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Kalidindi HT, Crevecoeur F. Human reaching control in dynamic environments. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102810. [PMID: 37950956 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Closed-loop models of movement control have attracted growing interest in how the nervous system transforms sensory information into motor commands, and several brain structures have been identified as neural substrates for these computational operations. Recently, several studies have focused on how these models need to be updated when environmental parameters change. Current evidence suggests that when the task changes, rapid control updates enable flexible modifications of current actions and online decisions. At the same time, when movement dynamics change, humans use different strategies based on a combination of adaptation and modulation of controller sensitivity to exogenous perturbations (robust control). This review proposes a unified framework to capture these results based on online estimation of model parameters with dynamic updates in control. The reviewed studies also identify the time scales of associated behavioral mechanisms to guide future research on the neural basis of movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari T Kalidindi
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Crevecoeur
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Belgium.
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Reschechtko S, Gnanaseelan C, Pruszynski JA. Reach Corrections Toward Moving Objects are Faster Than Reach Corrections Toward Instantaneously Switching Targets. Neuroscience 2023; 526:135-143. [PMID: 37391122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Visually guided reaching is a common motor behavior that engages subcortical circuits to mediate rapid corrections. Although these neural mechanisms have evolved for interacting with the physical world, they are often studied in the context of reaching toward virtual targets on a screen. These targets often change position by disappearing from one place reappearing in another instantaneously. In this study, we instructed participants to perform rapid reaches to physical objects that changed position in different ways. In one condition, the objects moved very rapidly from one place to another. In the other condition, illuminated targets instantaneously switched position by being extinguished in one position and illuminating in another. Participants were consistently faster in correcting their reach trajectories when the object moved continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Reschechtko
- School of Exercise & Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 351 ENS Building, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Western BrainsCAN, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Cynthiya Gnanaseelan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Cecala AL, Kozak RA, Pruszynski JA, Corneil BD. Done in 65 ms: Express Visuomotor Responses in Upper Limb Muscles in Rhesus Macaques. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0078-23.2023. [PMID: 37507227 PMCID: PMC10449271 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0078-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
How rapidly can the brain transform vision into action? Work in humans has established that the transformation for visually-guided reaching can be remarkably rapid, with the first phase of upper limb muscle recruitment, the express visuomotor response, beginning within less than 100 ms of visual target presentation. Such short-latency responses limit the opportunities for extensive cortical processing, leading to the hypothesis that they are generated via the subcortical tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway. Here, we examine whether nonhuman primates (NHPs) exhibit express visuomotor responses. Two male macaques made visually-guided reaches in a behavioral paradigm known to elicit express visuomotor responses in humans, while we acquired intramuscular recordings from the deltoid muscle. Across several variants of this paradigm, express visuomotor responses began within 65 ms (range: 48-91 ms) of target presentation. Although the timing of the express visuomotor response did not co-vary with reaction time, larger express visuomotor responses tended to precede shorter latency reaches. Further, we observed that the magnitude of the express visuomotor response could be muted by contextual context, although this effect was quite variable. Overall, the response properties in NHPs resemble those in humans. Our results establish a new benchmark for visuomotor transformations underlying visually-guided reaches, setting the stage for experiments that can directly compare the role of cortical and subcortical areas in reaching when time is of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Cecala
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Kozak
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brian D Corneil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Forgaard CJ, Reschechtko S, Gribble PL, Pruszynski JA. Skin and muscle receptors shape coordinated fast feedback responses in the upper limb. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
A number of notions in the fields of motor control and kinesthetic perception have been used without clear definitions. In this review, we consider definitions for efference copy, percept, and sense of effort based on recent studies within the physical approach, which assumes that the neural control of movement is based on principles of parametric control and involves defining time-varying profiles of spatial referent coordinates for the effectors. The apparent redundancy in both motor and perceptual processes is reconsidered based on the principle of abundance. Abundance of efferent and afferent signals is viewed as the means of stabilizing both salient action characteristics and salient percepts formalized as stable manifolds in high-dimensional spaces of relevant elemental variables. This theoretical scheme has led recently to a number of novel predictions and findings. These include, in particular, lower accuracy in perception of variables produced by elements involved in a multielement task compared with the same elements in single-element tasks, dissociation between motor and perceptual effects of muscle coactivation, force illusions induced by muscle vibration, and errors in perception of unintentional drifts in performance. Taken together, these results suggest that participation of efferent signals in perception frequently involves distorted copies of actual neural commands, particularly those to antagonist muscles. Sense of effort is associated with such distorted efferent signals. Distortions in efference copy happen spontaneously and can also be caused by changes in sensory signals, e.g., those produced by muscle vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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