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Umesawa Y, Atsumi T, Fukatsu R, Ide M. Decreased utilization of allocentric coordinates during reaching movement in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236768. [PMID: 33206652 PMCID: PMC7673550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous reports of abnormalities in limb motor controls in spatial orientation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. We studied the influence of allocentric coordinates on ongoing reaching movements, which has been reported to strongly affect the reaching movements of typically developing (TD) individuals. ASD and TD participants observed a target presented randomly on one of the four corners of a frame on a screen. After it disappeared, another frame was presented slightly shifted leftward/rightward. The participants touched the memorized position of the target relatively congruent with a reference frame (allocentric condition) or ignoring it (egocentric condition). Results suggested that TD individuals were apt to touch the positions in allocentric manner rather than egocentric manner, while ASDs did not show this prioritization. Our findings demonstrate that decreased utilization of visual landmarks in ongoing movement may underlie motor disabilities in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Umesawa
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (YU)
| | - Takeshi Atsumi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Reiko Fukatsu
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ide
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (MI); (YU)
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Bharmauria V, Sajad A, Li J, Yan X, Wang H, Crawford JD. Integration of Eye-Centered and Landmark-Centered Codes in Frontal Eye Field Gaze Responses. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4995-5013. [PMID: 32390052 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is thought to separate egocentric and allocentric representations, but behavioral experiments show that these codes are optimally integrated to influence goal-directed movements. To test if frontal cortex participates in this integration, we recorded primate frontal eye field activity during a cue-conflict memory delay saccade task. To dissociate egocentric and allocentric coordinates, we surreptitiously shifted a visual landmark during the delay period, causing saccades to deviate by 37% in the same direction. To assess the cellular mechanisms, we fit neural response fields against an egocentric (eye-centered target-to-gaze) continuum, and an allocentric shift (eye-to-landmark-centered) continuum. Initial visual responses best-fit target position. Motor responses (after the landmark shift) predicted future gaze position but embedded within the motor code was a 29% shift toward allocentric coordinates. This shift appeared transiently in memory-related visuomotor activity, and then reappeared in motor activity before saccades. Notably, fits along the egocentric and allocentric shift continua were initially independent, but became correlated across neurons just before the motor burst. Overall, these results implicate frontal cortex in the integration of egocentric and allocentric visual information for goal-directed action, and demonstrate the cell-specific, temporal progression of signal multiplexing for this process in the gaze system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Bharmauria
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Amirsaman Sajad
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jirui Li
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Hongying Wang
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - John Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Vision Research and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.,Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology & Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Chakrabarty M, Wada M. Perceptual effects of fast and automatic visual ensemble statistics from faces in individuals with typical development and autism spectrum conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2169. [PMID: 32034204 PMCID: PMC7005810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether covert ensembles of high- (emotion), and low-level (brightness) visual information, extracted from peripheral faces (presentation/encoding:200 ms), unintentionally influences perception of a central target face stimulus in individuals typically developing (TD) and with autism spectrum condition (ASC). Graded alterations in the summary intensities of the emotion and brightness of the peripheral stimuli modulated the perceptions of the target face in both TD and ASC. In contrast, when we measured goal-directed (overt) ensemble face- emotion and brightness perception, we found that in half of ASC the overt ensemble emotion perception was impaired than TD. Additionally, we repeated both experiments with a backward visual mask to restrict not just encoding but also background processing in the visual system to 200 ms. This revealed that the effect of peripheral ensembles on centre perception was present only with brightness at least in TD but of overt ensembles was evident with both emotion and brightness in TD and ASC alike. These results suggest that while ensemble statistics of low-level information derived automatically and rapidly (200 ms) from contextualized faces are used for target face perception, the same takes longer with high-level information. However, overt facial ensembles are rapidly processed in both TD and ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Chakrabarty
- Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-D), Okhla Industrial Estate,Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Makoto Wada
- Developmental Disorders Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.
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Nishimura N, Uchimura M, Kitazawa S. Automatic encoding of a target position relative to a natural scene. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1849-1860. [PMID: 31509471 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00032.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the brain automatically represents a target position for reaching relative to a large square in the background. In the present study, we tested whether a natural scene with many complex details serves as an effective background for representing a target. In the first experiment, we used upright and inverted pictures of a natural scene. A shift of pictures significantly attenuated prism adaptation of reaching movements as long as they were upright. In one-third of participants, adaptation was almost completely cancelled whether the pictures were upright or inverted. It was remarkable that there were two distinct groups of participants, one who relies fully on the allocentric coordinate and the other who depended only when the scene was upright. In the second experiment, we examined how long it takes for a novel upright scene to serve as a background. A shift of the novel scene had no significant effects when it was presented for 500 ms before presenting a target, but significant effects were recovered when presented for 1,500 ms. These results show that a natural scene serves as a background against which a target is automatically represented once we spend 1,500 ms in the scene.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prism adaptation of reaching was attenuated by a shift of natural scenes as long as they were upright. In one-third of participants, adaptation was fully canceled whether the scene was upright or inverted. When an upright scene was novel, it took 1,500 ms to prepare the scene for allocentric coding. These results show that a natural scene serves as a background against which a target is automatically represented once we spend 1,500 ms in the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoaki Uchimura
- Dynamic Brain Network Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kitazawa
- Dynamic Brain Network Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Chen Y, Crawford JD. Allocentric representations for target memory and reaching in human cortex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1464:142-155. [PMID: 31621922 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of allocentric cues for movement guidance is complex because it involves the integration of visual targets and independent landmarks and the conversion of this information into egocentric commands for action. Here, we focus on the mechanisms for encoding reach targets relative to visual landmarks in humans. First, we consider the behavioral results suggesting that both of these cues influence target memory, but are then transformed-at the first opportunity-into egocentric commands for action. We then consider the cortical mechanisms for these behaviors. We discuss different allocentric versus egocentric mechanisms for coding of target directional selectivity in memory (inferior temporal gyrus versus superior occipital gyrus) and distinguish these mechanisms from parieto-frontal activation for planning egocentric direction of actual reach movements. Then, we consider where and how the former allocentric representations of remembered reach targets are converted into the latter egocentric plans. In particular, our recent neuroimaging study suggests that four areas in the parietal and frontal cortex (right precuneus, bilateral dorsal premotor cortex, and right presupplementary area) participate in this allo-to-ego conversion. Finally, we provide a functional overview describing how and why egocentric and landmark-centered representations are segregated early in the visual system, but then reintegrated in the parieto-frontal cortex for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Douglas Crawford
- Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Vision Research, Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, and Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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