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Meigal A, Gerasimova-Meigal L, Kuzmina A, Antonen E, Peskova A, Burkin M. Electromyographic Characteristics of Postactivation Effect in Dopamine-Dependent Spectrum Models Observed in Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1338. [PMID: 38927545 PMCID: PMC11202052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the postactivation effect (PAE, involuntary normal muscle tone) is modified by dopaminergic mechanisms. The PAE was tested with surface electromyography (sEMG) in the "off medication" phase in participants with Parkinson's disease (PDoff) and in the "on medication" state in participants with schizophrenia (SZon), which modeled hypodopaminegic conditions, and in participants with PD "on medication" (PDon) and in participants with SZ "off medication" (SZoff) state which modeled the hyperdopaminergic conditions. Healthy age-matched participants constituted the control group (HC, n = 11). In hyperdopaminergic models, PAE was triggered in 71.3% of participants in SZoff and in 35.7% in PDon conditions. In the hypodopaminergic models, PAE was triggered in 12% in SZon and in 21.4% in PDoff conditions. In the HC group, PAE was present in 91% of participants. In the HC and PD groups, the mean frequency and correlation dimension of sEMG at PAE was higher than that during voluntary isometric contraction. In conclusion, in hypodopaminergic models, PAE triggering was inhibited. The manifestations and EMG characteristics of PAE in people with PD or SZ may indicate dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meigal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia; (L.G.-M.)
| | - Liudmila Gerasimova-Meigal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia; (L.G.-M.)
| | - Anna Kuzmina
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Microbiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Republican Psychiatric Hospital, 4, Bol’nichnyy Gorodok, 186131 Matrosy, Russia
| | - Elena Antonen
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Microbiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra Peskova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia; (L.G.-M.)
| | - Mark Burkin
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Microbiology, Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenina Pr., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
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2
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Novikov A, Maldova M, Shamantseva N, Shalmiev I, Shoshina E, Epoyan N, Krutikova N, Moshonkina T. Non-Invasive Spinal Cord Stimulation for Motor Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treated with Orphan Drugs. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1162. [PMID: 38927369 PMCID: PMC11200420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an orphan disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of spinal alpha motor neurons. In recent years, nusinersen and several other drugs have been approved for the treatment of this disease. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) modulates spinal neuronal networks, resulting in changes in locomotion and posture in patients with severe spinal cord injury and stroke. We hypothesize that tSCS can activate motor neurons that are intact and restored by medication, slow the decline in motor activity, and contribute to the development of motor skills in SMA patients. Thirty-seven children and adults with SMA types 2 and 3 participated in this study. The median duration of drug treatment was over 20 months. The application of tSCS was performed during physical therapy for 20-40 min per day for ~12 days. Outcome measures were specific SMA motor scales, goniometry of contractured joints, and forced vital capacity. Significant increases in motor function, improved respiratory function, and decreased contracture were observed in both type 2 and 3 SMA participants. The magnitude of functional changes was not associated with participant age. Further studies are needed to elucidate the reasons for the beneficial effects of spinal cord electrical stimulation on SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Novikov
- EirMED, 10 Vsevolod Vishnevsky St., 197136 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Maldova
- EirMED, 10 Vsevolod Vishnevsky St., 197136 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Shamantseva
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Enb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Shalmiev
- EirMED, 10 Vsevolod Vishnevsky St., 197136 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Shoshina
- EirMED, 10 Vsevolod Vishnevsky St., 197136 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Epoyan
- EirMED, 10 Vsevolod Vishnevsky St., 197136 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana Moshonkina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarova Enb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Solopova IA, Selionov VA, Blinov EO, Dolinskaya IY, Zhvansky DS, Lacquaniti F, Ivanenko Y. Higher Responsiveness of Pattern Generation Circuitry to Sensory Stimulation in Healthy Humans Is Associated with a Larger Hoffmann Reflex. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050707. [PMID: 35625435 PMCID: PMC9138260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Individual differences in the sensorimotor circuitry play an important role for understanding the nature of behavioral variability and developing personalized therapies. While the spinal network likely requires relatively rigid organization, it becomes increasingly evident that adaptability and inter-individual variability in the functioning of the neuronal circuitry is present not only in the brain but also in the spinal cord. In this study we investigated the relationship between the excitability of pattern generation circuitry and segmental reflexes in healthy humans. We found that the high individual responsiveness of pattern generation circuitries to tonic sensory input in both the upper and lower limbs was related to larger H-reflexes. The results provide further evidence for the importance of physiologically relevant assessments of spinal cord neuromodulation and the individual physiological state of reflex pathways. Abstract The state and excitability of pattern generators are attracting the increasing interest of neurophysiologists and clinicians for understanding the mechanisms of the rhythmogenesis and neuromodulation of the human spinal cord. It has been previously shown that tonic sensory stimulation can elicit non-voluntary stepping-like movements in non-injured subjects when their limbs were placed in a gravity-neutral unloading apparatus. However, large individual differences in responsiveness to such stimuli were observed, so that the effects of sensory neuromodulation manifest only in some of the subjects. Given that spinal reflexes are an integral part of the neuronal circuitry, here we investigated the extent to which spinal pattern generation excitability in response to the vibrostimulation of muscle proprioceptors can be related to the H-reflex magnitude, in both the lower and upper limbs. For the H-reflex measurements, three conditions were used: stationary limbs, voluntary limb movement and passive limb movement. The results showed that the H-reflex was considerably higher in the group of participants who demonstrated non-voluntary rhythmic responses than it was in the participants who did not demonstrate them. Our findings are consistent with the idea that spinal reflex measurements play important roles in assessing the rhythmogenesis of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Solopova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127951 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.S.); (V.A.S.); (I.Y.D.); (D.S.Z.)
| | - Victor A. Selionov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127951 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.S.); (V.A.S.); (I.Y.D.); (D.S.Z.)
| | - Egor O. Blinov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Irina Y. Dolinskaya
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127951 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.S.); (V.A.S.); (I.Y.D.); (D.S.Z.)
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Dmitry S. Zhvansky
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127951 Moscow, Russia; (I.A.S.); (V.A.S.); (I.Y.D.); (D.S.Z.)
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine and Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Cappellini G, Sylos-Labini F, Dewolf AH, Solopova IA, Morelli D, Lacquaniti F, Ivanenko Y. Maturation of the Locomotor Circuitry in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:998. [PMID: 32974319 PMCID: PMC7462003 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first years of life represent an important phase of maturation of the central nervous system, processing of sensory information, posture control and acquisition of the locomotor function. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common group of motor disorders in childhood attributed to disturbances in the fetal or infant brain, frequently resulting in impaired gait. Here we will consider various findings about functional maturation of the locomotor output in early infancy, and how much the dysfunction of gait in children with CP can be related to spinal neuronal networks vs. supraspinal dysfunction. A better knowledge about pattern generation circuitries in infancy may improve our understanding of developmental motor disorders, highlighting the necessity for regulating the functional properties of abnormally developed neuronal locomotor networks as a target for early sensorimotor rehabilitation. Various clinical approaches and advances in biotechnology are also considered that might promote acquisition of the locomotor function in infants at risk for locomotor delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Cappellini
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Arthur H Dewolf
- Centre of Space Bio-medicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Irina A Solopova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Motor Control, Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Centre of Space Bio-medicine and Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Yury Ivanenko
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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5
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Synergistic influences of sensory and central stimuli on non-voluntary rhythmic arm movements. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:230-239. [PMID: 30798047 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, neuromodulation of the cervical spinal circuitry has become an area of interest for investigating rhythmogenesis of the human spinal cord and interaction between cervical and lumbosacral circuitries, given the involvement of rhythmic arm muscle activity in many locomotor tasks. We have previously shown that arm muscle vibrostimulation can elicit non-voluntary upper limb oscillations in unloading body conditions. Here we investigated the excitability of the cervical spinal circuitry by applying different peripheral and central stimuli in healthy humans. The rationale for applying combined stimuli is that the efficiency of only one stimulus is generally limited. We found that low-intensity electrical stimulation of the superficial arm median nerve can evoke rhythmic arm movements. Furthermore, the movements were enhanced by additional peripheral stimuli (e.g., arm muscle vibration, head turns or passive rhythmic leg movements). Finally, low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex significantly facilitated rhythmogenesis. The findings are discussed in the general framework of a brain-spinal interface for developing adaptive central pattern generator-modulating therapies.
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6
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Corticospinal excitability, assessed through stimulus response curves, is phase-, task-, and muscle-dependent during arm cycling. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:100-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Power KE, Lockyer EJ, Forman DA, Button DC. Modulation of motoneurone excitability during rhythmic motor outputs. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In quadrupeds, special circuity located within the spinal cord, referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), is capable of producing complex patterns of activity such as locomotion in the absence of descending input. During these motor outputs, the electrical properties of spinal motoneurones are modulated such that the motoneurone is more easily activated. Indirect evidence suggests that like quadrupeds, humans also have spinally located CPGs capable of producing locomotor outputs, albeit descending input is considered to be of greater importance. Whether motoneurone properties are reconfigured in a similar manner to those of quadrupeds is unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current state of knowledge regarding the modulation of motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs using animal models. This will be followed by more recent work initially aimed at understanding changes in motoneurone excitability during CPG-mediated motor outputs in humans, which quickly expanded to also include supraspinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Evan J. Lockyer
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Davis A. Forman
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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8
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Killeen T, Elshehabi M, Filli L, Hobert MA, Hansen C, Rieger D, Brockmann K, Nussbaum S, Zörner B, Bolliger M, Curt A, Berg D, Maetzler W. Arm swing asymmetry in overground walking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12803. [PMID: 30143717 PMCID: PMC6109135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treadmill experiments suggest that left-dominant arm swing is common in healthy walking adults and is modulated by cognitive dual-tasking. Little is known about arm swing asymmetry in overground walking. We report directional (dASI) and non-directional arm swing symmetry indices (ndASI) from 334 adults (mean age 68.6 ± 5.9 y) walking overground at comfortable (NW) and fast (FW) speeds and while completing a serial subtraction task (DT). dASI and ndASI were calculated from sagittal shoulder range of motion data generated by inertial measurement units affixed to the wrist. Most (91%) participants were right-handed. Group mean arm swing amplitude was significantly larger on the left in all walking conditions. During NW, ndASI was 39.5 ± 21.8, with a dASI of 21.9 ± 39.5. Distribution of dASI was bimodal with an approximately 2:1 ratio of left:right-dominant arm swing. There were no differences in ndASI between conditions but dASI was smaller during DT compared to FW (15.2 vs 24.6; p = 0.009). Handedness was unrelated to ndASI, dASI or the change in ASI metrics under DT. Left-dominant arm swing is the norm in healthy human walking irrespective of walking condition or handedness. As disease markers, ndASI and dASI may have different and complementary roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Killeen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Morad Elshehabi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linard Filli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Hobert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Rieger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Nussbaum
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn Zörner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Department of Neurodegeneration, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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De Havas J, Ito S, Haggard P, Gomi H. Low Gain Servo Control During the Kohnstamm Phenomenon Reveals Dissociation Between Low-Level Control Mechanisms for Involuntary vs. Voluntary Arm Movements. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:113. [PMID: 29899692 PMCID: PMC5988889 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kohnstamm phenomenon is a prolonged involuntary aftercontraction following a sustained voluntary isometric muscle contraction. The control principles of the Kohnstamm have been investigated using mechanical perturbations, but previous studies could not dissociate sensorimotor responses to perturbation from effects of gravity. We induced a horizontal, gravity-independent Kohnstamm movement around the shoulder joint, and applied resistive or assistive torques of 0.5 Nm after 20° angular displacement. A No perturbation control condition was included. Further, participants made velocity-matched voluntary movements, with or without similar perturbations, yielding a 2 × 3 factorial design. Resistive perturbations produced an increase in agonist electromyography (EMG), in both Kohnstamm and voluntary movements, while assistive perturbations produced a decrease. While overall Kohnstamm EMGs were greater than voluntary EMGs, the EMG responses to perturbation, when expressed as a percentage of unperturbed EMG activity, were significantly smaller during Kohnstamm movements than during voluntary movements. The results suggest that the Kohnstamm aftercontraction involves a central drive, coupled with low-gain servo control by a negative feedback loop between afferent input and a central motor command. The combination of strong efferent drive with low reflex gain may characterize involuntary control of postural muscles. Our results question traditional accounts involving purely reflexive mechanisms of postural maintenance. They also question existing high-gain, peripheral accounts of the Kohnstamm phenomenon, as well as accounts involving a central adaptation interacting with muscle receptors via a positive force feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack De Havas
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Ito
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Atsugi, Japan
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10
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Early manifestation of arm–leg coordination during stepping on a surface in human neonates. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1105-1115. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Blondin DP, Haman F. Shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 156:153-173. [PMID: 30454588 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Humans have inherited complex neural circuits which drive behavioral, somatic, and autonomic thermoregulatory responses to defend their body temperature. While they are well adapted to dissipate heat in warm climates, they have a reduced capacity to preserve it in cold environments. Consequently, heat production is critical to defending their core temperature. As in other large mammals, skeletal muscles are the primary source of heat production recruited in cold-exposed humans. This is achieved voluntarily in the form of contractions from exercising muscles or involuntarily in the form of contractions from shivering muscles and the recruitment of nonshivering mechanisms. This review describes our current understanding of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles, from the neural circuitry driving their recruitment to the metabolic substrates that fuel them. The presence of these heat-producing mechanisms can be measured in vivo by combining indirect respiratory calorimetry with electromyography or biomedical imaging modalities. Indeed, much of what is known regarding shivering in humans and other animal models stems from studies performed using these methods combined with in situ and in vivo neurologic techniques. More recent investigations have focused on understanding the metabolic processes that produce the heat from both contracting and noncontracting mechanisms. With the growing interest in the potential therapeutic benefits of shivering and nonshivering skeletal muscle to counter the effects of neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, we expect this field to continue its growth in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis P Blondin
- Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - François Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Latash ML. Stability of Kinesthetic Perception in Efferent-Afferent Spaces: The Concept of Iso-perceptual Manifold. Neuroscience 2017; 372:97-113. [PMID: 29277305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to introduce the concept of iso-perceptual manifold for perception of body configuration and related variables (kinesthetic perception) and to discuss its relation to the equilibrium-point hypothesis and the concepts of reference coordinate and uncontrolled manifold. Hierarchical control of action is postulated with abundant transformations between sets of spatial reference coordinates for salient effectors at different levels. Iso-perceptual manifold is defined in the combined space of afferent and efferent variables as the subspace corresponding to a stable percept. Examples of motion along an iso-perceptual manifold (perceptually equivalent motion) are considered during various natural actions. Some combinations of afferent and efferent signals, in particular those implying a violation of body's integrity, give rise to variable percepts by artificial projection onto iso-perceptual manifolds. This framework is used to interpret unusual features of vibration-induced kinesthetic illusions and to predict new illusions not yet reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russia.
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13
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De Havas J, Gomi H, Haggard P. Experimental investigations of control principles of involuntary movement: a comprehensive review of the Kohnstamm phenomenon. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1953-1997. [PMID: 28374088 PMCID: PMC5486926 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Kohnstamm phenomenon refers to the observation that if one pushes the arm hard outwards against a fixed surface for about 30 s, and then moves away from the surface and relaxes, an involuntary movement of the arm occurs, accompanied by a feeling of lightness. Central, peripheral and hybrid theories of the Kohnstamm phenomenon have been advanced. Afferent signals may be irrelevant if purely central theories hold. Alternatively, according to peripheral accounts, altered afferent signalling actually drives the involuntary movement. Hybrid theories suggest afferent signals control a centrally-programmed aftercontraction via negative position feedback control or positive force feedback control. The Kohnstamm phenomenon has provided an important scientific method for comparing voluntary with involuntary movement, both with respect to subjective experience, and for investigating whether involuntary movements can be brought under voluntary control. A full review of the literature reveals that a hybrid model best explains the Kohnstamm phenomenon. On this model, a central adaptation interacts with afferent signals at multiple levels of the motor hierarchy. The model assumes that a Kohnstamm generator sends output via the same pathways as voluntary movement, yet the resulting movement feels involuntary due to a lack of an efference copy to cancel against sensory inflow. This organisation suggests the Kohnstamm phenomenon could represent an amplification of neuromotor processes normally involved in automatic postural maintenance. Future work should determine which afferent signals contribute to the Kohnstamm phenomenon, the location of the Kohnstamm generator, and the principle of feedback control operating during the aftercontraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack De Havas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Wakamiya 3-1, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa-Pref., 243-0198, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
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Killeen T, Easthope CS, Filli L, Linnebank M, Curt A, Bolliger M, Zörner B. Modulating Arm Swing Symmetry with Cognitive Load: A Window on Rhythmic Spinal Locomotor Networks in Humans? J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1897-1902. [PMID: 27574966 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Killeen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Linard Filli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Helios-Klinik Hagen-Ambrock, Hagen, Germany
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Zörner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Rhythmic wrist movements facilitate the soleus H-reflex and non-voluntary air-stepping in humans. Neurosci Lett 2017; 638:39-45. [PMID: 27931775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural coupling between the upper and lower limbs during human walking is supported by modulation of cross-limb reflexes and the presence of rhythmic activity in the proximal arm muscles. Nevertheless, the involvement of distal arm muscles in cyclic movements and sensorimotor neuromodulation is also suggested given their step-synchronized activation in many locomotor-related tasks (e.g., swimming, skiing, climbing, cycling, crawling, etc.). Here we investigated the effect of rhythmic wrist movements, separately and in conjunction with arm swinging, on the characteristics of non-voluntary cyclic leg movements evoked by muscle vibration in a gravity neutral position and on the soleus H-reflex of the stationary legs. For the H-reflex modulation, five conditions were compared: stationary arms, voluntary alternating upper limb swinging, combined upper limb and wrist motion, wrist movements only and motion of the upper limbs with addition of load. Rhythmic wrist movements significantly facilitated the amplitude of non-voluntary leg oscillations, including ankle joint oscillations, and the H-reflex. The latter effect was related to rhythmicity of wrist motion rather than to a simple extra tension in the upper limb muscles (a kind of the Jendrassik manoeuvre) since adding resistance to arm oscillations (without flexion-extension in the wrist joint) had an opposite inhibitory effect on the H-reflex. Our results further support the existence of connections between the distal parts of the upper and lower extremities at the neural level, suggesting that wrist joint movements can be an important component of motor neurorehabilitation.
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16
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Killeen T, Easthope CS, Filli L, Lőrincz L, Schrafl-Altermatt M, Brugger P, Linnebank M, Curt A, Zörner B, Bolliger M. Increasing cognitive load attenuates right arm swing in healthy human walking. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160993. [PMID: 28280596 PMCID: PMC5319362 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human arm swing looks and feels highly automated, yet it is increasingly apparent that higher centres, including the cortex, are involved in many aspects of locomotor control. The addition of a cognitive task increases arm swing asymmetry during walking, but the characteristics and mechanism of this asymmetry are unclear. We hypothesized that this effect is lateralized and a Stroop word-colour naming task-primarily involving left hemisphere structures-would reduce right arm swing only. We recorded gait in 83 healthy subjects aged 18-80 walking normally on a treadmill and while performing a congruent and incongruent Stroop task. The primary measure of arm swing asymmetry-an index based on both three-dimensional wrist trajectories in which positive values indicate proportionally smaller movements on the right-increased significantly under dual-task conditions in those aged 40-59 and further still in the over-60s, driven by reduced right arm flexion. Right arm swing attenuation appears to be the norm in humans performing a locomotor-cognitive dual-task, confirming a prominent role of the brain in locomotor behaviour. Women under 60 are surprisingly resistant to this effect, revealing unexpected gender differences atop the hierarchical chain of locomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Killeen
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher S. Easthope
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linard Filli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lilla Lőrincz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Schrafl-Altermatt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brugger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Neurology, Helios-Klinik Hagen-Ambrock, Ambrocker Weg 60, 58091 Hagen, Germany
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Zörner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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De Havas J, Ghosh A, Gomi H, Haggard P. Voluntary motor commands reveal awareness and control of involuntary movement. Cognition 2016; 155:155-167. [PMID: 27399155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to inhibit actions is central to voluntary motor control. However, the control mechanisms and subjective experience involved in voluntarily stopping an involuntary movement remain poorly understood. Here we examined, in humans, the voluntary inhibition of the Kohnstamm phenomenon, in which sustained voluntary contraction of shoulder abductors is followed by involuntary arm raising. Participants were instructed to stop the involuntary movement, hold the arm in a constant position, and 'release' the inhibition after ∼2s. Participants achieved this by modulating agonist muscle activity, rather than by antagonist contraction. Specifically, agonist muscle activity plateaued during this voluntary inhibition, and resumed its previous increase thereafter. There was no discernible antagonist activation. Thus, some central signal appeared to temporarily counter the involuntary motor drive, without directly affecting the Kohnstamm generator itself. We hypothesise a form of "negative motor command" to account for this novel finding. We next tested the specificity of the negative motor command, by inducing bilateral Kohnstamm movements, and instructing voluntary inhibition for one arm only. The results suggested negative motor commands responsible for inhibition are initially broad, affecting both arms, and then become focused. Finally, a psychophysical investigation found that the perceived force of the aftercontraction was significantly overestimated, relative to voluntary contractions with similar EMG levels. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the Kohnstamm generator does not provide an efference copy signal. Our results shed new light on this interesting class of involuntary movement, and provide new information about voluntary inhibition of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack De Havas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Arko Ghosh
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Wakamiya 3-1, Morinosato, Atsugi, Kanagawa-pref. 243-0198, Japan
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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18
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Canavero S, Ren XP. The Spark of Life: Engaging the Cortico-Truncoreticulo-Propriospinal Pathway by Electrical Stimulation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:260-1. [PMID: 26888177 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Canavero
- Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group (TANG), Turin, Italy.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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