Characterization of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis from invasive meningococcal disease cases in Canada between 1979 and 2006: Epidemiological links to returning travellers

Long-term impacts of MenC vaccination campaign in the Salvador, Brazil metropolitan region: A comparison of pre- and post-vaccine periods

The Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate Vaccine (MenC) was introduced into the Brazilian Immunization Program in 2010. However, in Salvador, the fourth largest capital in Brazil, an extended catch-up campaign was conducted earlier in that year, which focused on adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years. To evaluate the long-term impact of MenC vaccination, we analyzed hospital-based surveillance data on cases of meningococcal disease in the Salvador metropolitan region during the pre-vaccine (2005-2009) and post-vaccine (2011-2016) campaign periods. Six years after the introduction of the MenC vaccine, the mean incidence rate decreased from 3.20 to 0.93 cases per 100,000 individuals (71% reduction, 95% CI [58.7-83.3]) in children <4 years. Reductions of 25.6% and 21.1% were also observed for the age groups of 5-9 and 10-14 years, respectively. On the other hand, incidence increased in the 15-24-year age group from 0.72 to 1.11, and from 0.31 to 0.60 in individuals aged >25 years (p < 0.05). At the end of the study period, serogroup C was the most prevalent (65.7%), followed by serogroups B (9.8%), W (2.3%), Y (1.6%) and A (1.0%); serogrouping was not possible in 19.6% of the cases, or adequate material was not available for serogroup identification. The use of real-time PCR from 2010 onwards increased detection rates of meningococcal meningitis by 29.6%. The long-term impact of the MenC vaccination campaign was associated with a significant reduction in MenC disease in children aged 0-4 years, yet no effect was observed in adolescents and adults, as evidenced by increasing trends in infection rates. In addition, the emergence of meningococcal serogroup A was identified, which should serve as an alert to public health officials and deserves further investigation.