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Ying Y, Huixin Z, Yunxia W, Wenhui L. The role of handwriting in English word acquisition among elementary students. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104284. [PMID: 38703657 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate whether handwriting has an advantage in learning word form, sound, and meaning, this study randomly selected 40 elementary school student participants (20 males, 20 females, aged 11.4 ± 1.34 years). Using an experimental approach, we compared the learning outcomes of word sound matching, word meaning matching, and word form judgment tasks under two conditions: handwriting and visual learning. After three consecutive days of learning and testing, we found that handwriting generally outperformed visual learning in terms of accuracy and response time in word form, sound, and meaning learning. Additionally, we observed differences in the timing of significant discrepancies in learning outcomes between the two methods across the three tasks. Specifically, in terms of accuracy, discrepancies first appeared in the word sound matching task on the first day, followed by the word form judgment task, and lastly the word meaning matching task. Regarding response time, significant differences between learning methods first emerged in the word form judgment task, followed by the word sound and word meaning tasks. Thus, combining accuracy and response time data, we conclude that handwriting is more advantageous than visual learning for word acquisition, with a differential impact on word form, sound, and meaning, where word form and sound are prioritized over meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ying
- College of Preschool and Primary Education, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhang Huixin
- College of Preschool and Primary Education, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wu Yunxia
- College of Preschool and Primary Education, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Wenhui
- College of Preschool and Primary Education, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Lopes-Santos LE, de Angelis G, Nakano FN, Thome U, Velasco TR, Santos MV, Machado HR, Hamad APA, Sakamoto AC, Wichert-Ana L. Executive functioning in children with posterior cortex epilepsy compared to temporal and frontal lobe epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2023; 192:107141. [PMID: 37062183 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with epilepsy are at an increased risk of experiencing executive dysfunction, particularly those with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The literature has also demonstrated alterations in executive functioning (EF) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, few studies have examined the neuropsychological profile of posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE), and little attention has been given to cognitive impairments in the pediatric population with PCE. This study aims to investigate EF performance in children with drug-resistant PCE compared to patients with FLE and TLE. METHODS We analyzed neuropsychological data from 217 patients aged 6-18 years who underwent preoperative evaluation for epilepsy surgery. The EF of patients with PCE was compared to patients with FLE and TLE. RESULTS There was no significant difference in Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) means between groups. However, we found a significant effect of brain region on the Coding task, in which patients with PCE and FLE performed worse than those with TLE (p = 0.034). We also observed performance differences between groups on the Stroop test (p = 0.005), with patients with PCE and FLE performing worse than the TLE group. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that children with PCE have alterations in their EF that are similar to the deficits found in FLE compared to patients with TLE. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the neuroanatomy of executive functions and the model of neural networks extending beyond the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Emmanuel Lopes-Santos
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Geisa de Angelis
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederico Nakane Nakano
- Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ursula Thome
- Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tonicarlo Rodrigues Velasco
- Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Andrade Hamad
- Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Américo Ceiki Sakamoto
- Epilepsy Surgery Center (CIREP), Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauro Wichert-Ana
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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3
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Guida P, Michiels M, Redgrave P, Luque D, Obeso I. An fMRI meta-analysis of the role of the striatum in everyday-life vs laboratory-developed habits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104826. [PMID: 35963543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum plays a critical role in the acquisition and expression of stimulus-response habits that are learned in experimental laboratories. Here, we use meta-analytic procedures to contrast the neural circuits activated by laboratory-acquired habits with those activated by stimulus-response behaviours acquired in everyday-life. We confirmed that newly learned habits rely more on the anterior putamen with activation extending into caudate and nucleus accumbens. Motor and associative components of everyday-life habits were identified. We found that motor-dominant stimulus-response associations developed outside the laboratory primarily engaged posterior dorsal putamen, supplementary motor area (SMA) and cerebellum. Importantly, associative components were also represented in the posterior putamen. Thus, common neural representations for both naturalistic and laboratory-based habits were found in the left posterior and right anterior putamen. These findings suggest a partial common striatal substrate for habitual actions that are performed predominantly by stimulus-response associations represented in the posterior striatum. The overlapping neural substrates for laboratory and everyday-life habits supports the use of both methods for the analysis of habitual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Guida
- HM CINAC, Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC. Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mario Michiels
- HM CINAC, Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC. Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Luque
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Psicología Básica, Universidad de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Obeso
- HM CINAC, Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC. Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Psychobiology department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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The impact of graphic motor programs and detailed visual analysis on letter-like shape recognition. Cognition 2020; 205:104443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Senatore R, Marcelli A. A paradigm for emulating the early learning stage of handwriting: Performance comparison between healthy controls and Parkinson’s disease patients in drawing loop shapes. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 65:S0167-9457(17)30834-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Shuggi IM, Shewokis PA, Herrmann JW, Gentili RJ. Changes in motor performance and mental workload during practice of reaching movements: a team dynamics perspective. Exp Brain Res 2017; 236:433-451. [PMID: 29214390 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Few investigations have examined mental workload during motor practice or learning in a context of team dynamics. This study examines the underlying cognitive-motor processes of motor practice by assessing the changes in motor performance and mental workload during practice of reaching movements. Individuals moved a robotic arm to reach targets as fast and as straight as possible while satisfying the task requirement of avoiding a collision between the end-effector and the workspace limits. Individuals practiced the task either alone (HA group) or with a synthetic teammate (HRT group), which regulated the effector velocity to help satisfy the task requirements. The findings revealed that the performance of both groups improved similarly throughout practice. However, when compared to the individuals of the HA group, those in the HRT group (1) had a lower risk of collisions, (2) exhibited higher performance consistency, and (3) revealed a higher level of mental workload while generally perceiving the robotic teammate as interfering with their performance. As the synthetic teammate changed the effector velocity in specific regions near the workspace boundaries, individuals may have been constrained to learn a piecewise visuomotor map. This piecewise map made the task more challenging, which increased mental workload and perception of the synthetic teammate as a burden. The examination of both motor performance and mental workload revealed a combination of both adaptive and maladaptive team dynamics. This work is a first step to examine the human cognitive-motor processes underlying motor practice in a context of team dynamics and contributes to inform human-robot applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Shuggi
- Systems Engineering Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Patricia A Shewokis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Nutrition Sciences Department, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Herrmann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rodolphe J Gentili
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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7
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Palmis S, Danna J, Velay JL, Longcamp M. Motor control of handwriting in the developing brain: A review. Cogn Neuropsychol 2017; 34:187-204. [PMID: 28891745 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2017.1367654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the acquisition of writing motor aspects in adults, and in 5-to 12-year-old children without learning disabilities. We first describe the behavioural aspects of adult writing and dominant models based on the notion of motor programs. We show that handwriting acquisition is characterized by the transition from reactive movements programmed stroke-by-stroke in younger children, to an automatic control of the whole trajectory when the motor programs are memorized at about 10 years old. Then, we describe the neural correlates of adult writing, and the changes that could occur with learning during childhood. The acquisition of a new skill is characterized by the involvement of a network more restricted in space and where neural specificity is increased in key regions. The cerebellum and the left dorsal premotor cortex are of fundamental importance in motor learning, and could be at the core of the acquisition of handwriting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Palmis
- a CNRS, Aix Marseille University LNC, , Marseille , France
| | - Jeremy Danna
- a CNRS, Aix Marseille University LNC, , Marseille , France
| | - Jean-Luc Velay
- a CNRS, Aix Marseille University LNC, , Marseille , France
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8
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Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality? Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:264-83. [PMID: 26956115 PMCID: PMC4824026 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective for both hypo- and hyperkinetic movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. The clinical use of DBS is, in part, empiric, based on the experience with prior surgical ablative therapies for these disorders, and, in part, driven by scientific discoveries made decades ago. In this review, we consider anatomical and functional concepts of the basal ganglia relevant to our understanding of DBS mechanisms, as well as our current understanding of the pathophysiology of two of the most commonly DBS-treated conditions, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Finally, we discuss the proposed mechanism(s) of action of DBS in restoring function in patients with movement disorders. The signs and symptoms of the various disorders appear to result from signature disordered activity in the basal ganglia output, which disrupts the activity in thalamocortical and brainstem networks. The available evidence suggests that the effects of DBS are strongly dependent on targeting sensorimotor portions of specific nodes of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit, that is, the subthalamic nucleus and the internal segment of the globus pallidus. There is little evidence to suggest that DBS in patients with movement disorders restores normal basal ganglia functions (e.g., their role in movement or reinforcement learning). Instead, it appears that high-frequency DBS replaces the abnormal basal ganglia output with a more tolerable pattern, which helps to restore the functionality of downstream networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Desrochers TM, Burk DC, Badre D, Sheinberg DL. The Monitoring and Control of Task Sequences in Human and Non-Human Primates. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 9:185. [PMID: 26834581 PMCID: PMC4720743 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to plan and execute a series of tasks leading to a desired goal requires remarkable coordination between sensory, motor, and decision-related systems. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a central role in this coordination, especially when actions must be assembled extemporaneously and cannot be programmed as a rote series of movements. A central component of this flexible behavior is the moment-by-moment allocation of working memory and attention. The ubiquity of sequence planning in our everyday lives belies the neural complexity that supports this capacity, and little is known about how frontal cortical regions orchestrate the monitoring and control of sequential behaviors. For example, it remains unclear if and how sensory cortical areas, which provide essential driving inputs for behavior, are modulated by the frontal cortex during these tasks. Here, we review what is known about moment-to-moment monitoring as it relates to visually guided, rule-driven behaviors that change over time. We highlight recent human work that shows how the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) participates in monitoring during task sequences. Neurophysiological data from monkeys suggests that monitoring may be accomplished by neurons that respond to items within the sequence and may in turn influence the tuning properties of neurons in posterior sensory areas. Understanding the interplay between proceduralized or habitual acts and supervised control of sequences is key to our understanding of sequential task execution. A crucial bridge will be the use of experimental protocols that allow for the examination of the functional homology between monkeys and humans. We illustrate how task sequences may be parceled into components and examined experimentally, thereby opening future avenues of investigation into the neural basis of sequential monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Desrochers
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Diana C Burk
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - David Badre
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA; Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
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10
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Drawing and writing: An ALE meta-analysis of sensorimotor activations. Brain Cogn 2015; 98:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Graphomotor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Handwriting and learning a new letter. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:318-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Sosnik R, Flash T, Sterkin A, Hauptmann B, Karni A. The activity in the contralateral primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor and supplementary motor area is modulated by performance gains. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:201. [PMID: 24795591 PMCID: PMC3997032 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing experimental evidence that the engagement of different brain areas in a given motor task may change with practice, although the specific brain activity patterns underlying different stages of learning, as defined by kinematic or dynamic performance indices, are not well understood. Here we studied the change in activation in motor areas during practice on sequences of handwriting-like trajectories, connecting four target points on a digitizing table “as rapidly and as accurately as possible” while lying inside an fMRI scanner. Analysis of the subjects' pooled kinematic and imaging data, acquired at the beginning, middle, and end of the training period, revealed no correlation between the amount of activation in the contralateral M1, PM (dorsal and ventral), supplementary motor area (SMA), preSMA, and Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) and the amount of practice per-se. Single trial analysis has revealed that the correlation between the amount of activation in the contralateral M1 and trial mean velocity was partially modulated by performance gains related effects, such as increased hand motion smoothness. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of activation in the contralateral preSMA increased when subjects shifted from generating straight point-to-point trajectories to their spatiotemporal concatenation into a smooth, curved trajectory. Altogether, our results indicate that the amount of activation in the contralateral M1, PMd, and preSMA during the learning of movement sequences is correlated with performance gains and that high level motion features (e.g., motion smoothness) may modulate, or even mask correlations between activity changes and low-level motion attributes (e.g., trial mean velocity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sosnik
- Department of Neurobiology, Brain Research, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel ; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Flash
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Sterkin
- Faculty of Medicine, Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Bjoern Hauptmann
- Department of Neurology, Segeberger Kliniken Bad Segeberg, Germany ; Department of Therapeutic Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
| | - Avi Karni
- Faculty of Education, Department of Learning Disabilities, The Brain Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
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13
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Leung MMP, Lam CSY, Lam SST, Pao NWY, Li-Tsang CWP. Visual profile of children with handwriting difficulties in Hong Kong Chinese. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:144-152. [PMID: 24176256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find out the visual profiles of children with handwriting difficulties (HWD) in Hong Kong Chinese. Forty-nine children with HWD (mean age 8.4 ± 1.1 years) and 27 controls (mean age 7.7 ± 0.7 years) were recruited. All subjects received eye examination and vision assessment included ocular health, refraction, accommodative functions, binocularity, visual perception (by Gardner reversal frequency test: recognition subtest; Test of visual perceptual skills (non-motor)-revised) and motor skills (by The Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual motor integration; Detroit test of motor speed and precision). Higher percentages of tropia and phoria (of magnitude >6 prism dioptres) were found in children with HWD of 6.1% and 14.3% respectively. After adjusted for the effect of age, children with HWD showed significantly worse accommodative facility, directionality, visual discrimination, visual spatial relation, visual form constancy, visual sequential memory, visual figure ground, visual closure and visual motor integration. Studies reported the visual functions of children with HWD were mostly concerned with alphabetic languages, while studies concerning Chinese HWD were relatively less. This study provided the visual profiles of children with Chinese HWD. Based on the visual profile, further study is indicated to investigate the effect of optometric interventions on the assessment and remediation for children with HWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel M P Leung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Stoodley CJ. The cerebellum and cognition: evidence from functional imaging studies. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 11:352-65. [PMID: 21373864 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for a role of the human cerebellum in cognitive functions comes from anatomical, clinical and neuroimaging data. Functional neuroimaging reveals cerebellar activation during a variety of cognitive tasks, including language, visual-spatial, executive, and working memory processes. It is important to note that overt movement is not a prerequisite for cerebellar activation: the cerebellum is engaged during conditions which either control for motor output or do not involve motor responses. Resting-state functional connectivity data reveal that, in addition to networks underlying motor control, the cerebellum is part of "cognitive" networks with prefrontal and parietal association cortices. Consistent with these findings, regional differences in activation patterns within the cerebellum are evident depending on the task demands, suggesting that the cerebellum can be broadly divided into functional regions based on the patterns of anatomical connectivity between different regions of the cerebellum and sensorimotor and association areas of the cerebral cortex. However, the distinct contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive tasks is not clear. Here, the functional neuroimaging evidence for cerebellar involvement in cognitive functions is reviewed and related to hypotheses as to why the cerebellum is active during such tasks. Identifying the precise role of the cerebellum in cognition-as well as the mechanism by which the cerebellum modulates performance during a wide range of tasks-remains a challenge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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15
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Orban P, Peigneux P, Lungu O, Debas K, Barakat M, Bellec P, Benali H, Maquet P, Doyon J. Functional neuroanatomy associated with the expression of distinct movement kinematics in motor sequence learning. Neuroscience 2011; 179:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Moisello C, Avanzino L, Tacchino A, Ruggeri P, Ghilardi MF, Bove M. Motor sequence learning: acquisition of explicit knowledge is concomitant to changes in motor strategy of finger opposition movements. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:104-8. [PMID: 21459132 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor sequence learning is not a unitary phenomenon, but involves optimizing different components that include declarative and procedural aspects. In this work we designed an experimental approach that allows monitoring all the aspects of sequence learning using a finger opposition task and a movement-by-movement analysis. Subjects performed a visuomotor sequence learning paradigm with (Explicit) or without (Implicit) instructions and we measured response time (RT) and touch duration (TD) for each finger opposition movement of the sequence. Our results indicated that sequence learning induced a double-faced effect on motor performance: a decrease of RT and an increase of TD. However, the above changes manifested differently among subjects: all subjects that, by the end of session, had complete recall of the sequence order, reached an equal level of performance by the last sequence block while in those who had on average only a poor recall of the sequence order, learning was evident only as a slight decrease of RT across sequence blocks, while no kinematic changes (i.e., changes in TD) occurred. Our results indicate that, in the absence of specific instructions, learning evolves from an early stage in which only small decreases of RT are observed to a phase in which progressive knowledge of the sequential structure allows for dramatic changes of RT, together with a progressive change of motor performance (i.e., changes in TD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Moisello
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Italy
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17
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Can computer mice be used as low-cost devices for the acquisition of planar human movement velocity signals? Behav Res Methods 2010; 43:229-38. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-010-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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