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Hu Z, Liu Y, Huang K, Huang H, Li F, Yuan X. Comparing the Effect of Isoinertial Flywheel Training and Traditional Resistance Training on Maximal Strength and Muscle Power in Healthy People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:908. [PMID: 39063661 PMCID: PMC11277740 DOI: 10.3390/life14070908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze whether isoinertial flywheel training (FWT) is superior to traditional resistance training (TRT) in enhancing maximal strength and muscle power in healthy individuals. METHODS Electronic searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases up to 21 April 2024. Outcomes were analyzed as continuous variables using either a random or fixed effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of sixteen articles, involving 341 subjects, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the statistical analyses. The pooled results indicate no statistically significant differences between FWT and TRT in developing maximal strength in healthy individuals (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.26, 0.74], p = 0.35). Additionally, the pooled outcomes showed a small-sized effect in muscle power with FWT (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI [0.10, 0.84]), which was significantly higher than that with TRT (p = 0.01) in healthy individuals. Subgroup analysis revealed that when the total number of FWT sessions is between 12 and 18 (1-3 times per week), it significantly improves muscle power (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.12, 1.09]). Significant effects favoring FWT for muscle power were observed in both well-trained (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI [0.04, 1.13]) and untrained individuals (SMD = 1.40, 95% CI [0.23, 2.57]). In terms of exercise, performing flywheel training with squat and lunge exercises significantly enhances muscle power (SMD = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.02-0.84, and p = 0.04). Interestingly, FWT was superior to weight stack resistance training (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI [0.21, 1.00]) in enhancing muscle power, while no significant differences were found compared to barbell free weights training (SMD = 0.36, 95% CI [-0.22, 0.94]). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms the superiority of FWT compared to TRT in promoting muscle power in both healthy untrained and well-trained individuals. Squats and lunges for FWT are more suitable for improving lower limb explosive power. It is recommended that coaches and trainers implement FWT for six weeks, 2-3 times per week, with at least a 48 h interval between each session. Although FWT is not superior to free weights training, it is advisable to include FWT in sport periodization to diversify the training stimuli for healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Hu
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuhang Liu
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Keke Huang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Hao Huang
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Feng Li
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.H.); (K.H.); (H.H.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
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Hov H, Eithun G, Wang E, Helgerud J. Aerobic high-intensity interval training and maximal strength training in patients with unspecific musculoskeletal disorders improve V̇O 2peak and maximal strength more than moderate training. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:1010-1020. [PMID: 38956785 PMCID: PMC11235885 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Improving peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and maximal strength are key objectives of rehabilitation for patients with unspecific musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Although high-intensity training yield superior outcomes for these factors, patients with MSDs may not tolerate high-intensity due to pain and fear. Therefore, we examined the effect and feasibility of incorporating aerobic high-intensity intervals (HIITs) and maximal strength training (MST) in a standard clinical rehabilitation program for patients with unspecific MSDs. 73 patients (45 ± 10 years) with MSDs partaking in a standard, public, and 4-week rehabilitation program were randomized to high-intensity training (HG: 4 × 4 minutes intervals at ∼90% of maximal heart rate; HRmax, and 4 × 4 repetitions leg press at ∼90% of 1 repetition maximum; 1RM, with maximal intended velocity) or keep todays treatment of low-to moderate-intensity training (MG: various cycling, walking, and/or running activities at ∼70%-80% of HRmax and 3 × 8 - 10 repetitions leg press at ∼75% of 1RM without maximal intended velocity). HG improved V̇O2peak (12 ± 7%) and leg press 1RM (43 ± 34%) more than moderate-intensity group (V̇O2peak; 5 ± 6%, 1RM; 19 ± 18%, both p < 0.001). We observed that no adverse events and no between-group differences in dropout rate or self-reported quality of life (both p > 0.05). There were positive correlations between improved V̇O2peak and improved physical (p = 0.024) and emotional (0.016) role functioning. We conclude that both high-intensity interval training and MST are feasible and improve V̇O2peak and maximal strength more than standard low-to moderate-intensity treatment of patients with unspecific MSDs. Our findings suggest that high-intensity training should be implemented as a part of standard clinical care of this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Hov
- TreningsklinikkenMedical Rehabilitation ClinicTrondheimNorway
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social CareMolde University CollegeMoldeNorway
| | - Geir Eithun
- Department of Circulation and Medical ImagingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Unicare HokksundMedical Rehabilitation CentreHokksundNorway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social CareMolde University CollegeMoldeNorway
- Department of Psychosis and RehabilitationPsychiatry ClinicSt. Olavs University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- TreningsklinikkenMedical Rehabilitation ClinicTrondheimNorway
- Department of Circulation and Medical ImagingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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Tøien T, Nielsen JL, Berg OK, Brobakken MF, Nyberg SK, Espedal L, Malmo T, Frandsen U, Aagaard P, Wang E. The impact of life-long strength versus endurance training on muscle fiber morphology and phenotype composition in older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1360-1371. [PMID: 37881849 PMCID: PMC10979801 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00208.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is typically associated with decreased muscle strength and rate of force development (RFD), partly explained by motor unit remodeling due to denervation, and subsequent loss of fast-twitch type II myofibers. Exercise is commonly advocated to counteract this detrimental loss. However, it is unclear how life-long strength versus endurance training may differentially affect markers of denervation and reinnervation of skeletal myofibers and, in turn, affect the proportion and morphology of fast-twitch type II musculature. Thus, we compared fiber type distribution, fiber type grouping, and the prevalence of atrophic myofibers (≤1,494 µm2) in strength-trained (OS) versus endurance-trained (OE) master athletes and compared the results to recreationally active older adults (all >70 yr, OC) and young habitually active references (<30 yr, YC). Immunofluorescent stainings were performed on biopsy samples from vastus lateralis, along with leg press maximal strength and RFD measurements. OS demonstrated similar type II fiber distribution (OS: 52.0 ± 16.4%; YC: 51.1 ± 14.4%), fiber type grouping, maximal strength (OS: 170.0 ± 18.9 kg, YC: 151.0 ± 24.4 kg), and RFD (OS: 3,993 ± 894 N·s-1, YC: 3,470 ± 1,394 N·s-1) as young, and absence of atrophic myofibers (OS: 0.2 ± 0.7%; YC: 0.1 ± 0.4%). In contrast, OE and OC exhibited more atrophic fibers (OE: 1.2 ± 1.0%; OC: 1.1 ± 1.4%), more grouped fibers, and smaller proportion of type II fibers (OE: 39.3 ± 11.9%; OC: 35.0 ± 12.4%) than OS and YC (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, strength-trained master athletes were characterized by similar muscle morphology as young, which was not the case for recreationally active or endurance-trained old. These results indicate that strength training may preserve type II fibers with advancing age in older men, likely as a result of chronic use of high contractile force generation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is associated with loss of fast-twitch type II myofibers, motor unit remodeling, and grouping of myofibers. This study reveals, for the first time, that strength training preserves neural innervation of type II fibers, resulting in similar myofiber type distribution and grouping in life-long strength-trained master athletes as young moderately active adults. In contrast, life-long endurance-trained master athletes and recreationally active old adults demonstrated higher proportion of type I fibers accompanied by more marked grouping of type I myofibers, and more atrophic fibers compared with strength-trained master athletes and young individuals. Thus, strength training should be utilized as a training modality for preservation of fast-twitch musculature, maximal muscle strength, and rapid force capacity (RFD) with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiril Tøien
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Jakob Lindberg Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Kristian Berg
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Mathias Forsberg Brobakken
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Kwak Nyberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Lars Espedal
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Thomas Malmo
- Norwegian Defence University College, Norwegian Armed Forces, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Brobakken MF, Krogsæter I, Helgerud J, Wang E, Hoff J. Abdominal aerobic endurance exercise reveals spot reduction exists: A randomized controlled trial. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15853. [PMID: 38010201 PMCID: PMC10680576 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of spot reduction, exercise-induced local body fat reduction, has been debated for half a century. Although the evidence is equivocal, no study has applied aerobic endurance training closely matching interventions for energy expenditure. Sixteen overweight (BMI: 29.8 ± 3.3(SD) kg m-2 ) males (43 ± 9 years) were randomized to: (1) abdominal endurance exercise (AG), combining treadmill running at 70% HRmax (27 min) with 4 × 4 min (30%-40% maximal strength, 1RM) of torso rotation and abdominal crunches (57 min), 4 days⋅week-1 for 10 weeks; or (2) control group (CG) performing only treadmill running (45 min) at 70% HRmax . Local fat mass was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), along with 1RM, and pulmonary oxygen uptake (to control energy expenditure during training). Trunk fat mass decreased more (697 g, 3%, p < 0.05) in AG (1170 ± 1093 g, 7%; p < 0.05) than in CG (no change). Total fat mass (AG: 1705 ± 1179 g, 6%; CG: 1134 ± 731 g, 5%; both p < 0.01) and body weight (AG: 1.2 ± 1.2 kg, 1%, p < 0.05; CG: 2.3 ± 0.9 kg, 3%, p < 0.01) decreased similarly in AG/CG. Torso rotation (AG: 32 ± 16 kg, 39%, p < 0.01; CG: no change) and abdominal crunch 1RM (AG: 35 ± 16 kg, 36%, p < 0.01; CG: 13 ± 12 kg, 17%, p < 0.05) increased more (p < 0.05/0.01) in AG than CG. Abdominal endurance exercise utilized more local fat than treadmill running, indicating that spot reduction exists in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Forsberg Brobakken
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social CareMolde University CollegeMoldeNorway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry ClinicSt. Olavs University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Iben Krogsæter
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation ClinicTrondheimNorway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social CareMolde University CollegeMoldeNorway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry ClinicSt. Olavs University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Jan Hoff
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation ClinicTrondheimNorway
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationSt. Olavs University HospitalTrondheimNorway
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Nygård M, Brobakken MF, Lydersen S, Güzey IC, Morken G, Heggelund J, Wang E. Strength training integrated in long term collaborative care of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 260:67-75. [PMID: 37625226 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle strength is reduced in patients with schizophrenia, contributing to their impaired physical health, functional performance, and potentially mental health challenges. Although short-term training programs have shown promising results, improving muscle strength and functional performance, it is unknown how exercise can be successfully integrated into the long-term clinical care of outpatients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of strength training with adherence support in a collaborative care model. METHODS We randomized 28 men and 20 women (mean ± SD, 35 ± 11 years) to leg press maximal strength training (MST) with 4 sets at 90 % of one repetition maximum (1RM) 2 × week, facilitated by municipal service and professional supervision (TG), or a control group (CG). RESULTS The TG increased scaled leg press 1RM (0-3 months: 19 %; 0-6 months: 31 %, 0-12 months: 40 %, all p < .001, and 3-12 months: 18 %, p < .05) and power (0-3 months, 11 %; 0-6 months: 22 %, 0-12 months: 26 %, all p < .001, and 3-12 months: 13 %, p < .05) throughout the 1-year period compared to the CG. The increased muscle strength was accompanied by improved sit-to-stand performance (20 %) after 12 months (p < .001). Both groups also exhibited within-group improvements in walking work efficiency after 6 months (TG: 13 %; CG: 23 %) and 1 year (TG: 11 %; CG: 21 %, p < .01-0.05), but with no evident differences between the groups. Stair climbing performance remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that strength training can successfully be integrated as a part of long-term clinical care of outpatients with schizophrenia, contributing to improved functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nygård
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Mathias Forsberg Brobakken
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ismail Cüneyt Güzey
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørn Heggelund
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Regional Centre for Healthcare Improvement, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. The Eccentric:Concentric Strength Ratio of Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo: Meta-analysis of the Influences of Sex, Age, Joint Action, and Velocity. Sports Med 2023; 53:1125-1136. [PMID: 37129779 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have observed that eccentric (ECC) muscle strength is greater than concentric (CON) muscle strength. However, knowledge of the ECC:CON strength ratio is incomplete and might inform resistance exercise prescriptions. Our purposes were to determine the magnitude of the ECC:CON ratio of human skeletal muscle in vivo and explore if sex, age, joint actions/exercises, and movement velocity impact it. A total of 340 studies were identified through searches. It was possible to analyse 1516 ECC:CON ratios, aggregated from 12,546 individuals who made up 564 groups in 335 of the identified studies. Approximately 98% of measurements occurred on isokinetic machines. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed using log-ratios as response variables then exponentiated back to raw ratios. The overall main model estimate for the ECC:CON ratio was 1.41 (95% credible interval [CI] 1.38-1.44). The ECC:CON ratio was slightly less in men (1.38 [CI 1.34-1.41]) than women (1.47 [CI 1.43-1.51]), and greater in older adults (1.62 [CI 1.57-1.68]) than younger adults (1.39 [CI 1.36-1.42]). The ratio was similar between grouped upper-body (1.42 [CI 1.38-1.46]) and lower-body joint actions/exercises (1.40 [CI 1.37-1.44]). However, heterogeneity in the ratio existed across joint actions/exercises, with point estimates ranging from 1.32 to 2.61. The ECC:CON ratio was most greatly impacted by movement velocity, with a 0.20% increase in the ratio for every 1°/s increase in velocity. The results show that ECC muscle strength is ~ 40% greater than CON muscle strength. However, the ECC:CON ratio is greatly affected by movement velocity and to lesser extents age and sex. Differences between joint actions/exercises likely exist, but more data are needed to provide more precise estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Tøien T, Unhjem R, Berg OK, Aagaard P, Wang E. Strength versus endurance trained master athletes: Contrasting neurophysiological adaptations. Exp Gerontol 2023; 171:112038. [PMID: 36442699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural factors play a critical role in the age-related decline in maximal strength and rate of force development (RFD). However, it is uncertain how the age-related attenuation in neuromuscular function may be mitigated in strength or endurance trained master athletes. In this study we applied evoked spinal motoneuron recordings to examine descending motor drive, i.e., efferent drive from supraspinal and spinal centres during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC; V-wave) and H-reflex excitability measured at 10 % MVC in older (>65 yrs) and younger (<35 yrs) strength athletes (n = 21), endurance athletes (n = 17) and untrained control participants (n = 30). Both strength (b = 0.09 [0.01-0.18], p = 0.038) and endurance training (b = 0.14 [0.04-0.23], p = 0.006) were associated with a high V-wave amplitude. This was likely explained by an elevated H-reflex excitability (b = 0.23 [0.11-0.35], p < 0.001) in endurance trained participants, which failed to be seen in strength trained participants. These contrasting neurophysiological properties were accompanied by different physiological traits; strength training was associated with high maximal strength (b = 107.5 [84.6 to 130.4] kg, p < 0.001) and RFD (b = 3171 [2248 to 4094] N‧s-1, p < 0.001), whereas endurance training was associated with elevated maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max; b = 13.6 [8.0-19.2] ml‧kg-1‧min-1, p < 0.001). This pattern was apparent irrespective of age, although all traits were negatively associated with advanced age (p < 0.05). In conclusion, strength trained individuals demonstrate higher descending motor drive (elevated V-wave responses), compared to age-matched untrained individuals. Endurance trained individuals also showed elevated V-wave responses, uniquely accompanied by enhanced α-motoneuron excitability and/or reduced pre/postsynaptic inhibition (elevated H-reflex responses). Since a high descending motor drive is a key component of strong muscle contractions, strength training should be emphasized to sustain the ability to carry out force-dependent tasks at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiril Tøien
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Norway.
| | - Runar Unhjem
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Ole Kristian Berg
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Norway
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Norway; Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Tøien T, Malmo T, Espedal L, Wang E. Maximal intended velocity enhances strength training-induced neuromuscular stimulation in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2627-2636. [PMID: 36112218 PMCID: PMC9613575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe age-related attenuation in neuromuscular function can be mitigated with strength training. Current recommendations for untrained and elderly recommend performing the strength training with a controlled movement velocity (CON). However, applying maximal intended velocity (MIV) in the concentric phase of movement may augment neuromuscular stimulation and potentially enhance training adaptations. Thus, applying rate of electromyography (EMG) rise (RER) recordings, we examined the acute early phase neuromuscular response to these two contraction types in quadriceps femoris during leg extension, along with actual movement velocity, in 12 older (76 ± 6 years) and 12 young men (23 ± 2 years). Results revealed that older adults had a lower one repetition maximum (1RM) than young (33 ± 9 kg vs. 50 ± 9 kg; p = 0.001) and lower actual velocity across relative intensities of ~ 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of 1RM for CON and MIV (all p < 0.05). Older adults also had consistently reduced RER compared to young during both conditions (old: 1043–1810 μV; young: 1844–3015 μV; all p < 0.05). However, RER was higher in contractions with MIV compared to CON for both age groups, and across all intensities (98–674%, all p < 0.05). In conclusion, despite decreased maximal strength and attenuated neuromuscular response with advancing age, our results document an augmented neuromuscular activation when repetitions are performed with MIV in the concentric phase of movement.
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Haglo H, Berg OK, Hoff J, Helgerud J, Wang E. Maximal strength training in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: implications for physical function and quality of life. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1671-1681. [PMID: 35438424 PMCID: PMC9197881 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) have attenuated muscle strength in the lower extremities, resulting in impaired physical function and quality of life. Although maximal strength training (MST), applying heavy resistance, is documented to be a potent countermeasure for such attenuation, it is uncertain if it is feasible in IRD given the pain, stiffness, and joint swelling that characterize the population. METHODS 23 patients with IRD (49 ± 13 years; 20 females/3 males), diagnosed with spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus, were randomized to MST or a control group (CG). The MST group performed four × four repetitions dynamic leg press two times per week for 10 weeks at ~ 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Before and after training 1RM, rate of force development (RFD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured. RESULTS Session attendance in the MST group was 95%, of which 95% conducted according to MST protocol. Furthermore, MST increased 1RM (29 ± 12%, p = 0.001) and early and late phase RFD (33-76%, p < 0.05). All improvements were different from the CG (p < 0.05). MST also resulted in HRQoL improvements in the dimensions; physical functioning, general health, and vitality (p < 0.05). Physical functioning was associated with 1RM (rho = 0.55, p < 0.01) and early phase RFD (rho = 0.53-0.71, p < 0.01; different from CG p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite being characterized by pain, stiffness, and joint swelling, patients with IRD appear to tolerate MST well. Given the improvements in 1RM, RFD, and HRQoL MST should be considered as a treatment strategy to counteract attenuated muscle strength, physical function, and HRQoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04998955, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Haglo
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ole Kristian Berg
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Jan Hoff
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Helgerud
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Ingvald Ystgaards veg 23, 7047, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Kozinc Ž. Is the Shape of the Force-Time Curve Related to Performance in Countermovement Jump? A Review. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 50:49-57. [PMID: 36374956 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2022045205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Countermovement jump (CMJ) is frequently used to assess the neuromuscular capacity in athletes and track adaptations to training, typically through outcome variables such as jump height, peak/mean force, power or velocity, and rate of force development. Recently, there has been an increasing interest to analyze the shape of the force-time curve of the CMJ and its relationship to CMJ performance. This aim of the present review was to collect and analyze the available literature pertaining to this topic. One approach to analyze CMJ curve shape is to classify it as "unimodal" or "bimodal," based on the number of force peaks. The difference between athletes showing unimodal and bimodal curves is negligible in terms of jump height, while unimodal curves are associated with higher reactive strength index. Rather than the number of peaks, the most important characteristics that maximizes CMJ height seems to be the temporal alignment of peak force with the instant of the lowest center-of-mass position (i.e., when the jumper transitions from the braking to the propulsive phase). Other than bimodal/unimodal classification, the "shape factor" (the value of force impulse, divided by the area of the rectangular shape drawn around) has been emerging as another approach to assess CMJ curve shape; however, the studies exploring its relationship with performance are few and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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11
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The use of real-time monitoring during flywheel resistance training programmes: how can we measure eccentric overload? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:639-652. [PMID: 34937974 PMCID: PMC8670814 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse the technologies and main training variables used in the literature to monitor flywheel training devices in real time. In addition, as the main research question, we investigated how eccentric overload can be effectively monitored in relation to the training variable, flywheel shaft type device and the moment of inertia selected. The initial search resulted in 11,621 articles that were filtered to twenty-eight and seventeen articles that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. The main technologies used included force sensors and rotary/linear encoders, mainly to monitor peak or mean force, power or speed. An eccentric overload was not always achieved using flywheel devices. The eccentric overload measurement was related to the main outcome selected. While mean force (p = 0.011, ES = -0.84) and mean power (p < 0.001, ES = -0.30) favoured the concentric phase, peak power (p < 0.001, ES = 0.78) and peak speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.37) favoured the eccentric phase. In addition, the lower moments of inertia (i.e., from 0.01 to 0.2 kg·m2) and a cylindrical shaft type (i.e., vs conical pulley) showed higher possibilities to achieve eccentric overload. A wide variety of technologies can be used to monitor flywheel devices, but to achieve eccentric overload, a flywheel cylindrical shaft type with low moments of inertia is advised to be used.
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12
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Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Dideriksen JL, Aagaard P, Felici F, Falla D, Farina D. Lack of increased rate of force development after strength training is explained by specific neural, not muscular, motor unit adaptations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:84-94. [PMID: 34792405 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While maximal force increases following short-term isometric strength training, the rate of force development (RFD) may remain relatively unaffected. The underlying neural and muscular mechanisms during rapid contractions after strength training are largely unknown. Since strength training increases the neural drive to muscles, it may be hypothesized that there are distinct neural or muscular adaptations determining the change in RFD independently of an increase in maximal force. Therefore, we examined motor unit population data acquired from surface electromyography during the rapid generation of force before and after four weeks of strength training. We observed that strength training did not change the RFD because it did not influence the number of motor units recruited per second or their initial discharge rate during rapid contractions. While strength training did not change motoneuron behaviour in the force increase phase of rapid contractions, it increased the discharge rate of motoneurons (by ~4 spikes/s) when reaching the plateau phase (~150 ms) of the rapid contractions, determining an increase in maximal force production. Computer simulations with a motor unit model that included neural and muscular properties, closely matched the experimental observations and demonstrated that the lack of change in RFD following training is primarily mediated by an unchanged maximal recruitment speed of motoneurons. These results demonstrate that maximal force and contraction speed are determined by different adaptations in motoneuron behaviour following strength training and indicate that increases in the recruitment speed of motoneurons are required to evoke training-induced increases in RFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Francesco Felici
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Garlet AB, Plentz RDM, Blauth AHEG, Righi TT, Righi NC, Schardong J. Reabilitação robótica em pacientes com AVC: protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/21020028042021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi propor um protocolo de ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliar o efeito da reabilitação robótica sobre a funcionalidade de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) subagudo. Trata-se de um protocolo de um ensaio clínico randomizado que será desenvolvido no hospital e centro de reabilitação do Pavilhão Pereira Filho da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA). Quarenta pacientes com AVC, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18 e 85 anos e que apresentem hemiparesia ou fraqueza muscular (Medical Research Council - MRC <48 pontos) serão divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle ou grupo de intervenção. O grupo de intervenção será aquele que realizará reabilitação robótica utilizando equipamento Erigo®, além da fisioterapia convencional, e o grupo controle receberá fisioterapia convencional por meio de exercícios com movimentos semelhantes aos realizados no robô. As intervenções ocorrerão todos os dias na fase hospitalar e, após a alta, três vezes por semana, totalizando aproximadamente 18 sessões. A funcionalidade será considerada o desfecho primário do estudo e será avaliada por meio da escala de Fugl-Meyer. Consideramos como desfechos secundários a força muscular (MRC e teste de repetição máxima), espasticidade (escala de Ashworth modificada), arquitetura do músculo quadríceps e ecogenicidade (ultrassom), mobilidade (teste timed up and go), grau de incapacidade e dependência (escala de Rankin e de medida de independência funcional), qualidade de vida (questionário EQ-5D), repercussões cardiorrespiratórias (monitoramento de sinais vitais), tempo de internação (em dias) e mortalidade (número de óbitos). Os grupos serão avaliados antes das intervenções, após a décima sessão e ao final de seis semanas de tratamento ou 18 sessões.
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14
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Tøien T, Haglo H, Nyberg SK, Rao SV, Stunes AK, Mosti MP, Wang E. Maximal strength training-induced increase in efferent neural drive is not reflected in relative protein expression of SERCA. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3421-3430. [PMID: 34498135 PMCID: PMC8571128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maximal strength training (MST), performed with heavy loads (~ 90% of one repetition maximum; 1RM) and few repetitions, yields large improvements in efferent neural drive, skeletal muscle force production, and skeletal muscle efficiency. However, it is elusive whether neural adaptations following such high intensity strength training may be accompanied by alterations in energy-demanding muscular factors. METHODS Sixteen healthy young males (24 ± 4 years) were randomized to MST 3 times per week for 8 weeks (n = 8), or a control group (CG; n = 8). Measurements included 1RM and rate of force development (RFD), and evoked potentials recordings (V-wave and H-reflex normalized to M-wave (M) in the soleus muscle) applied to assess efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle. Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis and analyzed by western blots and real-time PCR to investigate the relative protein expression and mRNA expression of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) 1 and SERCA2. RESULTS Significant improvements in 1RM (17 ± 9%; p < 0.001) and early (0-100 ms), late (0-200 ms) and maximal RFD (31-53%; p < 0.01) were observed after MST, accompanied by increased maximal Vmax/Msup-ratio (9 ± 14%; p = 0.046), with no change in H-reflex to M-wave ratio. No changes were observed in the CG. No pre- to post-training differences were found in mRNA or protein expressions of SERCA1 and SERCA2 in either group. CONCLUSION MST increased efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle, causing improved force production. No change was observed in SERCA expression, indicating that responses to high intensity strength training may predominantly be governed by neural adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiril Tøien
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410, Molde, Norway.
| | - Håvard Haglo
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410, Molde, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Kwak Nyberg
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shalini Vasudev Rao
- Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mats Peder Mosti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Britvegen 2, 6410, Molde, Norway.,Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Sagelv EH, Pedersen S, Nilsen LPR, Casolo A, Welde B, Randers MB, Pettersen SA. Flywheel squats versus free weight high load squats for improving high velocity movements in football. A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:61. [PMID: 33024564 PMCID: PMC7532637 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background High load (HL: > 85% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) squats with maximal intended velocity contractions (MIVC) combined with football sessions can be considered a relevant and time-efficient practice for maintaining and improving high velocity movements in football. Flywheel (FW) resistance exercise (RE) have recently emerged with promising results on physical parameters associated with football performance. Methods In this randomized controlled trial over 6 weeks, 38 recreationally active male football players randomly performed RE with MIVCs two times per week as either 1) FW squats (n = 13) or 2) barbell free weight (BFW) HL squats (n = 13), where a third group served as controls (n = 12). All three groups conducted 2–3 football sessions and one friendly match a week during the intervention period. Pre- to post changes in 10-m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) and 1RM partial squat were assessed with univariate analyses of variance. Results The FW and BFW group equally improved their 10-m sprint time (2 and 2%, respectively, within group: both p < 0.001) and jump height (9 and 8%, respectively, within group: both p < 0.001), which was superior to the control group’s change (between groups: both p < 0.001). The BFW group experienced a larger increase (46%) in maximal squat strength than the FW group (17%, between groups: p < 0.001), which both were higher than the control group’s change (both p < 0.001). Conclusion Squats carried out with FWs or BFWs where both are performed with MIVCs and combined with football sessions, were equally effective in improving sprint time and jump height in football players. The BFW group experienced a more than two-fold larger increase in maximal partial squat strength than the FW group in maximal partial squat strength. This presents FW RE as an alternative to BFW HL RE for improving high velocity movements in football. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04113031 (retrospectively registered, date: 02.10.2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvard H Sagelv
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Petter R Nilsen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten B Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Helgerud J, Thomsen SN, Hoff J, Strandbråten A, Leivseth G, Unhjem R, Wang E. Maximal strength training in patients with Parkinson's disease: impact on efferent neural drive, force-generating capacity, and functional performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:683-690. [PMID: 32790593 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00208.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive neurological deterioration, typically accompanied by reductions in skeletal muscle force-generating capacity (FGC) and functional performance. Physical activity has the potential to counteract this debilitating outcome, however, it is elusive if high-intensity strength training included in conventional treatment may improve results. Therefore, we randomly assigned 22 PD patients (74 ± 9 yr) to conventional rehabilitation with or without maximal strength training (MST) performed as leg press and chest press at ~90% of one repetition maximum (1RM), five times per week for 4 wk. FGC, physical performance, and efferent neural drive assessed as evoked potentials (V-wave normalized to M-wave in m. soleus) were measured following training. Results revealed that only MST improved 1RM leg press (101 ± 23 to 118 ± 18 kg) and chest press (36 ± 15 to 41 ± 15 kg), plantar flexion maximal voluntary contraction (235 ± 125 to 293 ± 158 N·m), and rate of force development (373 ± 345 to 495 ± 446 N·m·s-1; all P < 0.05; different from controls P < 0.05). FGC improvements were accompanied by an increased efferent neural drive to maximally contracting musculature (V-to-M ratio: 0.17 ± 0.12 to 0.24 ± 0.15; P < 0.05; different from controls P < 0.05), improved physical performance (stair climbing: 21.0 ± 9.2 to 14.4 ± 5.2 s; timed up and go: 7.8 ± 3.3 to 6.2 ± 2.5 s; both P < 0.05), and self-perceived improvement in health (3.1 ± 0.5 to 2.6 ± 0.9) and social activities functioning (2.2 ± 1.0 to 1.5 ± 1.1; both P < 0.05). No changes were observed in the control group. In conclusion, this study shows that MST improves FGC, neuromuscular function, and functional performance and advocates that high-intensity strength training should be implemented as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of PD patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This randomized, controlled trial documents that supervised high-intensity strength training improves efferent neural drive, maximal muscle strength, rate of force development, and functional performance in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In contrast, no differences were observed in these outcome variables in patients receiving conventional treatment consisting of recreational physical activity with low-to-medium intensity. Consequently, this study advocates that high-intensity strength training should be implemented in the clinical treatment of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helgerud
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S N Thomsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Hoff
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Strandbråten
- Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Center, Hokksund, Norway
| | - G Leivseth
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - R Unhjem
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - E Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University College, Molde, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Rehabilitation, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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17
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Aagaard P, Bojsen-Møller J, Lundbye-Jensen J. Assessment of Neuroplasticity With Strength Training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:151-162. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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CEŠEIKO RŪDOLFS, THOMSEN SIMONNØRSKOV, TOMSONE SIGNE, EGLĪTIS JĀNIS, VĒTRA AIVARS, SREBNIJS ANDREJS, TIMOFEJEVS MIHAILS, PURMALIS EGĪLS, WANG EIVIND. Heavy Resistance Training in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Therapy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:1239-1247. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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19
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Pedersen S, Heitmann KA, Sagelv EH, Johansen D, Pettersen SA. Improved maximal strength is not associated with improvements in sprint time or jump height in high-level female football players: a clusterrendomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2019; 11:20. [PMID: 31534773 PMCID: PMC6747739 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-019-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Maximal strength increments are reported to result in improvements in sprint speed and jump height in elite male football players. Although similar effects are expected in females, this is yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of maximal strength training on sprint speed and jump height in high-level female football players. Methods Two female football teams were team-cluster-randomized to a training group (TG) performing maximal strength training (MST) twice a week for 5 weeks, or control group (CG) doing their regular pre-season preparations. The MST consisted of 3–4 sets of 4–6 repetitions at ≥85% of 1 repetitions maximum (1RM) in a squat exercise. Sprint speed and jump height were assessed in 5-, 10- and 15 m sprints and a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, respectively. Nineteen participants in TG (18.3 ± 2.7 years) and 14 in CG (18.3 ± 2.4 years) completed pre- and posttests and were carried forward for final analyses. Results There was no improvement in neither of the sprint times (p > 0.36), nor jump height (p = 0.87). The players increased their 1RM in squats (main of effect of time: p < 0.00, pη2 = 0.704), and an interaction effect of time x group was observed (p < 0.00, pη2 = 0.516) where the TG increased their 1RM more than the CT (between subjects effects: p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.965). Conclusions MST improved maximal strength in female football players to a large extent; however, the improvement in maximal strength did not result in any transference to sprint speed or jump height. Trial registration This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov PRS (Protocol registration and results System) with the code NCT04048928, 07.08.2019, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Pedersen
- 1School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim Arne Heitmann
- 1School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edvard H Sagelv
- 1School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dag Johansen
- 2Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- 1School of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, Taber CB, Harden M, Haff GG, Stone MH. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 2: Practical Recommendations. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E55. [PMID: 33467370 PMCID: PMC7739265 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide strength and conditioning practitioners with recommendations on how best to implement tempo eccentric training (TEMPO), flywheel inertial training (FIT), accentuated eccentric loading (AEL), and plyometric training (PT) into resistance training programs that seek to improve an athlete's hypertrophy, strength, and power output. Based on the existing literature, TEMPO may be best implemented with weaker athletes to benefit positional strength and hypertrophy due to the time under tension. FIT may provide an effective hypertrophy, strength, and power stimulus for untrained and weaker individuals; however, stronger individuals may not receive the same eccentric (ECC) overload stimulus. Although AEL may be implemented throughout the training year to benefit hypertrophy, strength, and power output, this strategy is better suited for stronger individuals. When weaker and stronger individuals are exposed to PT, they are exposed to an ECC overload stimulus as a result of increases in the ECC force and ECC rate of force development. In conclusion, when choosing to utilize ECC training methods, the practitioner must integrate these methods into a holistic training program that is designed to improve the athlete's performance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
| | | | - Jamie Douglas
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Mellissa Harden
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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21
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Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, Taber CB, Harden M, Haff GG, Stone MH. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020038. [PMID: 33467353 PMCID: PMC7739257 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to provide a physiological rationale for the use of eccentric resistance training and to provide an overview of the most commonly prescribed eccentric training methods. Based on the existing literature, there is a strong physiological rationale for the incorporation of eccentric training into a training program for an individual seeking to maximize muscle size, strength, and power. Specific adaptations may include an increase in muscle cross-sectional area, force output, and fiber shortening velocities, all of which have the potential to benefit power production characteristics. Tempo eccentric training, flywheel inertial training, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training are commonly implemented in applied contexts. These methods tend to involve different force absorption characteristics and thus, overload the muscle or musculotendinous unit in different ways during lengthening actions. For this reason, they may produce different magnitudes of improvement in hypertrophy, strength, and power. The constraints to which they are implemented can have a marked effect on the characteristics of force absorption and therefore, could affect the nature of the adaptive response. However, the versatility of the constraints when prescribing these methods mean that they can be effectively implemented to induce these adaptations within a variety of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-262-524-7441
| | | | - Jamie Douglas
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Mellissa Harden
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne M66PU, UK
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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