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Cropper EC, Perkins M, Jing J. Persistent modulatory actions and task switching in the feeding network of Aplysia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102775. [PMID: 37625344 PMCID: PMC10530010 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The activity of multifunctional networks is configured by neuromodulators that exert persistent effects. This raises a question, does this impact the ability of a network to switch from one type of activity to another? We review studies that have addressed this question in the Aplysia feeding circuit. Task switching in this system occurs "asymmetrically." When there is a switch from egestion to ingestion neuromodulation impedes switching (creates a "negative bias"). When there is a switch from ingestion to egestion the biasing is "positive." Ingestion promotes subsequent egestion. We contrast mechanisms responsible for the two types of biasing and show that the observed asymmetry is a consequence of the fact that there is more than one set of egestive circuit parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Matthew Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Evans CG, Barry MA, Perkins MH, Jing J, Weiss KR, Cropper EC. Variable task switching in the feeding network of Aplysia is a function of differential command input. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:941-952. [PMID: 37671445 PMCID: PMC10648941 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00190.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Command systems integrate sensory information and then activate the interneurons and motor neurons that mediate behavior. Much research has established that the higher-order projection neurons that constitute these systems can play a key role in specifying the nature of the motor activity induced, or determining its parametric features. To a large extent, these insights have been obtained by contrasting activity induced by stimulating one neuron (or set of neurons) to activity induced by stimulating a different neuron (or set of neurons). The focus of our work differs. We study one type of motor program, ingestive feeding in the mollusc Aplysia californica, which can either be triggered when a single projection neuron (CBI-2) is repeatedly stimulated or can be triggered by projection neuron coactivation (e.g., activation of CBI-2 and CBI-3). We ask why this might be an advantageous arrangement. The cellular/molecular mechanisms that configure motor activity are different in the two situations because the released neurotransmitters differ. We focus on an important consequence of this arrangement, the fact that a persistent state can be induced with repeated CBI-2 stimulation that is not necessarily induced by CBI-2/3 coactivation. We show that this difference can have consequences for the ability of the system to switch from one type of activity to another.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We study a type of motor program that can be induced either by stimulating a higher-order projection neuron that induces a persistent state, or by coactivating projection neurons that configure activity but do not produce a state change. We show that when an activity is configured without a state change, it is possible to immediately return to an intermediate state that subsequently can be converted to any type of motor program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Matthew H Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
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Palomo-Carrión R, Romay-Barrero H, Lirio-Romero C, Arroyo-Fernádez R, M-Guijarro-Herraiz M, Ferri-Morales A. Feasibility of family-directed home-based bimanual intensive therapy combined with modified constraint induced movement therapy (h-BITmCI) in very low and low bimanual functional level: A brief report. Dev Neurorehabil 2023; 26:63-70. [PMID: 35833864 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2022.2099993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility of a home-based hybrid Bimanual-Intensive-Therapy combined with modified Constraint-Induced-Movement-Therapy (h-BITmCI) in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy (SUCP) with low and very low bimanual functional level. METHODS A single-group of 10 children aged 5-8 years old, performed the hybrid home Bimanual-Intensive-Therapy (BIT, 80 hours) combined with modified Constraint-Induced-Movement-Therapy (mCIMT, 20 hours): h-BITmCI. Thus, Bimanual Functional Performance (BFP), Quality of Life (QoL) and expectations from families were measured through the Assisting Hand Assessment, (AHA), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, for Cerebral Palsy, (PedsQLTM v. 3.0, CP) and a specific questionnaire for families for baseline period (week 0), during the treatment phase (week 4 and week 8) and after the intervention (week 10). Repeated measures ANOVA analysis (with post hoc test correction) was used for the BFP and QoL, with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% and with p value <.008 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Ten children completed the study with an average of 77-hours-BIT and 17-hours-mCIMT. None of the participants dropped out of the study during the follow-up process, and the parents' expectations were fulfilled, indicating high caregiver compliance. During the first 80 hours of BIT, a mean increase of 3.7 AHA units was obtained for the BFP (p = 1.00) and 1.64 points in the QoL (p = 1.00). Clinically relevant changes were observed in the last two weeks (20 hours mCIMT) with a mean increase of 10.6 AHA units in BFP and 6.29 points in QoL (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS h-BITmCI protocol is feasible to be performed at home with the family's involvement, obtaining the greatest improvements after 100 hours of both therapies. Thus, mCIMT would be a relevant condition to increase the affected upper limb functionality, rather than the dosage used to obtain clinically relevant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Palomo-Carrión
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Group of research in Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Toledo, Spain
| | - Helena Romay-Barrero
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Lirio-Romero
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,Group of research in Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rubén Arroyo-Fernádez
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta M-Guijarro-Herraiz
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Asunción Ferri-Morales
- Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Due MR, Wang Y, Barry MA, Jing J, Reaver CN, Weiss KR, Cropper EC. Convergent effects of neuropeptides on the feeding central pattern generator of Aplysia californica. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1445-1459. [PMID: 35507477 PMCID: PMC9142162 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00025.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulators that induce distinct motor programs act divergently on neural networks to specify output. We study a situation where modulators that act divergently also act convergently. We focus on an interneuron (B63) that is part of the feeding central pattern generator (CPG) in Aplysia californica. Previous work has established that B63 is critical for program initiation regardless of the type of evoked activity. B63 receives input from a number of different elements of the feeding circuit. Program initiation occurs reliably when some are activated, but we show it does not occur reliably with activation of others. When program initiation is reliable, modulatory neuropeptides are released. For example, previous work has established that an ingestive input to the feeding CPG, cerebral buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2), releases feeding circuit activating peptide (FCAP) and cerebral peptide 2 (CP-2). Afferents with processes in the esophageal nerve (EN) that trigger egestive motor programs release small cardioactive peptide (SCP). Previous studies have described divergent effects of FCAP/CP-2 and SCP on the feeding circuit that specify motor activity. Here, we show that FCAP/CP-2 and SCP increase the B63 excitability. Thus, we show that peptides that have well characterized divergent effects on the feeding circuit additionally act convergently at the level of a single neuron. Since convergent effects of neuromodulators are not necessary for specifying network output, we ask why they might be important. Our data suggest that they have an impact during a task switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Due
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Carrie N Reaver
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Evans CG, Barry MA, Jing J, Perkins MH, Weiss KR, Cropper EC. The Complement of Projection Neurons Activated Determines the Type of Feeding Motor Program in Aplysia. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:685222. [PMID: 34177471 PMCID: PMC8222659 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.685222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple projection neurons are often activated to initiate behavior. A question that then arises is, what is the unique functional role of each neuron activated? We address this issue in the feeding system of Aplysia. Previous experiments identified a projection neuron [cerebral buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2)] that can trigger ingestive motor programs but only after it is repeatedly stimulated, i.e., initial programs are poorly defined. As CBI-2 stimulation continues, programs become progressively more ingestive (repetition priming occurs). This priming results, at least in part, from persistent actions of peptide cotransmitters released from CBI-2. We now show that in some preparations repetition priming does not occur. There is no clear seasonal effect; priming and non-priming preparations are encountered throughout the year. CBI-2 is electrically coupled to a second projection neuron, cerebral buccal interneuron 3 (CBI-3). In preparations in which priming does not occur, we show that ingestive activity is generated when CBI-2 and CBI-3 are coactivated. Programs are immediately ingestive, i.e., priming is not necessary, and a persistent state is not induced. Our data suggest that dynamic changes in the configuration of activity can vary and be determined by the complement of projection neurons that trigger activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Evans
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Matthew H. Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Klaudiusz R. Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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An Anticipatory Circuit Modification That Modifies Subsequent Task Switching. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2152-2163. [PMID: 33500278 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2427-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulators are generally expected to establish a network configuration that is appropriate for the current circumstances. We characterize a situation where the opposite is apparently observed. A network effect of a peptide modulator is counterproductive in that it tends to impede rather than promote the creation of the configuration that is appropriate when the modulator is released. This raises a question: why does release occur? We present data that strongly suggest that it impacts task switching. Our experiments were conducted in an Aplysia feeding network that generates egestive and ingestive motor programs. Initial experiments focused on egestive activity and the neuron B8. As activity becomes egestive, there is an increase in synaptic drive to B8 and its firing frequency increases (Wang et al., 2019). We show that, as this occurs, there is also a persistent current that develops in B8 that is outward rather than inward. Dynamic clamp introduction of this current decreases excitability. When there is an egestive-ingestive task switch in Aplysia, negative biasing is observed (i.e., a bout of egestive activity has a negative impact on a subsequent attempt to initiate an ingestive response) (Proekt et al., 2004). Using an in vitro analog of negative biasing, we demonstrate that the outward current that develops during egestive priming plays an important role in establishing this phenomenon. Our data suggest that, although the outward current induced as activity becomes egestive is counterproductive at the time, it plays an anticipatory role in that it subsequently impacts task switching.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we identify a peptide-induced circuit modification (induction of an outward current) that does not immediately promote the establishment of a behaviorally appropriate network configuration. We ask why this might occur, and present data that strongly suggest that it plays an important role during task switching. Specifically, our data suggest that the outward current we characterize plays a role in the negative biasing that is seen in the mollusc Aplysia when there is a transition from egestive to ingestive activity. It is possible that the mechanism that we describe operates in other species. A negative effect of egestion on subsequent ingestion is observed throughout the animal kingdom.
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Emanuelsen A, Voigt M, Madeleine P, Hansen EA. Effect of Tapping Bout Duration During Freely Chosen and Passive Finger Tapping on Rate Enhancement. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:351-363. [PMID: 32525455 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1779021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the duration of the first tapping bout, which could also be considered 'the priming', would play a role for the occurrence of the behavioral phenomenon termed repeated bout rate enhancement. Eighty-eight healthy individuals were recruited. Sixty-three of these demonstrated repeated bout rate enhancement and they were assigned to two different groups, which performed either active or passive tapping as priming. The durations of the first tapping bouts, which acted as priming, were 20, 60, 120, and 180 s. Following the first bout there was a 10 min rest and a subsequent 180 s tapping bout performed at freely chosen tapping rate. Vertical displacement and tapping force data were recorded. Rate enhancement was elicited independently of the duration of the first bout in both groups. Rate enhancement occurred without concurrent changes of the magnitude of vertical displacement, time to peak force, and duration of finger contact phase. The peak force was reduced when 180 s of tapping had been performed as priming. The increased tapping rate following priming by as little as 20 s active or passive tapping, as observed here, is suggested to be a result of increased net excitability of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Emanuelsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernst Albin Hansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Emanuelsen A, Madeleine P, Voigt M, Hansen EA. Motor variability in elicited repeated bout rate enhancement is associated with higher sample entropy. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 68:102520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Network Degeneracy and the Dynamics of Task Switching in the Feeding Circuit in Aplysia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8705-8716. [PMID: 31548235 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1454-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of a network are determined by parameters that describe the intrinsic properties of the component neurons and their synapses. Degeneracy occurs when more than one set of parameters produces the same (or very similar) output. It is not clear whether network degeneracy impacts network function or is simply a reflection of the fact that, although it is important for a network to be able to generate a particular output, it is not important how this is achieved. We address this issue in the feeding network of the mollusc Aplysia In this system, there are two stimulation paradigms that generate egestive motor programs: repetition priming and positive biasing. We demonstrate that circuit parameters differ in the 2 cases (e.g., egestive repetition priming requires activity in an interneuron, B20, which is not essential for positive biasing). We show that degeneracy has consequences for task switching. If egestive repetition priming is immediately followed by stimulation of an ingestive input to the feeding central pattern generator, the first few cycles of activity are egestive (not ingestive). In this situation, there is a task switch cost. This "cost" is in part due to the potentiating effect of egestive repetition priming on B20. In contrast, there is no switch cost after positive biasing. Stimulation of the ingestive central pattern generator input immediately triggers ingestive activity. Our results indicate that the mechanisms used to pattern activity can impact network function in that they can determine how readily a network can switch from one configuration to another.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A particular pattern of neural activity can be generated by more than one set of circuit parameters. How or whether this impacts network function is unclear. We address this issue in the feeding network of Aplysia and demonstrate that degeneracy in network function can have consequences for task switching. Namely, we show that, when egestive activity is generated via one set of circuit modifications, an immediate switch to ingestive activity is not possible. In contrast, rapid transitions to ingestive activity are possible if egestive activity is generated via a different set of circuit modifications.
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10
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Perkins MH, Weiss KR, Cropper EC. Persistent effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate are directly responsible for maintaining a neural network state. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9058. [PMID: 31227744 PMCID: PMC6588548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Network states are often determined by modulators that alter the synaptic and cellular properties of the constituent neurons. Frequently neuromodulators act via second messengers, consequently their effects can persist. This persistence at the cellular/molecular level determines the maintenance of the state at the network level. Here we study a feeding network in Aplysia. In this network, persistent modulation supports the maintenance of an ingestive state, biasing the network to generate ingestive motor programs. Neuropeptides that exert cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent effects play an important role in inducing the ingestive state. Most commonly, modulatory effects exerted through cAMP signaling are persistent as a consequence of PKA activation. This is not the case in the neurons we study. Instead maintenance of the network state depends on the persistence of cAMP itself. Data strongly suggest that this is a consequence of the direct activation of a cyclic nucleotide gated current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Perkins
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Cropper
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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11
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Hansen EA, Bak S, Knudsen L, Seiferheld BE, Stevenson AJT, Emanuelsen A. Contralateral Transfer of the Phenomenon of Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement in Unilateral Index Finger Tapping. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:89-96. [PMID: 30924400 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1592101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
These hypotheses were tested: (1) Freely chosen frequency in unilateral index finger tapping is correlated between the two index fingers, and (2) A 3-min bout of unilateral index finger tapping followed by 10 min rest results in an increase of the freely chosen tapping frequency performed by the contralateral index finger in a second bout. Thirty-two adults participated. Freely chosen tapping frequencies from first bouts were 167.2 ± 79.0 and 161.5 ± 69.4 taps/min for the dominant and non-dominant hand, respectively (p=.434). These variables correlated (R=.86, p<.001). When bout one and two were performed with the dominant and non-dominant hand, respectively, the frequency increased by 8.1%±17.2% in bout two (p=.011). In opposite order, the frequency increased by 14.1%±17.5% (p<.001), which was not different from the ∼8% (p=.157).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lasse Knudsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bo E Seiferheld
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew J T Stevenson
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Emanuelsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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12
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Precision in drawing and tracing tasks: Different measures for different aspects of fine motor control. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 61:177-188. [PMID: 30145538 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drawing and tracing tasks, by being relatively easy to execute and evaluate, have been incorporated in many paradigms used to study motor control. While these tasks are helpful when examining various aspects relative to the performance, the relationship in proficiency between these tasks was not evaluated to our knowledge. Seeing that drawing is thought to be an internally cued and tracing an externally cued task, differences in performances are to be expected. In this study, a quantitative evaluation of the precision of circle drawing and tracing, and spiral tracing was made on 150 healthy subjects. Our results show that, while precision is correlated when repeating drawing circles, tracing spirals, or tracing circles as well as between tracing spirals and tracing circles; there is no correlation when subjects performed drawing circles and tracing spirals or between drawing and tracing of circles. These results suggest that this lack of correlation is task dependent and not shape dependent. We suggest that the evaluation of fine motor control should include both a tracing and a drawing task, taking in consideration the precision in each task. We believe that this approach could help not only to evaluate fine motor control more accurately, but also to identify subjects who are more reliant on either internal or external cueing and to what extent.
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13
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Cropper EC, Jing J, Vilim FS, Barry MA, Weiss KR. Multifaceted Expression of Peptidergic Modulation in the Feeding System of Aplysia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1917-1927. [PMID: 29309115 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are present in species throughout the animal kingdom and generally exert actions that are distinct from those of small molecule transmitters. It has, therefore, been of interest to define the unique behavioral role of this class of substances. Progress in this regard has been made in experimentally advantageous invertebrate preparations. We focus on one such system, the feeding circuit in the mollusc Aplysia. We review research conducted over several decades that played an important role in establishing that peptide cotransmitters are released under behaviorally relevant conditions. We describe how this was accomplished. For example, we describe techniques developed to purify novel peptides, localize them to identified neurons, and detect endogenous peptide release. We also describe physiological experiments that demonstrated that peptides are bioactive under behaviorally relevant conditions. The feeding system is like others in that peptides exert effects that are both convergent and divergent. Work in the feeding system clearly illustrates how this creates potential for behavioral flexibility. Finally, we discuss experiments that determined physiological consequences of one of the hallmark features of peptidergic modulation, its persistence. Research in the feeding system demonstrated that this persistence can change network state and play an important role in determining network output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ferdinand S. Vilim
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Klaudiusz R. Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States
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14
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Emanuelsen A, Voigt M, Madeleine P, Kjær P, Dam S, Koefoed N, Hansen EA. Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement Is Elicited by Various Forms of Finger Tapping. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:526. [PMID: 30108479 PMCID: PMC6079229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary rhythmic movements, such as, for example, locomotion and other cyclic tasks, are fundamental during everyday life. Patients with impaired neural or motor function often take part in rehabilitation programs, which include rhythmic movements. Therefore, it is imperative to have the best possible understanding of control and behaviour of human voluntary rhythmic movements. A behavioural phenomenon termed repeated bout rate enhancement has been established as an increase of the freely chosen index finger tapping frequency during the second of two consecutive tapping bouts. The present study investigated whether the phenomenon would be elicited when the first bout consisted of imposed passive finger tapping or air tapping. These two forms of tapping were applied since they can be performed without descending drive (passive tapping) and without afferent feedback related to impact (air tapping) – as compared to tapping on a surface. Healthy individuals (n = 33) performed 3-min tapping bouts separated by 10 min rest. Surface electromyographic, kinetic, and kinematic data were recorded. Supportive experiments were made to measure, for example, the cortical sensory evoked potential (SEP) response during the three different forms of tapping. Results showed that tapping frequencies in the second of two consecutive bouts increased by 12.9 ± 14.8% (p < 0.001), 9.9 ± 6.0% (p = 0.001), and 16.8 ± 13.6% (p = 0.005) when the first bout had consisted of tapping, passive tapping, and air tapping, respectively. Rate enhancement occurred without increase in muscle activation. Besides, the rate enhancements occurred despite that tapping, as compared with passive tapping and air tapping, resulted in different cortical SEP responses. Based on the present findings, it can be suggested that sensory feedback in an initial bout increases the excitability of the spinal central pattern generators involved in finger tapping. This can eventually explain the phenomenon of repeated bout rate enhancement seen after a consecutive bout of finger tapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Emanuelsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pia Kjær
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Dam
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Koefoed
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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15
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Cellular Effects of Repetition Priming in the Aplysia Feeding Network Are Suppressed during a Task-Switch But Persist and Facilitate a Return to the Primed State. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6475-6490. [PMID: 29934354 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0547-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neural networks are multitasking and receive modulatory input, which configures activity. As a result, these networks can enter a relatively persistent state in which they are biased to generate one type of output as opposed to another. A question we address is as follows: what happens to this type of state when the network is forced to task-switch? We address this question in the feeding system of the mollusc Aplysia This network generates ingestive and egestive motor programs. We focus on an identified neuron that is selectively active when programs are ingestive. Previous work has established that the increase in firing frequency observed during ingestive programs is at least partially mediated by an excitability increase. Here we identify the underlying cellular mechanism as the induction of a cAMP-dependent inward current. We ask how this current is impacted by the subsequent induction of egestive activity. Interestingly, we demonstrate that this task-switch does not eliminate the inward current but instead activates an outward current. The induction of the outward current obviously reduces the net inward current in the cell. This produces the decrease in excitability and firing frequency required for the task-switch. Importantly, however, the persistence of the inward current is not impacted. It remains present and coexists with the outward current. Consequently, when effects of egestive priming and the outward current dissipate, firing frequency and excitability remain above baseline levels. This presumably has important functional implications in that it will facilitate a return to ingestive activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Under physiological conditions, an animal generating a particular type of motor activity can be forced to at least briefly task-switch. In some circumstances, this involves the temporary induction of an "antagonistic" or incompatible motor program. For example, ingestion can be interrupted by a brief period of egestive activity. In this type of situation, it is often desirable for behavioral switching to occur rapidly and efficiently. In this report, we focus on a particular aspect of this type of task-switch. We determine how the priming that occurs when a multitasking network repeatedly generates one type of motor activity can be retained during the execution of an incompatible motor program.
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16
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Cropper EC, Jing J, Perkins MH, Weiss KR. Use of the Aplysia feeding network to study repetition priming of an episodic behavior. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1861-1870. [PMID: 28679841 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00373.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many central pattern generator (CPG)-mediated behaviors are episodic, meaning that they are not continuously ongoing; instead, there are pauses between bouts of activity. This raises an interesting possibility, that the neural networks that mediate these behaviors are not operating under "steady-state" conditions; i.e., there could be dynamic changes in motor activity as it stops and starts. Research in the feeding system of the mollusk Aplysia californica has demonstrated that this can be the case. After a pause, initial food grasping responses are relatively weak. With repetition, however, responses strengthen. In this review we describe experiments that have characterized cellular/molecular mechanisms that produce these changes in motor activity. In particular, we focus on cumulative effects of modulatory neuropeptides. Furthermore, we relate Aplysia research to work in other systems and species, and develop a hypothesis that postulates that changes in response magnitude are a reflection of an efficient feeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Jian Jing
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Matthew H Perkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
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17
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Ludwar BC, Evans CG, Cambi M, Cropper EC. Activity-dependent increases in [Ca 2+] i contribute to digital-analog plasticity at a molluscan synapse. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:2104-2112. [PMID: 28275057 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a type of short-term plasticity that is observed in a number of systems, synaptic transmission is potentiated by depolarizing changes in the membrane potential of the presynaptic neuron before spike initiation. This digital-analog form of plasticity is graded. The more depolarized the neuron, the greater the increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In a number of systems, including the system presently under investigation, this type of modulation is calcium dependent, and its graded nature is presumably a consequence of a direct relationship between the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the effect on synaptic transmission. It is therefore of interest to identify factors that determine the magnitude of this type of calcium signal. We studied a synapse in Aplysia and demonstrate that there can be a contribution from currents activated during spiking. When neurons spike, there are localized increases in [Ca2+]i that directly trigger neurotransmitter release. Additionally, spiking can lead to global increases in [Ca2+]i that are reminiscent of those induced by subthreshold depolarization. We demonstrate that these spike-induced increases in [Ca2+]i result from the activation of a current not activated by subthreshold depolarization. Importantly, they decay with a relatively slow time constant. Consequently, with repeated spiking, even at a low frequency, they readily summate to become larger than increases in [Ca2+]i induced by subthreshold depolarization alone. When this occurs, global increases in [Ca2+]i induced by spiking play the predominant role in determining the efficacy of synaptic transmission.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that spiking can induce global increases in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that decay with a relatively long time constant. Consequently, summation of the calcium signal occurs even at low firing frequencies. As a result there is significant, persistent potentiation of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Ch Ludwar
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia
| | - Colin G Evans
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Monica Cambi
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Elizabeth C Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
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