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Murata Y, Colonnese MT. Thalamic inhibitory circuits and network activity development. Brain Res 2019; 1706:13-23. [PMID: 30366019 PMCID: PMC6363901 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory circuits in thalamus and cortex shape the major activity patterns observed by electroencephalogram (EEG) in the adult brain. Their delayed maturation and circuit integration, relative to excitatory neurons, suggest inhibitory neuronal development could be responsible for the onset of mature thalamocortical activity. Indeed, the immature brain lacks many inhibition-dependent activity patterns, such as slow-waves, delta oscillations and sleep-spindles, and instead expresses other unique oscillatory activities in multiple species including humans. Thalamus contributes significantly to the generation of these early oscillations. Compared to the abundance of studies on the development of inhibition in cortex, however, the maturation of thalamic inhibition is poorly understood. Here we review developmental changes in the neuronal and circuit properties of the thalamic relay and its interconnected inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) both in vitro and in vivo, and discuss their potential contribution to early network activity and its maturation. While much is unknown, we argue that weak inhibitory function in the developing thalamus allows for amplification of thalamocortical activity that supports the generation of early oscillations. The available evidence suggests that the developmental acquisition of critical thalamic oscillations such as slow-waves and sleep-spindles is driven by maturation of the TRN. Further studies to elucidate thalamic GABAergic circuit formation in relation to thalamocortical network function would help us better understand normal as well as pathological brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Murata
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Matthew T Colonnese
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and Institute for Neuroscience, George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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2
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Toxoplasma gondii : Manipulation of host cell machinery in the journey from intestine to brain. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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3
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Assembly of Excitatory Synapses in the Absence of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission. Neuron 2017; 94:312-321.e3. [PMID: 28426966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic excitation mediates a broad spectrum of structural changes in neural circuits across the brain. Here, we examine the morphologies, wiring, and architectures of single synapses of projection neurons in the murine hippocampus that developed in virtually complete absence of vesicular glutamate release. While these neurons had smaller dendritic trees and/or formed fewer contacts in specific hippocampal subfields, their stereotyped connectivity was largely preserved. Furthermore, loss of release did not disrupt the morphogenesis of presynaptic terminals and dendritic spines, suggesting that glutamatergic neurotransmission is unnecessary for synapse assembly and maintenance. These results underscore the instructive role of intrinsic mechanisms in synapse formation.
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Oda K, Nagai T, Ueno Y, Mori Y. Further evidence that a new type of Japanese pickles reduce the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:318-24. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.973363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new type of pickles (nukazuke) that contain GABA and angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides and that reduce blood pressure of rats was studied further. Seven kinds of nukazuke forcefully administrated orally for one day reduced temporarily the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In addition, a fermented shougoin daikon administrated freely for 4 weeks did not increase the blood pressure of the rats, but suppressed it throughout the experiment. Taken together with previous data (Oda et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2014) it was concluded that the nukazuke could reduce the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thus, the newly developed functional pickles appear to be beneficial for pickles business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshie Ueno
- Kyoto Prefectural Technology Center for Small and Medium Enterprises, Kyoto, Japan
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Shin SM, Kim H, Joo Y, Lee SJ, Lee YJ, Lee SJ, Lee DW. Characterization of glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus plantarum and its C-terminal function for the pH dependence of activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12186-12193. [PMID: 25415663 DOI: 10.1021/jf504656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The gadB gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) from Lactobacillus plantarum was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme exhibited maximal activity at 40 °C and pH 5.0. The 3D model structure of L. plantarum GAD proposed that its C-terminal region (Ile454-Thr468) may play an important role in the pH dependence of catalysis. Accordingly, C-terminally truncated (Δ3 and Δ11 residues) mutants were generated and their enzyme activities compared with that of the wild-type enzyme at different pH values. Unlike the wild-type GAD, the mutants showed pronounced catalytic activity in a broad pH range of 4.0-8.0, suggesting that the C-terminal region is involved in the pH dependence of GAD activity. Therefore, this study may provide effective target regions for engineering pH dependence of GAD activity, thereby meeting industrial demands for the production of γ-aminobutyrate in a broad range of pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Shin
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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Oda K, Imanishi T, Yamane Y, Ueno Y, Mori Y. Bio-functional pickles that reduce blood pressure of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:882-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.893187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Addition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides to the pickles was studied in order to develop a new type of pickles that reduce blood pressure. Based on the outcome of these studies, a new type of fermentation bed composed of rice bran and white miso has been successfully developed. The advantage of such pickles is that they not only contain both GABA and ACE-inhibitory peptides, but also that their taste and flavor are excellent, with colors close to the original ones. The new type of pickles could temporarily reduce blood pressure in two types of rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats and NaCl-sensitive model rats. Thus, the newly developed pickles appear to be beneficial for pickle business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshie Ueno
- Kyoto Prefectural Technology Center for Small and Medium Enterprises, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Recent progress in GABAergic excitation from mature brain. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:2035-44. [PMID: 23263799 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The excitatory effect of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been recognized in very young animals and in seizure generation, but not so much in animals after weaning age or in adults. The existence of this phenomenon in mature brain is still controversial. In the course of debate, creative studies have identified and characterized the phenomenon in suprachiasmatic nucleus, cortex, hippocampus and basolateral amygdala, albeit mostly in single neurons. In neural circuit activity, presumed GABAergic excitation was observed in basolateral amygdala during the study of a neuropeptide, cholecystokinin. Though the functional meaning of this phenomenon in vivo remains to be uncovered, it may be implicated in epilepsy or anxiety in the adult brain.
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Fuks JM, Arrighi RBG, Weidner JM, Kumar Mendu S, Jin Z, Wallin RPA, Rethi B, Birnir B, Barragan A. GABAergic signaling is linked to a hypermigratory phenotype in dendritic cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003051. [PMID: 23236276 PMCID: PMC3516538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During acute infection in human and animal hosts, the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii infects a variety of cell types, including leukocytes. Poised to respond to invading pathogens, dendritic cells (DC) may also be exploited by T. gondii for spread in the infected host. Here, we report that human and mouse myeloid DC possess functional γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the machinery for GABA biosynthesis and secretion. Shortly after T. gondii infection (genotypes I, II and III), DC responded with enhanced GABA secretion in vitro. We demonstrate that GABA activates GABAA receptor-mediated currents in T. gondii-infected DC, which exhibit a hypermigratory phenotype. Inhibition of GABA synthesis, transportation or GABAA receptor blockade in T. gondii-infected DC resulted in impaired transmigration capacity, motility and chemotactic response to CCL19 in vitro. Moreover, exogenous GABA or supernatant from infected DC restored the migration of infected DC in vitro. In a mouse model of toxoplasmosis, adoptive transfer of infected DC pre-treated with GABAergic inhibitors reduced parasite dissemination and parasite loads in target organs, e.g. the central nervous system. Altogether, we provide evidence that GABAergic signaling modulates the migratory properties of DC and that T. gondii likely makes use of this pathway for dissemination. The findings unveil that GABA, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, has activation functions in the immune system that may be hijacked by intracellular pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and an important food- and water-borne human and veterinary pathogen. Toxoplasmosis is normally self-limiting but severe manifestations occur upon congenital transmission to the developing fetus or during infection in immune-compromised individuals. Toxoplasma invades a variety of cell types and mounting evidence shows that certain white blood cells, e.g. dendritic cells, can shuttle parasites in the infected host by a Trojan horse type of mechanism. Dendritic cells are considered the gatekeepers of the immune system but can, paradoxically, also mediate dissemination of the parasite. Previous work has shown that Toxoplasma induces a hypermigratory state in dendritic cells when they become infected. Here, we show that, shortly after infection by the parasite, dendritic cells start secreting γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), also known as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. We show that dendritic cells express GABA receptors, as well as the machinery to synthesize and transport GABA. When GABA synthesis, transport or receptor function was inhibited, the migration of infected dendritic cells was impaired. In a mouse model of toxoplasmosis, treatment of infected dendritic cells with GABA inhibitors resulted in reduced propagation of the parasite. This study establishes that GABAergic signaling modulates the migratory properties of dendritic cells and that the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii sequesters the GABAergic signaling of dendritic cells to assure propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M. Fuks
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Romanico B. G. Arrighi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica M. Weidner
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert P. A. Wallin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Rethi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Khakhalin AS, Aizenman CD. GABAergic transmission and chloride equilibrium potential are not modulated by pyruvate in the developing optic tectum of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34446. [PMID: 22496804 PMCID: PMC3319581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing mammalian brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is thought to play an excitatory rather than an inhibitory role due to high levels of intracellular Cl(-) in immature neurons. This idea, however, has been questioned by recent studies which suggest that glucose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) may be inadequate for experiments on immature and developing brains. These studies suggest that immature neurons may require alternative energy sources, such as lactate or pyruvate. Lack of these other energy sources is thought to result in artificially high intracellular Cl(-) concentrations, and therefore a more depolarized GABA receptor (GABAR) reversal potential. Since glucose metabolism can vary widely among different species, it is important to test the effects of these alternative energy sources on different experimental preparations. We tested whether pyruvate affects GABAergic transmission in isolated brains of developing wild type Xenopus tadpoles in vitro by recording the responsiveness of tectal neurons to optic nerve stimulation, and by measuring currents evoked by local GABA application in a gramicidin perforated patch configuration. We found that, in contrast with previously reported results, the reversal potential for GABAR-mediated currents does not change significantly between developmental stages 45 and 49. Partial substitution of glucose by pyruvate had only minor effects on both the GABA reversal potential, and the responsiveness of tectal neurons at stages 45 and 49. Total depletion of energy sources from the ACSF did not affect neural responsiveness. We also report a strong spatial gradient in GABA reversal potential, with immature cells adjacent to the lateral and caudal proliferative zones having more positive reversal potentials. We conclude that in this experimental preparation standard glucose-based ACSF is an appropriate extracellular media for in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos D. Aizenman
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Song N, Shi H, Li C, Yin S. Differences in developmental changes in GABAergic response between bushy and stellate cells in the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:397-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning‐ying Song
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Hai‐bo Shi
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Chun‐yan Li
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Shan‐kai Yin
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAffiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
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Wang LC, Tang ZQ, Lu Y. Synaptic activity-induced Ca(2+) signaling in avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis neurons. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:129-39. [PMID: 22134051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) receive glutamatergic inputs from the spiral ganglion cells via the auditory nerve and feedback GABAergic inputs primarily from the superior olivary nucleus. We investigated regulation of Ca(2+) signaling in NM neurons with ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging in chicken brain slices. Application of exogenous glutamate or GABA increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in NM neurons. Interestingly, GABA-induced Ca(2+) responses persisted into neuronal maturation, in both standard and energy substrate enriched artificial cerebrospinal fluid. More importantly, we found that electrical stimulation applied to the glutamatergic and GABAergic afferent fibers innervating the NM was able to elicit transient [Ca(2+)](i) increases in NM neurons, and the amplitude of the Ca(2+) responses increased with increasing frequency and duration of the electrical stimulation. Antagonists for ionotropic glutamate receptors significantly blocked these [Ca(2+)](i) increases, whereas blocking GABA(A) receptors did not affect the Ca(2+) responses, suggesting that synaptically released glutamate but not GABA induced the Ca(2+) signaling in vitro. Furthermore, activation of GABA(A) receptors with exogenous agonists inhibited synaptic activity-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in NM neurons, suggesting a role of GABA(A) receptors in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis in the avian cochlear nucleus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie-Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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Kuzirian MS, Paradis S. Emerging themes in GABAergic synapse development. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:68-87. [PMID: 21798307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapse development has been rigorously investigated for the past two decades at both the molecular and cell biological level yet a comparable intensity of investigation into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GABAergic synapse development has been lacking until relatively recently. This review will provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of GABAergic synapse development with a particular emphasis on assembly of synaptic components, molecular mechanisms of synaptic development, and a subset of human disorders which manifest when GABAergic synapse development is disrupted. An unexpected and emerging theme from these studies is that glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse development share a number of overlapping molecular and cell biological mechanisms that will be emphasized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Kuzirian
- Brandeis Univeristy, Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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