on whether head movements are evoked with FEF stimulation and thus whether the FEF participates in gaze movement commands. We therefore examined the eye, head, and overall gaze movement evoked by low-intensity microstimulation of the low-threshold region of the FEF in two head-unrestrained monkeys. Microstimulation applied at 200 or 350 Hz for 200 ms evoked large gaze shifts with substantial head movement components from most sites in the dorsomedial FEF, but evoked small, predominantly eye-only gaze shifts from ventrolateral sites. The size and direction of gaze and eye movements were strongly affected by the eye position before stimulation. Head movements exhibited little position dependency, but at some sites and initial eye positions, head-only movements were evoked. Stimulus-evoked gaze shifts and their eye and head components resembled those elicited naturally by visual targets. With stimulus train durations >200 ms, the evoked gaze shifts were more likely to be accomplished with a substantial head movement, which often continued for the entire stimulus duration. The amplitude, duration and peak velocity of the evoked head movement were more strongly correlated with stimulus duration than were those of the gaze or eye movements. We conclude that the dorsomedial FEF generates a gaze command signal that can produce eye, head, or combined eye–head movement depending on the initial orbital position of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Knight
- Washington National Primate Research Center, 1959 NE Pacific St., HSB I421, Box 357330, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7330, USA
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