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Aseyev N, Ivanova V, Balaban P, Nikitin E. Current Practice in Using Voltage Imaging to Record Fast Neuronal Activity: Successful Examples from Invertebrate to Mammalian Studies. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:648. [PMID: 37367013 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical imaging of neuronal activity with potentiometric probes has been credited with being able to address key questions in neuroscience via the simultaneous recording of many neurons. This technique, which was pioneered 50 years ago, has allowed researchers to study the dynamics of neural activity, from tiny subthreshold synaptic events in the axon and dendrites at the subcellular level to the fluctuation of field potentials and how they spread across large areas of the brain. Initially, synthetic voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) were applied directly to brain tissue via staining, but recent advances in transgenic methods now allow the expression of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), specifically in selected neuron types. However, voltage imaging is technically difficult and limited by several methodological constraints that determine its applicability in a given type of experiment. The prevalence of this method is far from being comparable to patch clamp voltage recording or similar routine methods in neuroscience research. There are more than twice as many studies on VSDs as there are on GEVIs. As can be seen from the majority of the papers, most of them are either methodological ones or reviews. However, potentiometric imaging is able to address key questions in neuroscience by recording most or many neurons simultaneously, thus providing unique information that cannot be obtained via other methods. Different types of optical voltage indicators have their advantages and limitations, which we focus on in detail. Here, we summarize the experience of the scientific community in the application of voltage imaging and try to evaluate the contribution of this method to neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Aseyev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Violetta Ivanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Evgeny Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system revealed by optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:107-119. [PMID: 27623687 PMCID: PMC10717437 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clarification of the functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) has long been problematic, because conventional electrophysiological techniques have several limitations. First, early embryonic neurons are small and fragile, and the application of microelectrodes is challenging. Second, the simultaneous monitoring of electrical activity from multiple sites is limited, and as a consequence, spatiotemporal response patterns of neural networks cannot be assessed. We have applied multiple-site optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye to the embryonic CNS and paved a new way to analyze the functiogenesis of the CNS. In this review, we discuss key points of optical recording in the embryonic CNS and introduce recent progress in optical investigations on the embryonic CNS with special emphasis on the development of the chick olfactory system. The studies clearly demonstrate the usefulness of voltage-sensitive dye recording as a powerful tool for elucidating the functional organization of the vertebrate embryonic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health, 238 Sakahama, Inagi-shi, Tokyo, 206-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kamino K. Monitoring Population Membrane Potential Signals During Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:213-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mullah SHER, Komuro R, Yan P, Hayashi S, Inaji M, Momose-Sato Y, Loew LM, Sato K. Evaluation of voltage-sensitive fluorescence dyes for monitoring neuronal activity in the embryonic central nervous system. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:679-88. [PMID: 23975337 PMCID: PMC4096138 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using an optical imaging technique with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs), we investigated the functional organization and architecture of the central nervous system (CNS) during embryogenesis. In the embryonic nervous system, a merocyanine-rhodanine dye, NK2761, has proved to be the most useful absorption dye for detecting neuronal activity because of its high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), low toxicity and small dye bleaching. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of fluorescence VSDs for optical recording in the embryonic CNS. We screened eight styryl (hemicyanine) dyes in isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations from 7-day-old chick embryos. Measurements of voltage-related optical signals were made using a multiple-site optical recording system. The signal size, S/N, photobleaching, effects of perfusion and recovery of neural responses after staining were compared. We also evaluated optical responses with various magnifications. Although the S/N was lower than with the absorption dye, clear optical responses were detected with several fluorescence dyes, including di-2-ANEPEQ, di-4-ANEPPS, di-3-ANEPPDHQ, di-4-AN(F)EPPTEA, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA and di-2-ANEPPTEA. Di-2-ANEPEQ showed the largest S/N, whereas its photobleaching was faster and the recovery of neural responses after staining was slower. Di-4-ANEPPS and di-3-ANEPPDHQ also exhibited a large S/N but required a relatively long time for recovery of neural activity. Di-4-AN(F)EPPTEA, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA and di-2-ANEPPTEA showed smaller S/Ns than di-2-ANEPEQ, di-4-ANEPPS and di-3-ANEPPDHQ; but the recovery of neural responses after staining was faster. This study demonstrates the potential utility of these styryl dyes in optical monitoring of voltage changes in the embryonic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Habib-E-Rasul Mullah
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women’s University Faculty of Human Health, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan
| | - Ryo Komuro
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, College of Human and Environmental Studies, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan
| | - Ping Yan
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Shihori Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Motoki Inaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, College of Human and Environmental Studies, Yokohama 236-8501, Japan
| | - Leslie M. Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women’s University Faculty of Human Health, Tokyo 206-8511, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Large-scale synchronized activity in the embryonic brainstem and spinal cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:36. [PMID: 23596392 PMCID: PMC3625830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, spontaneous activity appears well before the brain responds to external sensory inputs. One of the earliest activities is observed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, which is detected as rhythmic electrical discharges of cranial and spinal motoneurons or oscillations of Ca(2+)- and voltage-related optical signals. Shortly after the initial expression, the spontaneous activity appearing in the hindbrain and spinal cord exhibits a large-scale correlated wave that propagates over a wide region of the central nervous system, maximally extending to the lumbosacral cord and to the forebrain. In this review, we describe several aspects of this synchronized activity by focusing on the basic properties, development, origin, propagation pattern, pharmacological characteristics, and possible mechanisms underlying the generation of the activity. These profiles differ from those of the respiratory and locomotion pattern generators observed in the mature brainstem and spinal cord, suggesting that the wave is primordial activity that appears during a specific period of embryonic development and plays some important roles in the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, College of Human Environmental Studies, Kanto Gakuin UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Human Health, Komazawa Women's UniversityTokyo, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Nakamori T, Sato K. Pharmacological mechanisms underlying switching from the large-scale depolarization wave to segregated activity in the mouse central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1242-52. [PMID: 22512255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the early development of the nervous system, synchronized activity is observed in a variety of structures, and is considered to play a fundamental role in neural development. One of the most striking examples of such activity is the depolarization wave reported in chick and rat embryos. In the accompanying paper (Momose-Sato et al., 2012), we have demonstrated that a depolarization wave is also present in the mouse embryo by showing large-scale optical waves, which spread remarkably over the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, midbrain, and forebrain. In the present study, we examined the pharmacological nature of the mouse depolarization wave and its developmental changes. We show here that two types of switching in pharmacological characteristics occur during development. One is that the depolarization wave is strongly dependent on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors during the early developmental stage [embryonic day (E)11-12], but is dominated by glutamate at the later stage (E13 onwards). The second is that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which acts as an excitatory mediator of the depolarization wave during the early phase, becomes an inhibitory modulator by E14. These changes seemed to occur earlier in the hindbrain than in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we show that the second switch causes the loss of synchronization over the network, resulting in the disappearance of the depolarization wave and segregation of the activity into discrete regions of the medulla and spinal cord. We suggest that pharmacological switching is a possible mechanism underlying replacement of the primordial correlated network by a mature neuronal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, College of Human Environmental Studies, Kanto Gakuin University, 1-50-1 Mutsuura-Higashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8503, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Nakamori T, Sato K. Spontaneous depolarization wave in the mouse embryo: origin and large-scale propagation over the CNS identified with voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1230-41. [PMID: 22339904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous embryonic movements, called embryonic motility, are produced by correlated spontaneous activity in the cranial and spinal nerves, which is driven by brainstem and spinal networks. Using optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye, we have revealed previously that this correlated activity is a widely propagating wave of neural depolarization, which we termed the depolarization wave. We have observed in the chick and rat embryos that the activity spread over an extensive region of the CNS, including the spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, midbrain and forebrain. One important consideration is whether a depolarization wave with similar characteristics occurs in other species, especially in different mammals. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of the depolarization wave in the mouse embryo by showing that the widely propagating wave appeared independently of the localized spontaneous activity detected previously with Ca(2+) imaging. Furthermore, we mapped the origin of the depolarization wave and revealed that the wave generator moved from the rostral spinal cord to the caudal cord as development proceeded, and was later replaced with mature rhythmogenerators. The present study, together with an accompanying paper that describes pharmacological properties of the mouse depolarization wave, shows that a synchronized wave with common characteristics is expressed in different species, suggesting fundamental roles in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, College of Human Environmental Studies, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama 236-8503, Japan.
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Sibilla S, Ballerini L. GABAergic and glycinergic interneuron expression during spinal cord development: dynamic interplay between inhibition and excitation in the control of ventral network outputs. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:46-60. [PMID: 19539686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A key objective of neuroscience research is to understand the processes leading to mature neural circuitries in the central nervous system (CNS) that enable the control of different behaviours. During development, network-constitutive neurons undergo dramatic rearrangements, involving their intrinsic properties, such as the blend of ion channels governing their firing activity, and their synaptic interactions. The spinal cord is no exception to this rule; in fact, in the ventral horn the maturation of motor networks into functional circuits is a complex process where several mechanisms cooperate to achieve the development of motor control. Elucidating such a process is crucial in identifying neurons more vulnerable to degenerative or traumatic diseases or in developing new strategies aimed at rebuilding damaged tissue. The focus of this review is on recent advances in understanding the spatio-temporal expression of the glycinergic/GABAergic system and on the contribution of this system to early network function and to motor pattern transformation along with spinal maturation. During antenatal development, the operation of mammalian spinal networks strongly depends on the activity of glycinergic/GABAergic neurons, whose action is often excitatory until shortly before birth when locomotor networks acquire the ability to generate alternating motor commands between flexor and extensor motor neurons. At this late stage of prenatal development, GABA-mediated excitation is replaced by synaptic inhibition mediated by glycine and/or GABA. At this stage of spinal maturation, the large majority of GABAergic neurons are located in the dorsal horn. We propose that elucidating the role of inhibitory systems in development will improve our knowledge on the processes regulating spinal cord maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sibilla
- Life Science Department, Center for Neuroscience B.R.A.I.N., University of Trieste, via Fleming 22, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Mochida H, Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Switching of the transmitters that mediate hindbrain correlated activity in the chick embryo. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 29:14-30. [PMID: 19087161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Widely propagating correlated neuronal activity is a hallmark of the developing nervous system. The activity is usually mediated by multiple transmitters, and the contribution of gap junctions has also been suggested in several systems. In some structures, such as the retina and spinal cord, it has been shown that the dominant transmitter mediating the correlated wave switches from acetylcholine to glutamate during development, although the functional significance of this phenomenon has not been clarified. An important question is whether such a transmitter switch occurs in other systems, especially in the brain. In the present study, we demonstrate that the major transmitter mediating correlated wave activity in the embryonic chick hindbrain changes from acetylcholine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glycine to glutamate/GABA as development proceeds. The results show for the first time that the dominant transmitter switches from acetylcholine to glutamate in a region other than the retina and spinal cord. This finding sheds more light on the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the generation of correlated wave activity, which is considered to regulate the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Mochida
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Mochida H, Kinoshita M. Origin of the earliest correlated neuronal activity in the chick embryo revealed by optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 29:1-13. [PMID: 19077122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous correlated neuronal activity during early development spreads like a wave by recruiting a large number of neurons, and is considered to play a fundamental role in neural development. One important and as yet unresolved question is where the activity originates, especially at the earliest stage of wave expression. In other words, which part of the brain differentiates first as a source of the correlated activity, and how does it change as development proceeds? We assessed this issue by examining the spatiotemporal patterns of the depolarization wave, the optically identified primordial correlated activity, using the optical imaging technique with voltage-sensitive dyes. We surveyed the region responsible for the induction of the evoked and spontaneous depolarization waves in chick embryos, and traced its developmental changes. The results showed that the wave initially originated in a restricted area near the obex and was generated by multiple regions at later stages. We suggest that the upper cervical cord/lower medulla near the obex is the kernel that differentiates first as the source of the correlated activity, and that regional and temporal differences in neuronal excitability might underlie the developmental profile of wave generation in early chick embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, College of Human Environmental Studies, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. OPTICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS OF NEURAL CIRCUIT FORMATION IN THE EMBRYONIC BRAIN. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:706-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kinoshita M. Spontaneous depolarization waves of multiple origins in the embryonic rat CNS. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:929-44. [PMID: 17331191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During development, correlated neuronal activity plays an important role in the establishment of the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously reported that a widely propagating correlated neuronal activity, termed the depolarization wave, is evoked by various sensory inputs. A remarkable feature of the depolarization wave is that it spreads broadly through the brain and spinal cord. In the present study, we examined whether the depolarization wave occurs spontaneously in the embryonic rat CNS and, if so, where it originates. In E15-16 rat embryos, spontaneous optically-revealed signals appeared in association with the rhythmic discharges of cranial motoneurons and propagated widely with similar characteristics to the evoked depolarization wave. At E15, the spontaneous wave mostly originated in the cervical to upper lumbar cords. At E16, the wave was predominantly generated in the lumbosacral cord although a wave associated with the second oscillatory burst was initiated in the rostral cord. At E16, a few waves also originated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and the dorsomedial pons. When the influence of the caudal cord was removed by transecting the spinal cord, the contribution of the medulla and pons became more significant. These results show that the depolarization wave can be triggered by the spontaneous activity of multiple neuronal populations which are distributed widely from the pons to the lumbosacral cord, although the spinal cord usually plays a predominant role. This network possibly works as a self-distributing system that maintains the incidence and complicated patterns of the correlated activity in the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Esser AT, Smith KC, Weaver JC, Levin M. Mathematical model of morphogen electrophoresis through gap junctions. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2144-59. [PMID: 16786594 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional communication is important for embryonic morphogenesis. However, the factors regulating the spatial properties of small molecule signal flows through gap junctions remain poorly understood. Recent data on gap junctions, ion transporters, and serotonin during left-right patterning suggest a specific model: the net unidirectional transfer of small molecules through long-range gap junctional paths driven by an electrophoretic mechanism. However, this concept has only been discussed qualitatively, and it is not known whether such a mechanism can actually establish a gradient within physiological constraints. We review the existing functional data and develop a mathematical model of the flow of serotonin through the early Xenopus embryo under an electrophoretic force generated by ion pumps. Through computer simulation of this process using realistic parameters, we explored quantitatively the dynamics of morphogen movement through gap junctions, confirming the plausibility of the proposed electrophoretic mechanism, which generates a considerable gradient in the available time frame. The model made several testable predictions and revealed properties of robustness, cellular gradients of serotonin, and the dependence of the gradient on several developmental constants. This work quantitatively supports the plausibility of electrophoretic control of morphogen movement through gap junctions during early left-right patterning. This conceptual framework for modeling gap junctional signaling -- an epigenetic patterning mechanism of wide relevance in biological regulation -- suggests numerous experimental approaches in other patterning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T Esser
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Momose-Sato Y, Glover JC, Sato K. Development of Functional Synaptic Connections in the Auditory System Visualized With Optical Recording: Afferent-Evoked Activity Is Present From Early Stages. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96:1949-62. [PMID: 16790599 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00319.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of auditory network formation was performed in the brain stem of the chicken embryo using voltage-sensitive dye recording. Intact medulla/brain stem preparations with the auditory branch of the eighth nerve attached were dissected from 5.5- to 8-day chicken embryos, and responses evoked by nerve stimulation were recorded optically. In the medulla of 7- and 8-day embryos, we identified four response areas, corresponding to ipsilateral Nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and Nucleus angularis (NA), which receive the auditory afferents, and ipsi- and contralateral Nucleus laminaris (NL), which receive projections from NM. The optical responses consisted of a fast spikelike signal followed by a long-lasting slow signal, which reflected the sodium-dependent action potential and glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), respectively. In NM, NA, and NL, the EPSP-related slow optical signals were detected from some 6-day and all 7- and 8-day preparations, indicating that functional synaptic connectivity in these nuclei arises by the 7-day stage. In the pons of 7- and 8-day embryos, we identified two additional response areas, which evidently correspond to ipsi- and contralateral Nucleus lemnisci lateralis (NLL), the higher-order nuclei of the auditory pathway. Furthermore, we detected optical responses from the contralateral cerebellum, which possibly correspond to transient projections observed only during embryogenesis. The present study demonstrates that functional auditory circuits are established in the chicken embryo at stages earlier than previously reported. We discuss the possible role of afferent-evoked activity with reference to auditory neural network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Optical recording of vagal pathway formation in the embryonic brainstem. Auton Neurosci 2006; 126-127:39-49. [PMID: 16616702 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-site optical recording with a fast voltage-sensitive dye, absorption dye NK2761, was used to study the developmental organization of functional synaptic networks in the vagal pathway. Glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by vagus nerve stimulation was first detected from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) at embryonic day 7 (E7) in chick embryos and E15 in rat embryos, when morphological differentiation of pre- and postsynaptic neurons is incomplete. When extracellular Mg2+ was removed, small EPSPs were elicited at E6 in chick embryos and E14 in rat embryos. These results suggest that synaptic function mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is latently generated 1 day before the expression of glutamatergic EPSP. Functional synapses related to the glossophyaryngeal nerve appear to be generated at the same time as the vagus nerve, but their spatial distribution was different from that of the vagus nerve. We further investigated the development of second synaptic pathways from the NTS to higher centers, and found that neuronal circuits from the NTS are already generated when the primary afferents form functional synapses with NTS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Momose-Sato Y, Honda Y, Sasaki H, Sato K. Optical Imaging of Large-Scale Correlated Wave Activity in the Developing Rat CNS. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:1606-22. [PMID: 15872071 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated neuronal activity plays a fundamental role in the development of the nervous system. Using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a fast voltage-sensitive dye, we previously reported a novel form of correlated activity in the chick embryo, which showed wide propagation throughout the CNS. In this study, we report that similar wave activity is generated in the embryonic rat CNS. Electrical stimulation applied to the cervical cord evoked wave activity that traveled over a wide region of the CNS including the medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, and spinal cord. Small signals were also detected from the cerebellum and part of the cerebrum. Stimulation applied to the cranial nerves such as the trigeminal and vagus nerves evoked waves with similar patterns, indicating that the wave is triggered by external sensory inputs. This wave activity was inhibited by glutamate-, acetylcholine-, GABA- and glycine-receptor antagonists in addition to gap junction blockers such as octanol and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid. In the immunohistochemical study, significant immunoreactivity of connexin26 and connexin32 was also observed. Wave activity detected with a voltage-sensitive dye was accompanied by a Ca2+-wave, indicating that it not only provides electrical synchrony but also biochemical signals associated with [Ca2+]i elevation. These characteristics of the wave activity are similar to those of the depolarization wave reported in the chick embryo, suggesting that the large-scale depolarization wave is globally generated across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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Ziskind-Conhaim L, Redman S. Spatiotemporal patterns of dorsal root-evoked network activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord: optical and intracellular recordings. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:1952-61. [PMID: 15888530 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00209.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of dorsal root-evoked potentials were studied in transverse slices of the rat spinal cord by monitoring optical signals from a voltage-sensitive dye with multiple-photodiode optic camera. Typically, dorsal root stimulation generated two basic waveforms of voltage images: dual-component images consisting of fast, spike-like signal followed by a slow signal in the dorsal horn, and small, slow signals in the ventral horn. To qualitatively relate the optical signals to membrane potentials, whole cell recordings were combined with measurements of light absorption in the area around the soma. The slow optical signals correlated closely with subthreshold postsynaptic potentials in all regions of the cord. The spike-like component was not associated with postsynaptic action potentials, suggesting that the fast signal was generated by presynaptic action potentials. Firing in a single neuron could not be detected optically, implying that local voltage images originated from synchronously activated neuronal ensembles. Blocking glutamatergic synaptic transmission inhibited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and significantly reduced the slow optical signals, indicating that they were mediated by glutamatergic synapses. Suppressing glycine-mediated inhibition increased the amplitude of both optical signals and EPSPs, while blocking GABA(A) receptor-mediated synapses, increased the amplitude and time course of EPSPs and prolonged the duration of voltage images in larger areas of the slice. The close correlation between evoked EPSPs and their respective local voltage images shows the advantage of the high temporal resolution optical system in measuring both the spatiotemporal dynamics of segmental network excitation and integrated potentials of neuronal ensembles at identified sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ziskind-Conhaim
- Department of Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, 129 SMI, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Momose-Sato Y, Mochida H, Sasaki S, Sato K. Depolarization waves in the embryonic CNS triggered by multiple sensory inputs and spontaneous activity: optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye. Neuroscience 2003; 116:407-23. [PMID: 12559096 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we discovered a novel type of depolarization wave in the embryonic chick brain by using a multiple-site optical recording technique with a fast voltage-sensitive dye. This depolarization wave traveled widely over almost all the region of the CNS. This profile has raised the possibility that the depolarization wave plays some global roles in development of the CNS, rather than contributing to a specific neuronal circuit formation. To obtain more information concerning this issue, in the present study, we examined whether the depolarization wave was triggered by various types of peripheral nerve inputs. Stimulation applied to the vagus, glossopharyngeal, cochlear and trigeminal nerves evoked widely spreading depolarization waves with similar spatiotemporal distribution patterns. The developmental sequence of wave expression was parallel to the development of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials in each sensory nucleus. The depolarization wave was accompanied by a Ca(2+)-wave, suggesting that not only electrical synchrony, but also large-scale Ca(2+)-transients may affect developmental processes in the embryonic brain. Furthermore, we found that the depolarization wave also occurred spontaneously. The waveform and distribution patterns of the spontaneous optical signals were similar to those of the cranial nerve-evoked depolarization wave. These results demonstrated that the depolarization wave in the embryonic chick brain is triggered by multiple sources of external and endogenous activity. This profile supports the idea that this depolarization wave may not serve as a simple regulator of specific neuronal circuit formation, but might play more global roles in CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Momose-Sato
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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