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Brion C, Lutz SM, Albert FW. Simultaneous quantification of mRNA and protein in single cells reveals post-transcriptional effects of genetic variation. eLife 2020; 9:60645. [PMID: 33191917 PMCID: PMC7707838 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-acting DNA variants may specifically affect mRNA or protein levels of genes located throughout the genome. However, prior work compared trans-acting loci mapped in separate studies, many of which had limited statistical power. Here, we developed a CRISPR-based system for simultaneous quantification of mRNA and protein of a given gene via dual fluorescent reporters in single, live cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In large populations of recombinant cells from a cross between two genetically divergent strains, we mapped 86 trans-acting loci affecting the expression of ten genes. Less than 20% of these loci had concordant effects on mRNA and protein of the same gene. Most loci influenced protein but not mRNA of a given gene. One locus harbored a premature stop variant in the YAK1 kinase gene that had specific effects on protein or mRNA of dozens of genes. These results demonstrate complex, post-transcriptional genetic effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brion
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Sheila M Lutz
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Frank Wolfgang Albert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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Galal A, Radwan LM, Rezik HH, Ayoub H. Expression levels of HSP70 and CPT-1 in three local breeds of chickens reared under normal or heat stress conditions after the introduction of the naked neck gene. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:113-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Harun-Or-Rashid M, Hallböök F. Alpha 2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Brimonidine Stimulates ERK1/2 and AKT Signaling via Transactivation of EGF Receptors in the Human MIO-M1 Müller Cell Line. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:34-45. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1516783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Guan L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Fan S, Gao Y, Jiao T, Fu K, Sun J, Yu A, Huang M, Bi H. Effects of carnitine palmitoyltransferases on cancer cellular senescence. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1707-1719. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihuan Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Tingying Jiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Kaili Fu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Aiming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine Sacramento California
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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Seroussi E, Pitel F, Leroux S, Morisson M, Bornelöv S, Miyara S, Yosefi S, Cogburn LA, Burt DW, Anderson L, Friedman-Einat M. Mapping of leptin and its syntenic genes to chicken chromosome 1p. BMC Genet 2017; 18:77. [PMID: 28793857 PMCID: PMC5550943 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Misidentification of the chicken leptin gene has hampered research of leptin signaling in this species for almost two decades. Recently, the genuine leptin gene with a GC-rich (~70%) repetitive-sequence content was identified in the chicken genome but without indicating its genomic position. This suggests that such GC-rich sequences are difficult to sequence and therefore substantial regions are missing from the current chicken genome assembly. Results A radiation hybrid panel of chicken-hamster Wg3hCl2 cells was used to map the genome location of the chicken leptin gene. Contrary to our expectations, based on comparative genome mapping and sequence characteristics, the chicken leptin was not located on a microchromosome, which are known to contain GC-rich and repetitive regions, but at the distal tip of the largest chromosome (1p). Following conserved synteny with other vertebrates, we also mapped five additional genes to this genomic region (ARF5, SND1, LRRC4, RBM28, and FLNC), bridging the genomic gap in the current Galgal5 build for this chromosome region. All of the short scaffolds containing these genes were found to consist of GC-rich (54 to 65%) sequences comparing to the average GC-content of 40% on chromosome 1. In this syntenic group, the RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) was in closest proximity to leptin. We deduced the full-length of the RBM28 cDNA sequence and profiled its expression patterns detecting a negative correlation (R = − 0.7) between the expression of leptin and of RBM28 across tissues that expressed at least one of the genes above the average level. This observation suggested a local regulatory interaction between these genes. In adipose tissues, we observed a significant increase in RBM28 mRNA expression in breeds with lean phenotypes. Conclusion Mapping chicken leptin together with a cluster of five syntenic genes provided the final proof for its identification as the true chicken ortholog. The high GC-content observed for the chicken leptin syntenic group suggests that other similar clusters of genes in GC-rich genomic regions are missing from the current genome assembly (Galgal5), which should be resolved in future assemblies of the chicken genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0543-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Seroussi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel.
| | - Frédérique Pitel
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Leroux
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Mireille Morisson
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Susanne Bornelöv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shoval Miyara
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Sara Yosefi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Larry A Cogburn
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Leif Anderson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4458, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miriam Friedman-Einat
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel.
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Harun-Or-Rashid M, Konjusha D, Galindo-Romero C, Hallböök F. Endothelin B Receptors on Primary Chicken Müller Cells and the Human MIO-M1 Müller Cell Line Activate ERK Signaling via Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167778. [PMID: 27930693 PMCID: PMC5145189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the eye or retina triggers Müller cells, the major glia cell of the retina, to dedifferentiate and proliferate. In some species they attain retinal progenitor properties and have the capacity to generate new neurons. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) system and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling are key regulators of these processes in Müller cells. The extracellular signals that modulate and control these processes are not fully understood. In this work we studied whether endothelin receptor signaling can activate EGFR and ERK signaling in Müller cells. Endothelin expression is robustly upregulated at retinal injury and endothelin receptors have been shown to transactivate EGFRs in other cell types. We analyzed the endothelin signaling system in chicken retina and cultured primary chicken Müller cells as well as the human Müller cell line MIO-M1. The Müller cells were stimulated with receptor agonists and treated with specific blockers to key enzymes in the signaling pathway or with siRNAs. We focused on endothelin receptor mediated transactivation of EGFRs by using western blot analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunocytochemistry. The results showed that chicken Müller cells and the human Müller cell line MIO-M1 express endothelin receptor B. Stimulation by the endothelin receptor B agonist IRL1620 triggered phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and autophosphorylation of (Y1173) EGFR. The effects could be blocked by Src-kinase inhibitors (PP1, PP2), EGFR-inhibitor (AG1478), EGFR-siRNA and by inhibitors to extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (GM6001), consistent with a Src-kinase mediated endothelin receptor response that engage ligand-dependent and ligand-independent EGFR activation. Our data suggest a mechanism for how injury-induced endothelins, produced in the retina, may modulate the Müller cell responses by Src-mediated transactivation of EGFRs. The data give support to a view in which endothelins among several other functions, serve as an injury-signal that regulate the gliotic response of Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dardan Konjusha
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Differential lipid metabolic requirements of sexually-mature males and females may influence the regulation of lipid metabolism-associated genes and hence the content of adipose tissue. We measured the expression of eight lipid metabolism-associated genes (fatty acid synthase, FASN; acylglycerol- 3- phosphate O-acyltransferase 9, AGPAT9; peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ; lipoprotein lipase, LPL; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A, CPT1A; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B, CPT1B; acyl-COA dehydrogenase long chain, ACADL; monoglyceride lipase, MGL) in eight tissues (hypothalamus, HYP; liver; heart; pectoralis major muscle, PM; gastrocnemius muscle, GAS; abdominal fat, AF; clavicular fat, CF; subcutaneous fat, SF) of five male and five female white feather chickens using real time PCR at 217 d (when the females were at peak egg production). There were no difference between sexes, nor were there sex by tissue interactions for CPT1A and MGL. In both cases expression was greater for liver than the other tissues. When interactions of sex by tissue were significant, the FASN mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and PM was greater for females than males. There was no sexual dimorphism for any tissue for PPARγ. Overall values were greater for adipose depots than HYP and liver with muscles intermediate for AGPAT9. LPL mRNA abundance in PM and AF was greater for females than males, with the pattern reversed for heart and SF. CPT1B mRNA abundance in GAS and CF was greater for females than males, with the relationship reversed for liver. ACADL mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and GAS was greater for females than males, and lower in PM than males. The results demonstrated that expression of lipid metablism–associated genes varies among sexes in mature chickens depending on the gene and the tissue.
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Yuan J, Wang K, Yi G, Ma M, Dou T, Sun C, Qu LJ, Shen M, Qu L, Yang N. Genome-wide association studies for feed intake and efficiency in two laying periods of chickens. Genet Sel Evol 2015; 47:82. [PMID: 26475174 PMCID: PMC4608132 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-015-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feed contributes to over 60 % of the total production costs in the poultry industry. Increasing feed costs prompt geneticists to include feed intake and efficiency as selection goals in breeding programs. In the present study, we used an F2 chicken population in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect potential genetic variants and candidate genes associated with daily feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency, including residual feed intake (RFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Methods A total of 1534 F2 hens from a White Leghorn and Dongxiang reciprocal cross were phenotyped for feed intake and efficiency between 37 and 40 weeks (FI1, RFI1, and FCR1) and between 57 and 60 weeks (FI2, RFI2, and FCR2), and genotyped using the chicken 600 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array. Univariate, bivariate, and conditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed with GEMMA, a genome-wide efficient mixed model association algorithm. The statistical significance threshold for association was inferred by the simpleM method. Results We identified eight genomic regions that each contained at least one genetic variant that showed a significant association with FI. Genomic regions on Gallus gallus (GGA) chromosome 4 coincided with known quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect feed intake of layers. Of particular interest, eight SNPs on GGA1 in the region between 169.23 and 171.55 Mb were consistently associated with FI in both univariate and bivariate GWAS, which explained 3.72 and 2.57 % of the phenotypic variance of FI1 and FI2, respectively. The CAB39L gene can be considered as a promising candidate for FI1. For RFI, a haplotype block on GGA27 harbored a significant SNP associated with RFI2. The major allele of rs315135692 was favorable for a lower RFI, with a phenotypic difference of 3.35 g/day between opposite homozygous genotypes. Strong signals on GGA1 were detected in the bivariate GWAS for FCR. Conclusions The results demonstrated the polygenic nature of feed intake. GWAS identified novel variants and confirmed a QTL that was previously reported for feed intake in chickens. Genetic variants associated with feed efficiency may be used in genomic breeding programs to select more efficient layers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-015-0161-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kehua Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqiang Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taocun Dou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu-Jiang Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manman Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Qu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, 225125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Lopes-Marques M, Delgado ILS, Ruivo R, Torres Y, Sainath SB, Rocha E, Cunha I, Santos MM, Castro LFC. The Origin and Diversity of Cpt1 Genes in Vertebrate Species. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138447. [PMID: 26421611 PMCID: PMC4589379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (Cpt1) gene family plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis since it is required for the occurrence of fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria. The exact gene repertoire in different vertebrate lineages is variable. Presently, four genes are documented: Cpt1a, also known as Cpt1a1, Cpt1a2; Cpt1b and Cpt1c. The later is considered a mammalian innovation resulting from a gene duplication event in the ancestor of mammals, after the divergence of sauropsids. In contrast, Cpt1a2 has been found exclusively in teleosts. Here, we reassess the overall evolutionary relationships of Cpt1 genes using a combination of approaches, including the survey of the gene repertoire in basal gnathostome lineages. Through molecular phylogenetics and synteny studies, we find that Cpt1c is most likely a rapidly evolving orthologue of Cpt1a2. Thus, Cpt1c is present in other lineages such as cartilaginous fish, reptiles, amphibians and the coelacanth. We show that genome duplications (2R) and variable rates of sequence evolution contribute to the history of Cpt1 genes in vertebrates. Finally, we propose that loss of Cpt1b is the likely cause for the unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Lopes-Marques
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês L. S. Delgado
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yan Torres
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sri Bhashyam Sainath
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Santos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIMAR Associate Laboratory, UPorto–University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Gonzales NM, Palmer AA. Fine-mapping QTLs in advanced intercross lines and other outbred populations. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:271-92. [PMID: 24906874 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative genetic studies in model organisms, particularly in mice, have been extremely successful in identifying chromosomal regions that are associated with a wide variety of behavioral and other traits. However, it is now widely understood that identification of the underlying genes will be far more challenging. In the last few years, a variety of populations have been utilized in an effort to more finely map these chromosomal regions with the goal of identifying specific genes. The common property of these newer populations is that linkage disequilibrium spans relatively short distances, which permits fine-scale mapping resolution. This review focuses on advanced intercross lines (AILs) which are the simplest such population. As originally proposed in 1995 by Darvasi and Soller, an AIL is the product of intercrossing two inbred strains beyond the F2 generation. Unlike recombinant inbred strains, AILs are maintained as outbred populations; brother-sister matings are specifically avoided. Each generation of intercrossing beyond the F2 further degrades linkage disequilibrium between adjacent makers, which allows for fine-scale mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Advances in genotyping technology and techniques for the statistical analysis of AILs have permitted rapid advances in the application of AILs. We review some of the analytical issues and available software, including QTLRel, EMMA, EMMAX, GEMMA, TASSEL, GRAMMAR, WOMBAT, Mendel, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Gonzales
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Shi W, Hu S, Wang W, Zhou X, Qiu W. Skeletal muscle-specific CPT1 deficiency elevates lipotoxic intermediates but preserves insulin sensitivity. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:163062. [PMID: 24319696 PMCID: PMC3844227 DOI: 10.1155/2013/163062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE By specific knockout of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (CPT1b) in skeletal muscles, we explored the effect of CPT1b deficiency on lipids and insulin sensitivity. METHODS Mice with specific knockout of CPT1b in skeletal muscles (CPT1b M-/-) were used for the experiment group, with littermate C57BL/6 as controls (CPT1b). General and metabolic profiles were measured and compared between groups. mRNA expression and CPT1 activity were measured in skeletal muscle tissues and compared between groups. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), triglycerides (TAGs), diglycerides (DAGs), and ceramides were examined in skeletal muscles in two groups. Phosphorylated AKT (pAkt) and glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) were determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Insulin tolerance test, glucose tolerance test, and pyruvate oxidation were performed in both groups. RESULTS CPT1b M-/- model was successfully established, with impaired muscle CPT1 activity. Compared with CPT1b mice, CPT1b M-/- mice had similar food intake but lower body weight or fat mass and higher lipids but similar glucose or insulin levels. Their mitochondrial FAO of skeletal muscles was impaired. There were lipids accumulations (TAGs, DAGs, and ceramides) in skeletal muscle. However, pAkt and Glut4, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and pyruvate oxidation were preserved. CONCLUSION Skeletal muscle-specific CPT1 deficiency elevates lipotoxic intermediates but preserves insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang 313000, China
- *Wei Qiu:
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