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Novel non-stimulants rescue hyperactive phenotype in an adgrl3.1 mutant zebrafish model of ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022:10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z. [PMID: 36400921 PMCID: PMC10267219 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ADHD is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. The first-line therapeutic for ADHD, methylphenidate, can cause serious side effects including weight loss, insomnia, and hypertension. Therefore, the development of non-stimulant-based therapeutics has been prioritized. However, many of these also cause other effects, most notably somnolence. Here, we have used a uniquely powerful genetic model and unbiased drug screen to identify novel ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics. We first found that adgrl3.1 null (adgrl3.1-/-) zebrafish larvae showed a robust hyperactive phenotype. Although the hyperactivity was rescued by three ADHD non-stimulant therapeutics, all interfered significantly with sleep. Second, we used wild-type zebrafish larvae to characterize a simple behavioral phenotype generated by atomoxetine and screened the 1200 compound Prestwick Chemical Library® for a matching behavioral profile resulting in 67 hits. These hits were re-assayed in the adgrl3.1-/-. Using the previously identified non-stimulants as a positive control, we identified four compounds that matched the effect of atomoxetine: aceclofenac, amlodipine, doxazosin, and moxonidine. We additionally demonstrated cognitive effects of moxonidine in mice using a T-maze spontaneous alternation task. Moxonidine, has high affinity for imidazoline 1 receptors. We, therefore, assayed a pure imidazoline 1 agonist, LNP599, which generated an effect closely matching other non-stimulant ADHD therapeutics suggesting a role for this receptor system in ADHD. In summary, we introduce a genetic model of ADHD in zebrafish and identify five putative therapeutics. The findings offer a novel tool for understanding the neural circuits of ADHD, suggest a novel mechanism for its etiology, and identify novel therapeutics.
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2
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Li X, Zhao G, Huang H, Ye J, Xu J, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Wang F. Lifespan changes in cannabinoid 1 receptor mRNA expression in the female C57BL/6J mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2022; 531:294-313. [PMID: 36240125 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many brain functions that underlie behavior, cognition, and emotions vary with age, as does susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders. The expression of specific genes that are involved in these functions, such as the genes encoding for oxytocin, its receptors, and apolipoprotein D, varies with age across different brain regions. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1 R) is one of the most widely spread G-protein coupled receptors in the central nervous system and is increasingly recognized for its important contribution to various brain functions. Although changes in CB1 R expression with age have been reported in the male mouse brain, they have not been well investigated in the female brain. Here, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to target CB1 R mRNA in the whole brains of female C57BL/6J mice aged 4, 6, 12, 52 (12 months) and 86 weeks (20 months), and quantified CB1 R-positive cells in 36 brain regions across the whole brain. The results showed that CB1 R-positive cells number changed with age. Specifically, CB1 R expression increased with age in some subregions of the cortex, decreased with age in the lateral septal area, and reached its lowest level at 52 weeks in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hindbrain subregions. Cluster analysis revealed that some brain regions shared similar temporal characteristics in CB1 R-positive cell number across the lifespan. Our results provide evidence that investigation of the neural basis of age-related characteristics of female brain functions is not only warranted but required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoyang Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongren Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Ye
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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3
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Downregulation of Dopamine D1-like Receptor Pathways of GABAergic Interneurons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 394:267-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Belmer A, Quentin E, Diaz SL, Guiard BP, Fernandez SP, Doly S, Banas SM, Pitychoutis PM, Moutkine I, Muzerelle A, Tchenio A, Roumier A, Mameli M, Maroteaux L. Positive regulation of raphe serotonin neurons by serotonin 2B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1623-1632. [PMID: 29453444 PMCID: PMC5983540 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in many psychiatric diseases. In humans, a lack of 5-HT2B receptors is associated with serotonin-dependent phenotypes, including impulsivity and suicidality. A lack of 5-HT2B receptors in mice eliminates the effects of molecules that directly target serotonergic neurons including amphetamine derivative serotonin releasers, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that 5-HT2B receptors directly and positively regulate raphe serotonin neuron activity. By ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, we report that stimulation by the 5-HT2B receptor agonist, BW723C86, increased the firing frequency of serotonin Pet1-positive neurons. Viral overexpression of 5-HT2B receptors in these neurons increased their excitability. Furthermore, in vivo 5-HT2B-receptor stimulation by BW723C86 counteracted 5-HT1A autoreceptor-dependent reduction in firing rate and hypothermic response in wild-type mice. By a conditional genetic ablation that eliminates 5-HT2B receptor expression specifically and exclusively from Pet1-positive serotonin neurons (Htr2b 5-HTKO mice), we demonstrated that behavioral and sensitizing effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine), as well as acute behavioral and chronic neurogenic effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine, require 5-HT2B receptor expression in serotonergic neurons. In Htr2b 5-HTKO mice, dorsal raphe serotonin neurons displayed a lower firing frequency compared to control Htr2b lox/lox mice as assessed by in vivo extracellular recordings and a stronger hypothermic effect of 5-HT1A-autoreceptor stimulation was observed. The increase in head-twitch response to DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) further confirmed the lower serotonergic tone resulting from the absence of 5-HT2B receptors in serotonin neurons. Together, these observations indicate that the 5-HT2B receptor acts as a direct positive modulator of serotonin Pet1-positive neurons in an opposite way as the known 5-HT1A-negative autoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnauld Belmer
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,0000000089150953grid.1024.7Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059 Australia
| | - Emily Quentin
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Silvina L. Diaz
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.441705.3Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad de Morón, UBA-CONICET – Paraguay 2155, 3° piso, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno P. Guiard
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, 31062 Toulouse, France ,0000 0001 0723 035Xgrid.15781.3aUniversité Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France ,UMR5169 CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sebastian P. Fernandez
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0638 0649grid.429194.3IPMC – CNRS UMR7275 660 Route des Lucioles Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Stéphane Doly
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,grid.503334.2Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, NEURO-DOL, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie M. Banas
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pothitos M. Pitychoutis
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2175 167Xgrid.266231.2Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Imane Moutkine
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Muzerelle
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Tchenio
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Dept. Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF) The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Roumier
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- 0000000121866389grid.7429.8INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2308 1657grid.462844.8Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0004 0520 8345grid.462192.aInstitut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France ,0000 0001 2165 4204grid.9851.5Dept. Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF) The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S 839, 75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France.
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5
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Zhu F, Wu Q, Li J, Grycel K, Liu B, Sun X, Zhou L, Jiao R, Song R, Khan YM, Wang Q, Wang L, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang B, Zhou Z. A single dose of cocaine potentiates glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto locus coeruleus neurons. Cell Calcium 2017; 67:11-20. [PMID: 29029785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The brainstem locus coeruleus (LC), the primary norepinephrinergic (NE) nucleus in the brain, has been implicated in the abuse of drugs such as opioids. However, whether and how the LC-NE system is involved in cocaine addiction remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity of glutamatergic transmission onto LC neurons as one of the earliest traces occurring after a single injection of cocaine. Twenty-four hours after mice were injected intraperitoneally with cocaine, the evoked α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) mediated synaptic transmission onto LC neurons were strongly potentiated without major effect on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) mediated synaptic transmission. Compared with saline-pretreated mice, AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of cocaine-pretreated mice showed a marked inward rectification, demonstrating the insertion of GluR2-lacking AMPARs to plasma membrane. In addition, the single injection of cocaine did not affect presynaptic glutamate release probability measured by paired pulse ratio. Furthermore, we found that the cocaine-induced potentiation of AMPAR EPSCs could be blocked by prazosin, an inhibitor of α1-adrenoreceptor (AR), indicating that cocaine increases AMPAR transmission via α1-ARs. These results reveal that LC-NE serves as an initial target of drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Katarzyna Grycel
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruiyin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Younus M Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Locus coeruleus neuronal activity correlates with behavioral response to acute and chronic doses of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in adolescent rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1239-1250. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Karim TJ, Reyes-Vazquez C, Dafny N. Comparison of the VTA and LC response to methylphenidate: a concomitant behavioral and neuronal study of adolescent male rats. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1501-1514. [PMID: 28615331 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00145.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD), also known as Ritalin, is a psychostimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, it is increasingly being misused by normal adolescents for recreation and academic advantage. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of MPD in normal subjects. MPD inhibits the reuptake of catecholamines, mainly found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC). The VTA and LC normally mediate attention, motivation, and drug reward behaviors. Selective neuronal connections between the VTA and LC have been identified implicating regular interaction between the structures. The objective of this study was to compare the neuronal responses of the VTA and LC to MPD in normal adolescent rats. Animals were implanted with permanent electrodes in the VTA and LC, and neuronal units were recorded following acute and repetitive (chronic) saline or 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD exposure. Animals displayed either behavioral sensitization or tolerance to all three doses of MPD. Acute MPD exposure elicited excitation in the majority of all VTA and LC units. Chronic MPD exposure elicited a further increase in VTA and LC neuronal activity in animals exhibiting behavioral sensitization and an attenuation in VTA and LC neuronal activity in animals exhibiting behavioral tolerance, demonstrating neurophysiological sensitization and tolerance, respectively. The similar pattern in VTA and LC unit activity suggests that the two structures are linked in their response to MPD. These results may help determine the exact mechanism of action of MPD, resulting in optimized treatment of patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The same dose of 0.6, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg methylphenidate (MPD) elicits either behavioral sensitization or tolerance in adolescent rats. There is a direct correlation between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC) neuronal response to chronic MPD exposure. Both the VTA and LC are involved in the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of chronic MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen J Karim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Cruz Reyes-Vazquez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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8
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Atzori M, Cuevas-Olguin R, Esquivel-Rendon E, Garcia-Oscos F, Salgado-Delgado RC, Saderi N, Miranda-Morales M, Treviño M, Pineda JC, Salgado H. Locus Ceruleus Norepinephrine Release: A Central Regulator of CNS Spatio-Temporal Activation? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 27616990 PMCID: PMC4999448 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A wealth of data from clinics and from animal models indicates that this catecholamine coordinates the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and of the whole organism by modulating cell function in a vast number of brain areas in a coordinated manner. The ubiquity of NE receptors, the daunting number of cerebral areas regulated by the catecholamine, as well as the variety of cellular effects and of their timescales have contributed so far to defeat the attempts to integrate central adrenergic function into a unitary and coherent framework. Since three main families of NE receptors are represented-in order of decreasing affinity for the catecholamine-by: α2 adrenoceptors (α2Rs, high affinity), α1 adrenoceptors (α1Rs, intermediate affinity), and β adrenoceptors (βRs, low affinity), on a pharmacological basis, and on the ground of recent studies on cellular and systemic central noradrenergic effects, we propose that an increase in LC tonic activity promotes the emergence of four global states covering the whole spectrum of brain activation: (1) sleep: virtual absence of NE, (2) quiet wake: activation of α2Rs, (3) active wake/physiological stress: activation of α2- and α1-Rs, (4) distress: activation of α2-, α1-, and β-Rs. We postulate that excess intensity and/or duration of states (3) and (4) may lead to maladaptive plasticity, causing-in turn-a variety of neuropsychiatric illnesses including depression, schizophrenic psychoses, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit. The interplay between tonic and phasic LC activity identified in the LC in relationship with behavioral response is of critical importance in defining the short- and long-term biological mechanisms associated with the basic states postulated for the CNS. While the model has the potential to explain a large number of experimental and clinical findings, a major challenge will be to adapt this hypothesis to integrate the role of other neurotransmitters released during stress in a centralized fashion, like serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine, as well as those released in a non-centralized fashion, like purines and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Atzori
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis PotosíSan Luis Potosí, Mexico; School for Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Cuevas-Olguin
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Eric Esquivel-Rendon
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto C Salgado-Delgado
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Nadia Saderi
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mario Treviño
- Laboratory of Cortical Plasticity and Learning, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan C Pineda
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
| | - Humberto Salgado
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
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9
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Yang N, Qiao QC, Liu YH, Zhang JQ, Hu ZA, Zhang J. Adrenoceptor-Mediated Post- and Pre-Synaptic Regulations of the Reticulospinal Neurons in Rat Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:7089-7106. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Dimatelis JJ, Hsieh JH, Sterley TL, Marais L, Womersley JS, Vlok M, Russell VA. Impaired Energy Metabolism and Disturbed Dopamine and Glutamate Signalling in the Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:696-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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