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Siddaramappa S, Challacombe JF, Petersen JM, Pillai S, Kuske CR. Genetic diversity within the genus Francisella as revealed by comparative analyses of the genomes of two North American isolates from environmental sources. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:422. [PMID: 22920915 PMCID: PMC3479022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella tularensis is an intracellular pathogen that causes tularemia in humans and the public health importance of this bacterium has been well documented in recent history. Francisella philomiragia, a distant relative of F. tularensis, is thought to constitute an environmental lineage along with Francisella novicida. Nevertheless, both F. philomiragia and F. novicida have been associated with human disease, primarily in immune-compromised individuals. To understand the genetic relationships and evolutionary contexts among different lineages within the genus Francisella, the genome of Francisella spp. strain TX07-7308 was sequenced and compared to the genomes of F. philomiragia strains ATCC 25017 and 25015, F. novicida strain U112, and F. tularensis strain Schu S4. Results The size of strain ATCC 25017 chromosome was 2,045,775 bp and contained 1,983 protein-coding genes. The size of strain TX07-7308 chromosome was 2,035,931 bp and contained 1,980 protein-coding genes. Pairwise BLAST comparisons indicated that strains TX07-7308 and ATCC 25017 contained 1,700 protein coding genes in common. NUCmer analyses revealed that the chromosomes of strains TX07-7308 and ATCC 25017 were mostly collinear except for a few gaps, translocations, and/or inversions. Using the genome sequence data and comparative analyses with other members of the genus Francisella (e.g., F. novicida strain U112 and F. tularensis strain Schu S4), several strain-specific genes were identified. Strains TX07-7308 and ATCC 25017 contained an operon with six open reading frames encoding proteins related to enzymes involved in thiamine biosynthesis that was absent in F. novicida strain U112 and F. tularensis strain Schu S4. Strain ATCC 25017 contained an operon putatively involved in lactose metabolism that was absent in strain TX07-7308, F. novicida strain U112, and F. tularensis strain Schu S4. In contrast, strain TX07-7308 contained an operon putatively involved in glucuronate metabolism that was absent in the genomes of strain ATCC 25017, F. novicida strain U112, and F. tularensis strain Schu S4. The polymorphic nature of polysaccharide biosynthesis/modification gene clusters among different Francisella strains was also evident from genome analyses. Conclusions From genome comparisons, it appeared that genes encoding novel functions have contributed to the metabolic enrichment of the environmental lineages within the genus Francisella. The inability to acquire new genes coupled with the loss of ancestral traits and the consequent reductive evolution may be a cause for, as well as an effect of, niche selection of F. tularensis. Sequencing and comparison of the genomes of more isolates are required to obtain further insights into the ecology and evolution of different species within the genus Francisella.
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Siddaramappa S, Challacombe JF, DeCastro RE, Pfeiffer F, Sastre DE, Giménez MI, Paggi RA, Detter JC, Davenport KW, Goodwin LA, Kyrpides N, Tapia R, Pitluck S, Lucas S, Woyke T, Maupin-Furlow JA. A comparative genomics perspective on the genetic content of the alkaliphilic haloarchaeon Natrialba magadii ATCC 43099T. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:165. [PMID: 22559199 PMCID: PMC3403918 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natrialba magadii is an aerobic chemoorganotrophic member of the Euryarchaeota and is a dual extremophile requiring alkaline conditions and hypersalinity for optimal growth. The genome sequence of Nab. magadii type strain ATCC 43099 was deciphered to obtain a comprehensive insight into the genetic content of this haloarchaeon and to understand the basis of some of the cellular functions necessary for its survival. RESULTS The genome of Nab. magadii consists of four replicons with a total sequence of 4,443,643 bp and encodes 4,212 putative proteins, some of which contain peptide repeats of various lengths. Comparative genome analyses facilitated the identification of genes encoding putative proteins involved in adaptation to hypersalinity, stress response, glycosylation, and polysaccharide biosynthesis. A proton-driven ATP synthase and a variety of putative cytochromes and other proteins supporting aerobic respiration and electron transfer were encoded by one or more of Nab. magadii replicons. The genome encodes a number of putative proteases/peptidases as well as protein secretion functions. Genes encoding putative transcriptional regulators, basal transcription factors, signal perception/transduction proteins, and chemotaxis/phototaxis proteins were abundant in the genome. Pathways for the biosynthesis of thiamine, riboflavin, heme, cobalamin, coenzyme F420 and other essential co-factors were deduced by in depth sequence analyses. However, approximately 36% of Nab. magadii protein coding genes could not be assigned a function based on Blast analysis and have been annotated as encoding hypothetical or conserved hypothetical proteins. Furthermore, despite extensive comparative genomic analyses, genes necessary for survival in alkaline conditions could not be identified in Nab. magadii. CONCLUSIONS Based on genomic analyses, Nab. magadii is predicted to be metabolically versatile and it could use different carbon and energy sources to sustain growth. Nab. magadii has the genetic potential to adapt to its milieu by intracellular accumulation of inorganic cations and/or neutral organic compounds. The identification of Nab. magadii genes involved in coenzyme biosynthesis is a necessary step toward further reconstruction of the metabolic pathways in halophilic archaea and other extremophiles. The knowledge gained from the genome sequence of this haloalkaliphilic archaeon is highly valuable in advancing the applications of extremophiles and their enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean F Challacombe
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Rosana E DeCastro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250 4to Nivel, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Friedhelm Pfeiffer
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250 4to Nivel, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - María I Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250 4to Nivel, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Roberto A Paggi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250 4to Nivel, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - John C Detter
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Karen W Davenport
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lynne A Goodwin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nikos Kyrpides
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Roxanne Tapia
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Samuel Pitluck
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Susan Lucas
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Bldg. 981, Museum Rd., P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0700, USA
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Abstract
White, D. C. (Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.). Respiratory systems in hemin-requiring Haemophilus species. J. Bacteriol. 85:84-96. 1963.-If grown in Levinthal's medium or in proteose peptone medium with excess hemin, Haemophilus influenzae, H. aegyptius, and H. canis (H. haemoglobinophilus) form an electron-transport system consisting of six cytochromes and two respiratory flavoproteins. In proteose peptone, these species can greatly modify the composition of their electron-transport complex. With anaerobic incubation in the presence of nitrate, they produce increased amounts of cytochrome c(1) and the cytochrome oxidases a(1) and o. This anaerobic pattern is greatly exaggerated by growth under carbon monoxide, in which case large concentrations of cytochrome oxidase are produced. In the presence of the inhibitor secobarbital or of growth-limiting amounts of hemin, intermediate amounts of cytochromes and respiratory flavoproteins are formed. When only small amounts of hemin are present, these species grow but form no detectable cytochrome system. Catalase is the only hemoprotein found. Under these conditions, the addition of glucose induces the formation of a lactate oxidase flavoprotein if the system is incubated aerobically. This cytochromeless state also occurs when these species are grown in KCN or anaerobically without nitrate and with excess hemin. The ability of these species to modify the composition of the electron-transport system strongly suggests that this function unit is formed from individual components. Hemin-requiring Haemophilus species have a hemin-sparing compensatory mechanism that allows growth under conditions under which hemin-independent Haemophilus species will not grow.
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Abstract
White, David C. (The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.) and S. Granick. Hemin biosynthesis in Haemophilus. J. Bacteriol. 85:842-850. 1963.-Hemin-independent Haemophilus species have been shown to form hemin by the classical hemin biosynthetic pathway. Three distinct species of Haemophilus [H. influenzae, H. aegyptius, and H. canis (H. haemoglobinophilus)] all lost the enzymatic capacities to convert delta-aminolevulinic acid to protoporphyrin, which accounts for their dependence on hemin for growth. The strain of H. aegyptus tested cannot form hemin from protoporphyrin, can be transformed with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from H. influenzae, and the resultant progeny have the enzymatic activity to convert protoporphyrin to hemin. Attempts to transform these species to hemin independence with DNA from hemin-independent H. parainfluenzae are unsuccessful under conditions where streptomycin resistance is readily transformed.
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Hazell SL, Markesich DC, Evans DJ, Evans DG, Graham DY. Influence of media supplements on growth and survival of Campylobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8:597-602. [PMID: 2506019 DOI: 10.1007/bf01968136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to determine the role of heme and the importance of other factors in the growth of Campylobacter pylori. Campylobacter pylori strains were tested for their ability to synthesize porphyrin, for their ability to grow and be maintained on basal medium and basal medium supplemented with blood or blood products, and for the influence of bovine serum albumin and catalase on viability. Results indicated that Campylobacter pylori does not require heme as a source of porphyrin. Growth of Campylobacter pylori could not be sustained on media containing starch or hemoglobin, but was sustained on media containing erythrocytes, serum, bovine serum albumin or catalase. The ability to grow on media containing bovine serum albumin and catalase suggests that protection from toxic fatty acids and the prevention of toxic product formation may be important factors in the growth and survival of Campylobacter pylori in vitro. Both bovine serum albumin and catalase combined provide the minimum requirements which allow the spectrum of Campylobacter pylori present in a single culture to grow on blood-free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hazell
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Caldwell DR, White DC, Bryant MP, Doetsch RN. Specificity of the heme requirement for growth of Bacteroides ruminicola. J Bacteriol 1965; 90:1645-54. [PMID: 5892590 PMCID: PMC315873 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.6.1645-1654.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Caldwell, D. R. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.), D. C. White, M. P. Bryant, and R. N. Doetsch. Specificity of the heme requirement for growth of Bacteroides ruminicola. J. Bacteriol. 90:1645-1654. 1965.-Previous studies suggested that most strains of Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola require heme for growth. Present studies with heme-requiring strain 23 showed that protoheme was replaced by various porphyrins, uroporphyrinogen, coproporphyrinogen, certain iron-free metalloporphyrins, hemes, and certain heme-proteins containing readily removable hemes. Strain 23 utilized a wider range of tetrapyrroles than hemin-requiring bacteria previously studied. Inactive compounds included porphyrin biosynthesis intermediates preceding the tetrapyrrole stage and related compounds; uroporphyrin, chlorophyll, pheophytin, phycoerythrin, bilirubin, pyrrole, FeSO(4) with or without chelating agents; and representative ferrichrome compounds. Strain 23, two other strains representing predominant biotypes of B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola, and one closely related strain grew in media containing heme-free protoporphyrin, mesoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, or deuteroporphyrin, apparently inserting iron into several nonvinyl porphyrins. Porphobilinogen and porphyrin synthesis, apparently via the commonly known heme synthesis pathway, occurred during growth of heme-independent B. ruminicola subsp. brevis strain GA33 in a tetrapyrrole-free medium containing delta-aminolevulinic acid, but delta-aminolevulinic acid metabolism to porphobilinogen or porphyrins could not be detected in cells of heme-requiring strain 23 grown in the same medium with hemin added. Growth of strain 23 with uroporphyrinogen, coproporphyrinogen, or protoporphyrin IX replacing hemin suggests that part of the commonly known heme-biosynthesis pathway is present in this strain, but nutritional and metabolic evidence indicates that some or all of the enzymes synthesizing the tetrapyrrole nucleus from linear molecules are lacking or inactive.
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