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Ager-Wick E, Maugars G, von Krogh K, Fontaine R, Weltzien FA, Henkel C. An RNA-seq time series of the medaka pituitary gland during sexual maturation. Sci Data 2023; 10:62. [PMID: 36720883 PMCID: PMC9889309 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Directing both organismal homeostasis and physiological adaptation, the pituitary is a key endocrine gland in all vertebrates. One of its major tasks is to coordinate sexual maturation through the production and release of hormones stimulating gonad development. In order to study its developmental dynamics in the model fish medaka (Oryzias latipes), we sampled both the pituitary and the ovaries of 68 female fish. Of these, 55 spanned the entire course of sexual maturation from prepubertal juveniles to spawning adults. An additional 13 showed either considerably faster or slower growth and development than the majority of fish. We used histological examination of the ovaries to determine a histological maturation stage, and analyzed the pituitary glands using RNA-seq optimized for low input. Taken together, these data reveal the timing of hormone production priorities, and form a comprehensive resource for the study of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirill Ager-Wick
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gersende Maugars
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway ,grid.9916.70000 0001 2173 1046Present Address: Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Université Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre, France
| | - Kristine von Krogh
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan Henkel
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XPhysiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Zhang J, Lin X, Chen Y, Li T, Lee AC, Chow EY, Cho WC, Chan T. LAFITE Reveals the Complexity of Transcript Isoforms in Subcellular Fractions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203480. [PMID: 36461702 PMCID: PMC9875686 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the subcellular distribution of RNA is essential for understanding the molecular basis of biological processes. Here, the subcellular nanopore direct RNA-sequencing (DRS) of four lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1975, H358, and HCC4006) is performed, coupled with a computational pipeline, Low-abundance Aware Full-length Isoform clusTEr (LAFITE), to comprehensively analyze the full-length cytoplasmic and nuclear transcriptome. Using additional DRS and orthogonal data sets, it is shown that LAFITE outperforms current methods for detecting full-length transcripts, particularly for low-abundance isoforms that are usually overlooked due to poor read coverage. Experimental validation of six novel isoforms exclusively identified by LAFITE further confirms the reliability of this pipeline. By applying LAFITE to subcellular DRS data, the complexity of the nuclear transcriptome is revealed in terms of isoform diversity, 3'-UTR usage, m6A modification patterns, and intron retention. Overall, LAFITE provides enhanced full-length isoform identification and enables a high-resolution view of the RNA landscape at the isoform level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xiao Lin
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yuelong Chen
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Tsz‐Ho Li
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | - Alan Chun‐Kit Lee
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
| | | | | | - Ting‐Fung Chan
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SARChina
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Characterization of hormone-producing cell types in the teleost pituitary gland using single-cell RNA-seq. Sci Data 2021; 8:279. [PMID: 34711832 PMCID: PMC8553774 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is the vertebrate endocrine gland responsible for the production and secretion of several essential peptide hormones. These, in turn, control many aspects of an animal’s physiology and development, including growth, reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism, and stress responses. In teleost fish, each hormone is presumably produced by a specific cell type. However, key details on the regulation of, and communication between these cell types remain to be resolved. We have therefore used single-cell sequencing to generate gene expression profiles for 2592 and 3804 individual cells from the pituitaries of female and male adult medaka (Oryzias latipes), respectively. Based on expression profile clustering, we define 15 and 16 distinct cell types in the female and male pituitary, respectively, of which ten are involved in the production of a single peptide hormone. Collectively, our data provide a high-quality reference for studies on pituitary biology and the regulation of hormone production, both in fish and in vertebrates in general. Measurement(s) | RNA-seq gene expression profiling assay | Technology Type(s) | tag based single cell RNA sequencing | Factor Type(s) | sex | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Oryzias latipes | Sample Characteristic - Environment | fresh water aquarium |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.16592621
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Chowdhury HA, Bhattacharyya DK, Kalita JK. Differential Expression Analysis of RNA-seq Reads: Overview, Taxonomy, and Tools. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 17:566-586. [PMID: 30281477 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2873010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of RNA-sequence (RNA-seq) data is widely used in transcriptomic studies and it has many applications. We review RNA-seq data analysis from RNA-seq reads to the results of differential expression analysis. In addition, we perform a descriptive comparison of tools used in each step of RNA-seq data analysis along with a discussion of important characteristics of these tools. A taxonomy of tools is also provided. A discussion of issues in quality control and visualization of RNA-seq data is also included along with useful tools. Finally, we provide some guidelines for the RNA-seq data analyst, along with research issues and challenges which should be addressed.
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Fontaine R, Ager-Wick E, Hodne K, Weltzien FA. Plasticity of Lh cells caused by cell proliferation and recruitment of existing cells. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:361-377. [PMID: 30594119 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (Lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) control reproduction in vertebrates. Using a transgenic line of medaka, in which green fluorescent protein expression is controlled by the endogenous lhb promotor, we studied development and plasticity of Lh cells, comparing juveniles and adults of both genders. Confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction revealed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Lh cells in both genders from juvenile to adult stages. We show that Lh cell hyperplasia may be caused by recruitment of existing pituitary cells that start to produce lhb, as evidenced by time lapse recordings of primary pituitary cell cultures, and/or through Lh cell proliferation, demonstrated through a combination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incubation experiments and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Proliferating Lh cells do not belong to the classical type of multipotent stem cells, as they do not stain with anti-sox2. Estradiol exposure in vivo increased pituitary cell proliferation, particularly Lh cells, whereas pituitary lhb and gpa expression levels decreased. RNA-seq and in situ hybridization showed that Lh cells express two estrogen receptors, esr1 and esr2b, and the aromatase gene cyp19a1b, suggesting a direct effect of estradiol, and possibly androgens, on Lh cell proliferation. In conclusion, our study reveals a high degree of plasticity in the medaka Lh cell population, resulting from a combination of recruitment and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Kolder ICRM, van der Plas-Duivesteijn SJ, Tan G, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M, Guler AT, Travin DY, Nakao M, Moritomo T, Irnazarow I, den Dunnen JT, Anvar SY, Jansen HJ, Dirks RP, Palmblad M, Lenhard B, Henkel CV, Spaink HP. A full-body transcriptome and proteome resource for the European common carp. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:701. [PMID: 27590662 PMCID: PMC5009708 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the oldest, most domesticated and one of the most cultured fish species for food consumption. Besides its economic importance, the common carp is also highly suitable for comparative physiological and disease studies in combination with the animal model zebrafish (Danio rerio). They are genetically closely related but offer complementary benefits for fundamental research, with the large body mass of common carp presenting possibilities for obtaining sufficient cell material for advanced transcriptome and proteome studies. Results Here we have used 19 different tissues from an F1 hybrid strain of the common carp to perform transcriptome analyses using RNA-Seq. For a subset of the tissues we also have performed deep proteomic studies. As a reference, we updated the European common carp genome assembly using low coverage Pacific Biosciences sequencing to permit high-quality gene annotation. These annotated gene lists were linked to zebrafish homologs, enabling direct comparisons with published datasets. Using clustering, we have identified sets of genes that are potential selective markers for various types of tissues. In addition, we provide a script for a schematic anatomical viewer for visualizing organ-specific expression data. Conclusions The identified transcriptome and proteome data for carp tissues represent a useful resource for further translational studies of tissue-specific markers for this economically important fish species that can lead to new markers for organ development. The similarity to zebrafish expression patterns confirms the value of common carp as a resource for studying tissue-specific expression in cyprinid fish. The availability of the annotated gene set of common carp will enable further research with both applied and fundamental purposes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3038-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C R M Kolder
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333, CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - G Tan
- Computational Regulatory Genomics, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - G F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A T Guler
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Y Travin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - T Moritomo
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - I Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture Unit, Gołysz Zaborze, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - J T den Dunnen
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Y Anvar
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H J Jansen
- ZF-screens B.V., J.H, Oortweg 19, 2333, CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R P Dirks
- ZF-screens B.V., J.H, Oortweg 19, 2333, CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Palmblad
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B Lenhard
- Computational Regulatory Genomics, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - C V Henkel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Strandabø RAU, Grønlien HK, Ager-Wick E, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Hildahl JP, Weltzien FA, Haug TM. Identified lhb-expressing cells from medaka (Oryzias latipes) show similar Ca(2+)-response to all endogenous Gnrh forms, and reveal expression of a novel fourth Gnrh receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 229:19-31. [PMID: 26899720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously characterized the response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh) 2 in luteinizing hormone (lhb)-expressing cells from green fluorescent protein (Gfp)-transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes), with regard to changes in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. In the current study we present the corresponding responses to Gnrh1 and Gnrh3. Ca(2+) imaging revealed three response patterns to Gnrh1 and Gnrh3, one monophasic and two types of biphasic patterns. There were few significant differences in the shape of the response patterns between the three Gnrh forms, although the amplitude of the Ca(2+) signal was considerably lower for Gnrh1 and Gnrh3 than for Gnrh2, and the distribution between the two different biphasic patterns differed. The different putative Ca(2+) sources were examined by depleting intracellular Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin, or preventing influx of extracellular Ca(2+) by either extracellular Ca(2+) depletion or the L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker verapamil. Both Gnrh1 and 3 relied on Ca(2+) from both intracellular and extracellular sources, with some unexpected differences in the relative contribution. Furthermore, gene expression of Gnrh-receptors (gnrhr) in whole pituitaries was studied during development from juvenile to adult. Only two of the four identified medaka receptors were expressed in the pituitary, gnrhr1b and gnrhr2a, with the newly discovered gnrhr2a showing the highest expression level at all stages as analyzed by quantitative PCR. While both receptors differed in expression level according to developmental stage, only the expression of gnrhr2a showed a clear-cut increase with gonadal maturation. RNA sequencing analysis of FACS-sorted Gfp-positive lhb-cells revealed that both gnrhr1b and gnrhr2a were expressed in lhb-expressing cells, and confirmed the higher expression of gnrhr2a compared to gnrhr1b. These results show that although lhb-expressing gonadotropes in medaka show similar Ca(2+) response patterns to all three endogenous Gnrh forms through the activation of two different receptors, gnrhr1b and gnrhr2a, the differences observed between the Gnrh forms indicate activation of different Ca(2+) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rønnaug A U Strandabø
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi K Grønlien
- Østfold University College, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, P.O. 700, N-1757 Halden, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon P Hildahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude M Haug
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; Atlantis Medical University College, P.O. Box 509, N-1411 Kolbotn, Norway.
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Han Y, Gao S, Muegge K, Zhang W, Zhou B. Advanced Applications of RNA Sequencing and Challenges. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:29-46. [PMID: 26609224 PMCID: PMC4648566 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s28991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionarily advanced sequence-based research with the advantages of high-throughput, high-sensitivity, and high-speed. RNA-seq is now being used widely for uncovering multiple facets of transcriptome to facilitate the biological applications. However, the large-scale data analyses associated with RNA-seq harbors challenges. In this study, we present a detailed overview of the applications of this technology and the challenges that need to be addressed, including data preprocessing, differential gene expression analysis, alternative splicing analysis, variants detection and allele-specific expression, pathway analysis, co-expression network analysis, and applications combining various experimental procedures beyond the achievements that have been made. Specifically, we discuss essential principles of computational methods that are required to meet the key challenges of the RNA-seq data analyses, development of various bioinformatics tools, challenges associated with the RNA-seq applications, and examples that represent the advances made so far in the characterization of the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Han
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shouguo Gao
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathrin Muegge
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA. ; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hartley SW, Mullikin JC. QoRTs: a comprehensive toolset for quality control and data processing of RNA-Seq experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:224. [PMID: 26187896 PMCID: PMC4506620 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput next-generation RNA sequencing has matured into a viable and powerful method for detecting variations in transcript expression and regulation. Proactive quality control is of critical importance as unanticipated biases, artifacts, or errors can potentially drive false associations and lead to flawed results. RESULTS We have developed the Quality of RNA-Seq Toolset, or QoRTs, a comprehensive, multifunction toolset that assists in quality control and data processing of high-throughput RNA sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS QoRTs generates an unmatched variety of quality control metrics, and can provide cross-comparisons of replicates contrasted by batch, biological sample, or experimental condition, revealing any outliers and/or systematic issues that could drive false associations or otherwise compromise downstream analyses. In addition, QoRTs simultaneously replaces the functionality of numerous other data-processing tools, and can quickly and efficiently generate quality control metrics, coverage counts (for genes, exons, and known/novel splice-junctions), and browser tracks. These functions can all be carried out as part of a single unified data-processing/quality control run, greatly reducing both the complexity and the total runtime of the analysis pipeline. The software, source code, and documentation are available online at http://hartleys.github.io/QoRTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Hartley
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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