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Druelle F, Ghislieri M, Molina-Vila P, Rimbaud B, Agostini V, Berillon G. A comparative study of muscle activity and synergies during walking in baboons and humans. J Hum Evol 2024; 189:103513. [PMID: 38401300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Bipedal locomotion was a major functional change during hominin evolution, yet, our understanding of this gradual and complex process remains strongly debated. Based on fossil discoveries, it is possible to address functional hypotheses related to bipedal anatomy, however, motor control remains intangible with this approach. Using comparative models which occasionally walk bipedally has proved to be relevant to shed light on the evolutionary transition toward habitual bipedalism. Here, we explored the organization of the neuromuscular control using surface electromyography (sEMG) for six extrinsic muscles in two baboon individuals when they walk quadrupedally and bipedally on the ground. We compared their muscular coordination to five human subjects walking bipedally. We extracted muscle synergies from the sEMG envelopes using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm which allows decomposing the sEMG data in the linear combination of two non-negative matrixes (muscle weight vectors and activation coefficients). We calculated different parameters to estimate the complexity of the sEMG signals, the duration of the activation of the synergies, and the generalizability of the muscle synergy model across species and walking conditions. We found that the motor control strategy is less complex in baboons when they walk bipedally, with an increased muscular activity and muscle coactivation. When comparing the baboon bipedal and quadrupedal pattern of walking to human bipedalism, we observed that the baboon bipedal pattern of walking is closer to human bipedalism for both baboons, although substantial differences remain. Overall, our findings show that the muscle activity of a non-adapted biped effectively fulfills the basic mechanical requirements (propulsion and balance) for walking bipedally, but substantial refinements are possible to optimize the efficiency of bipedal locomotion. In the evolutionary context of an expanding reliance on bipedal behaviors, even minor morphological alterations, reducing muscle coactivation, could have faced strong selection pressure, ultimately driving bipedal evolution in hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France; Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France; Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken (Building D), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marco Ghislieri
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; PoliTo(BIO)Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Pablo Molina-Vila
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Brigitte Rimbaud
- Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Valentina Agostini
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; PoliTo(BIO)Med Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France; Primatology Station of the CNRS, UAR 846, 2230 route des quatre tours, 13790 Rousset, France
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Goto R, Grider-Potter N, Shitara T, Kinoshita Y, Oka K, Nakano Y. Coordination within paraspinal muscles during bipedalism in humans, a white-handed gibbon, and a Japanese macaque. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103356. [PMID: 37028220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Goto
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006, Japan.
| | - Neysa Grider-Potter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Tetsuya Shitara
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Oka
- School of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Goto R, Kinoshita Y, Shitara T, Hirasaki E. Diagonal-couplet gaits on discontinuous supports in Japanese macaques and implications for the adaptive significance of the diagonal-sequence, diagonal-couplet gait of primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37209057 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagonal-sequence, diagonal-couplet (DSDC) gaits have been proposed as an adaptation to travel on discontinuously arranged arboreal branches. Only a few studies have examined primate gait adjustment to support discontinuity. We analyzed the gaits of Japanese macaques walking on the "ground" and two discontinuous conditions, "circle" and "point," to better understand the advantages of DSDC gaits on discontinuous supports. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-eight vertical posts, each with a circular upper surface, were arranged in four rows at a spacing of 200 mm. The diameter of the circular upper surface was 150 mm ("circle condition") or 50 mm ("point condition"). We calculated the limb phase, duty factor, and time interval from hindlimb touchdown to ipsilateral forelimb liftoff. The supports the fore- and hindlimbs landed on during walking were identified in the circle and point condition. RESULTS The macaques predominantly used DSDC gaits in the ground and circle conditions and lateral-sequence, diagonal-couplet (LSDC) gaits in the point condition. The macaques usually placed their hindlimbs on the same supports as their ipsilateral forelimbs during the gait cycle. DISCUSSION Japanese macaques overlapped the ipsilateral fore- and hindlimb stance phase in all DSDC and some LSDC gaits to proximate the ipsilateral limbs on the discontinuous support, allowing the forelimb to guide the hindlimb placement to the support. The overlap duration of the ipsilateral limb stance phases may be extended by DSDC gaits longer than by LSDC gaits, allowing for a direct pass of the support being held by the prehensile hand to the prehensile foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Goto
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shitara
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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4
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Modification of the locomotor pattern when deviating from the characteristic heel-to-toe rolling pattern during walking. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05169-5. [PMID: 36869884 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humans are amongst few animals that step first on the heel, and then roll on the ball of the foot and toes. While this heel-to-toe rolling pattern has been shown to render an energetic advantage during walking, the effect of different foot contact strategies, on the neuromuscular control of adult walking gaits has received less attention. We hypothesised that deviating from heel-to-toe rolling pattern affects the energy transduction and weight acceptance and re-propulsive phases in gait along with the modification of spinal motor activity. METHODS Ten subjects walked on a treadmill normally, then placed their feet flat on the ground at each step and finally walked on the balls of the feet. RESULTS Our results show that when participants deviate from heel-to-toe rolling pattern strategy, the mechanical work increases on average 85% higher (F = 15.5; p < 0.001), mainly linked to a lack of propulsion at late stance. This modification of the mechanical power is related to a differential involvement of lumbar and sacral segment activation. Particularly, the delay between the major bursts of activation is on average 65% smaller, as compared to normal walking (F = 43.2; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Similar results are observable in walking plantigrade animals, but also at the onset of independent stepping in toddlers, where the heel-to-toe rolling pattern is not yet established. These indications seem to bring arguments to the fact that the rolling of the foot during human locomotion has evolved to optimise gait, following selective pressures from the evolution of bipedal posture.
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Aerts P, Goyens J, Berillon G, D'Août K, Druelle F. From quadrupedal to bipedal walking 'on the fly': the mechanics of dynamical mode transition in primates. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286677. [PMID: 36657384 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how baboons transition from quadrupedal to bipedal walking without any significant interruption in their forward movement (i.e. transition 'on the fly'). Building on basic mechanical principles (momentum only changes when external forces/moments act on the body), insights into possible strategies for such a dynamical mode transition are provided and applied first to the recorded planar kinematics of an example walking sequence (including several continuous quadrupedal, transition and subsequent bipedal steps). Body dynamics are calculated from the kinematics. The strategy used in this worked example boils down to: crouch the hind parts and sprint them underneath the rising body centre of mass. Forward accelerations are not in play. Key characteristics of this transition strategy were extracted: progression speed, hip height, step duration (frequency), foot positioning at touchdown with respect to the hip and the body centre of mass (BCoM), and congruity between the moments of the ground reaction force about the BCoM and the rate of change of the total angular moment. Statistical analyses across the full sample (15 transitions of 10 individuals) confirm this strategy is always used and is shared across individuals. Finally, the costs (in J kg-1 m-1) linked to on the fly transitions were estimated. The costs are approximately double those of both the preceding quadrupedal and subsequent bipedal walking. Given the short duration of the transition as such (<1 s), it is argued that the energetic costs to change walking posture on the fly are negligible when considered in the context of the locomotor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aerts
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- HNHP (UMR 7194), CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS (UAR 846), 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Kristiaan D'Août
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - François Druelle
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,HNHP (UMR 7194), CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS (UAR 846), 13790 Rousset, France
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Abstract
The frontal lobe is crucial and contributes to controlling truncal motion, postural responses, and maintaining equilibrium and locomotion. The rich repertoire of frontal gait disorders gives some indication of this complexity. For human walking, it is necessary to simultaneously achieve at least two tasks, such as maintaining a bipedal upright posture and locomotion. Particularly, postural control plays an extremely significant role in enabling the subject to maintain stable gait behaviors to adapt to the environment. To achieve these requirements, the frontal cortex (1) uses cognitive information from the parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices, (2) creates plans and programs of gait behaviors, and (3) acts on the brainstem and spinal cord, where the core posture-gait mechanisms exist. Moreover, the frontal cortex enables one to achieve a variety of gait patterns in response to environmental changes by switching gait patterns from automatic routine to intentionally controlled and learning the new paradigms of gait strategy via networks with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and limbic structures. This chapter discusses the role of each area of the frontal cortex in behavioral control and attempts to explain how frontal lobe controls walking with special reference to postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Takakusaki
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Shitara T, Goto R, Ito K, Hirasaki E, Nakano Y. Hip medial rotator action of gluteus medius in Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and implications to adaptive significance for quadrupedal walking in primates. J Anat 2022; 241:407-419. [PMID: 35357010 PMCID: PMC9296037 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gluteus medius (GM) muscle in quadrupedal primates has long been thought to mainly act as a hip extensor. However, previous reports argue that it may be a prime hip medial rotator and functions to rotate the pelvis in the horizontal plane, suggesting the functional differentiation between the GM and other hip extensors as hamstrings. In this study, we aim to quantify the muscle actions of the GM and hamstrings using muscle moment arm lengths and discuss the functional differentiation among hip extensors. Muscle attachment sites of eight specimens of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) were digitized, and musculoskeletal models were constructed. Flexor-extensor, abductor-adductor, and medial-lateral rotator moment arms were calculated as the models were moved following the experimentally acquired kinematic data during walking on a pole substrate. Using electromyography, we also recorded the pattern of muscle activation. The GM showed a larger medial rotator moment arm length than the extensor moment arm length when it was activated, suggesting this muscle acts mainly as a hip medial rotator rather than as a hip extensor. The medial rotator action of the GM in the early support phase may rotate the pelvis in the horizontal plane and function to help contralateral forelimb reaching as a previous study suggested and facilitate contralateral hindlimb swinging to place the foot near the ipsilateral forelimb's hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shitara
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human SciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Ryosuke Goto
- Faculty of RehabilitationGunma Paz UniversityTakasakiGunmaJapan
| | - Kohta Ito
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human SciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Section of Evolutionary Morphology, Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaAichiJapan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Graduate School of Human SciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
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8
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Mirkiani S, Roszko DA, O'Sullivan C, Faridi P, Hu DS, Fang D, Everaert DG, Toossi A, Konrad PE, Robinson K, Mushahwar VK. Overground gait kinematics and muscle activation patterns in the Yucatan mini pig. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35172283 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac55ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to assess gait biomechanics and the effect of overground walking speed on gait parameters, kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity in the hindlimb muscles of Yucatan Minipigs (YMPs). Approach Nine neurologically-intact, adult YMPs were trained to walk overground in a straight line. Whole-body kinematics and EMG activity of hindlimb muscles were recorded and analyzed at 6 different speed ranges (0.4-0.59, 0.6-0.79, 0.8-0.99, 1.0-1.19, 1.2-1.39, and 1.4-1.6 m/s). A MATLAB program was developed to detect strides and gait events automatically from motion-captured data. The kinematics and EMG activity were analyzed for each stride based on the detected events. Main results Significant decreases in stride duration, stance and swing times and an increase in stride length were observed with increasing speed. A transition in gait pattern occurred at the 1.0m/s walking speed. Significant increases in the range of motion of the knee and ankle joints were observed at higher speeds. Also, the points of minimum and maximum joint angles occurred earlier in the gait cycle as the walking speed increased. The onset of EMG activity in the biceps femoris muscle occurred significantly earlier in the gait cycle with increasing speed. Significance YMPs are becoming frequently used as large animal models for preclinical testing and translation of novel interventions to humans. A comprehensive characterization of overground walking in neurologically-intact YMPs is provided in this study. These normative measures set the basis against which the effects of future interventions on locomotor capacity in YMPs can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mirkiani
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - David A Roszko
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Carly O'Sullivan
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz, Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Pouria Faridi
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - David S Hu
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Daniel Fang
- Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Dirk G Everaert
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Amirali Toossi
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
| | - Peter E Konrad
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, UNITED STATES
| | - Kevin Robinson
- School of Physical Therapy, Belmont University, 341 McWhorter Hall, Nashville, Tennessee, 37212, UNITED STATES
| | - Vivian K Mushahwar
- Department of Medicine and Sensory Motor Adaptive Rehabilitation Technology (SMART) Network, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
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Hu D, Wang S, Li B, Liu H, He J. Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Changes in Encoding and Decoding of Bipedal Walking by Motor Cortical Ensembles. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091193. [PMID: 34573213 PMCID: PMC8469283 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that motor recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) is task-specific. However, most consequential conclusions about locomotor functional recovery from SCI have been derived from quadrupedal locomotion paradigms. In this study, two monkeys were trained to perform a bipedal walking task, mimicking human walking, before and after T8 spinal cord hemisection. Importantly, there is no pharmacological therapy with nerve growth factor for monkeys after SCI; thus, in this study, the changes that occurred in the brain were spontaneous. The impairment of locomotion on the ipsilateral side was more severe than that on the contralateral side. We used information theory to analyze single-cell activity from the left primary motor cortex (M1), and results show that neuronal populations in the unilateral primary motor cortex gradually conveyed more information about the bilateral hindlimb muscle activities during the training of bipedal walking after SCI. We further demonstrated that, after SCI, progressively expanded information from the neuronal population reconstructed more accurate control of muscle activity. These results suggest that, after SCI, the unilateral primary motor cortex could gradually regain control of bilateral coordination and motor recovery and in turn enhance the performance of brain–machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyin Hu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.L.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shirong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.L.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Honghao Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.L.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.L.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing 100081, China;
- Center for Neural Interface Design, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 86287, USA
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Silvernagel MP, Ling AS, Nuyujukian P. A markerless platform for ambulatory systems neuroscience. Sci Robot 2021; 6:eabj7045. [PMID: 34516749 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abj7045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor systems neuroscience seeks to understand how the brain controls movement. To minimize confounding variables, large-animal studies typically constrain body movement from areas not under observation, ensuring consistent, repeatable behaviors. Such studies have fueled decades of research, but they may be artificially limiting the richness of neural data observed, preventing generalization to more natural movements and settings. Neuroscience studies of unconstrained movement would capture a greater range of behavior and a more complete view of neuronal activity, but instrumenting an experimental rig suitable for large animals presents substantial engineering challenges. Here, we present a markerless, full-body motion tracking and synchronized wireless neural electrophysiology platform for large, ambulatory animals. Composed of four depth (RGB-D) cameras that provide a 360° view of a 4.5-square-meters enclosed area, this system is designed to record a diverse range of neuroethologically relevant behaviors. This platform also allows for the simultaneous acquisition of hundreds of wireless neural recording channels in multiple brain regions. As behavioral and neuronal data are generated at rates below 200 megabytes per second, a single desktop can facilitate hours of continuous recording. This setup is designed for systems neuroscience and neuroengineering research, where synchronized kinematic behavior and neural data are the foundation for investigation. By enabling the study of previously unexplored movement tasks, this system can generate insights into the functioning of the mammalian motor system and provide a platform to develop brain-machine interfaces for unconstrained applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alissa S Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul Nuyujukian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Druelle F, Supiot A, Meulemans S, Schouteden N, Molina-Vila P, Rimbaud B, Aerts P, Berillon G. The quadrupedal walking gait of the olive baboon, Papio anubis: an exploratory study integrating kinematics and EMG. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271005. [PMID: 34292320 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primates exhibit unusual quadrupedal features (e.g. diagonal gaits, compliant walk) compared with other quadrupedal mammals. Their origin and diversification in arboreal habitats have certainly shaped the mechanics of their walking pattern to meet the functional requirements necessary for balance control in unstable and discontinuous environments. In turn, the requirements for mechanical stability probably conflict with mechanical energy exchange. In order to investigate these aspects, we conducted an integrative study on quadrupedal walking in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) at the Primatology station of the CNRS in France. Based on kinematics, we describe the centre of mass mechanics of the normal quadrupedal gait performed on the ground, as well as in different gait and substrate contexts. In addition, we studied the muscular activity of six hindlimb muscles using non-invasive surface probes. Our results show that baboons can rely on an inverted pendulum-like exchange of energy (57% on average, with a maximal observed value of 84%) when walking slowly (<0.9 m s-1) with a tight limb phase (∼55%) on the ground using diagonal sequence gaits. In this context, the muscular activity is similar to that of other quadrupedal mammals, thus reflecting the primary functions of the muscles for limb movement and support. In contrast, walking on a suspended branch generates kinematic and muscular adjustments to ensure better control and to maintain stability. Finally, walking using the lateral sequence gait increases muscular effort and reduces the potential for high recovery rates. The present exploratory study thus supports the assumption that primates are able to make use of an inverted pendulum mechanism on the ground using a diagonal walking gait, yet a different footfall pattern and substrate appear to influence muscular effort and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France.,Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Supiot
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré University Hospital, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Silke Meulemans
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niels Schouteden
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Monde Sauvage Safari Parc, 4920 Aywaille, Belgium
| | - Pablo Molina-Vila
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Brigitte Rimbaud
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
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12
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Boakye M, Morehouse J, Ethridge J, Burke DA, Khattar NK, Kumar C, Manouchehri N, Streijger F, Reed R, Magnuson DS, Sherwood L, Kwon BK, Howland DR. Treadmill-Based Gait Kinematics in the Yucatan Mini Pig. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2277-2291. [PMID: 32605423 PMCID: PMC9836690 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) are similar to humans in spinal cord size as well as physiological and neuroanatomical features, making them a useful model for human spinal cord injury. However, little is known regarding pig gait kinematics, especially on a treadmill. In this study, 12 healthy YMPs were assessed during bipedal and/or quadrupedal stepping on a treadmill at six speeds (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 km/h). Kinematic parameters, including limb coordination and proximal and distal limb angles, were measured. Findings indicate that YMPs use a lateral sequence footfall pattern across all speeds. Stride and stance durations decreased with increasing speed whereas swing duration showed no significant change. Across all speeds assessed, no significant differences were noted between hindlimb stepping parameters for bipedal or quadrupedal gait with the exception of distal limb angular kinematics. Specifically, significant differences were observed between locomotor tasks during maximum flexion (quadrupedal > bipedal), total excursion (bipedal > quadrupedal), and the phase relationship between the timing of maximum extension between the right and left hindlimbs (bipedal > quadrupedal). Speed also impacted maximum flexion and right-left phase relationships given that significant differences were found between the fastest speed (3.5 km/h) relative to each of the other speeds. This study establishes a methodology for bipedal and quadrupedal treadmill-based kinematic testing in healthy YMPs. The treadmill approach used was effective in recruiting primarily the spinal circuitry responsible for the basic stepping patterns as has been shown in cats. We recommend 2.5 km/h (0.7 m/sec) as a target walking gait for pre-clinical studies using YMPs, which is similar to that used in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Boakye
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Johnny Morehouse
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jay Ethridge
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Darlene A. Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nicolas K. Khattar
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chitra Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Neda Manouchehri
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Reed
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David S.K. Magnuson
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Leslie Sherwood
- Research Resources Facilities, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dena R. Howland
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Research Service, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Reitmaier S, Schmidt H. Review article on spine kinematics of quadrupeds and bipeds during walking. J Biomech 2020; 102:109631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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