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Elgenidy A, Afifi AM, Jalal PK. Gallbladder Wall Thickness as a Non-Invasive Marker for Esophageal Varices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:509-517. [PMID: 37250888 PMCID: PMC10213855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The early detection of esophageal varices (EV) is important in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Non-invasive diagnostic markers are preferred to avoid the cost and potential complications associated with endoscopy. The gallbladder venous blood is drained via small veins which terminate in the portal venous circulation. Therefore, the gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) can be affected by portal hypertension. We conducted the present study to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive utility of ultrasound GBWT measurement in patients with EV. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase for relevant studies up to March 15, 2022, using the keywords "varix", "varices", and "gallbladder" to search the databases by title and abstract. Our meta-analysis was performed using the "meta" package of R software version 4.1.0 and meta-disc for diagnostic test accuracy (DTA). Results We included 12 studies in our review (N = 1343 participants). The gallbladder thickness was significantly larger in patients with EV compared with the control group (MD = 1.86 mm; 95% CI, 1.36-2.36). The DTA analysis and summary ROC plot showed an AUC of 86% and Q∗ = 0.80. The pooled sensitivity was 73% and the specificity was 86. Conclusions Our analysis shows that GBWT measurement is a promising predictor of esophageal varices in chronic liver disease patients.
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Sarici KB, Akbulut S, Karabulut E, Sahin TT, Kucukakcali Z, Garzali IU, Aloun A, Yilmaz S. Histopathological Features of Gallbladder Specimens Obtained From Liver Recipients. Transplant Proc 2023:S0041-1345(22)00869-7. [PMID: 36604252 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the histopathological features of gallbladder specimens obtained from liver transplantation (LT) recipients and to find the correlation between these findings with the clinical features of patients. METHODS The 1985 patients who underwent LT in our institute between March 2002 and January 2021 and whose data regarding pathologic analysis of gallbladder could retrospectively be obtained were included in the study. The data of the patients including age, gender, the reason for LT (fulminant or nonfulminant), presence of ascites, macroscopic characteristics of gallbladder (the length, diameter, and wall thickness), and microscopic findings were all obtained and analyzed in the present study. RESULTS A total of 1985 patients (men = 1300 and women = 685) with a median age of 39.4 years were included in this study. LT was performed in 249 patients because of fulminant liver failure, and abdominal ascites were detected in 933 patients during LT. There were statistical differences in terms of age (P < .001), gallbladder length (P < .001). and width (P < .001) among the both gender, but there was no difference in terms of histopathologic characteristics and presence of gallstones. On the other hand, there were significant differences in terms of age (P < .001), gallbladder length (P < .001), width (P < .001), wall thickness (P = .021), presence of gallstones (P < .001), and histopathologic characteristics (P < .001) between the patients with fulminant and nonfulminant liver failure etiologies. Similar results were obtained when characteristics of patients with and without ascites were compared. CONCLUSIONS This the first study analyzing the histopathological analysis of gallbladder specimens in LT recipients. Chronic liver disease, presence of ascites and gender are the factors affecting the macroscopic and microscopic features of the gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Baris Sarici
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sami Akbulut
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey; Department Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Ertuğrul Karabulut
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Tolga Sahin
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kucukakcali
- Department Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Umar Garzali
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey; Department of Surgery, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ali Aloun
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Bremer SCB, Knoop RF, Porsche M, Amanzada A, Ellenrieder V, Neesse A, Kunsch S, Petzold G. Pathological gallbladder wall thickening is associated with advanced chronic liver disease and independent of serum albumin. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2022; 50:367-374. [PMID: 34633098 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) is a common finding. Reported causes include advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), ascites and hypalbuminemia. GBWT is a marker for the prediction of esophageal varices. It remains unclear which of these factors is the decisive driver of GBWT. We aim to investigate whether there is a predominant factor associated with the GBWT. METHODS We enrolled 258 patients with ascites, hypalbuminemia and/or ACLD and 98 healthy volunteers that underwent abdominal ultrasound. Differences of mean GBWT in subgroups of patients with ACLD, ascites, and/or hypalbuminemia were analyzed. Correlation between various parameters and GBWT were calculated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS GBWT in patients with ACLD + ascites + hypalbuminemia (n = 59; 5.70 ± 2.05 mm) was pathologically increased compared to patients with hypalbuminemia + ascites without ACLD (n = 36; 2.14 ± 0.66 mm; p < .001) and to patients with only hypalbuminemia (n = 76; 2.02 ± 0.80 mm; p < .001). GBWT of patients with ACLD + hypalbuminemia (n = 30; 3.42 ± 1.52 mm) and with ACLD and normal albumin level were not different (n = 46; 3.10 ± 1.62 mm; p > .999). Significant correlation was seen between GBWT and ACLD (r = .53; p < .001) and ascites (r = .51; p < .001) but not albumin level (r = .04; p = .510). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that ACLD is predominantly associated with GBWT. In contrast to the current literature, serum albumin level appears not to be associated with pathological GBWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C B Bremer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Richard F Knoop
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Melissa Porsche
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Amanzada
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Neesse
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Kunsch
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Golo Petzold
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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Wang SY, Yeh CN, Jan YY, Chen MF. Management of Gallstones and Acute Cholecystitis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: What Should We Consider When Performing Surgery? Gut Liver 2021; 15:517-527. [PMID: 32921635 PMCID: PMC8283297 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute cholecystitis and several gallbladder stone-related conditions, such as impacted common bile duct stones, cholangitis, and biliary pancreatitis, are common medical conditions in daily practice. An early cholecystectomy or drainage procedure with delayed cholecystectomy is the current standard of treatment based on published clinical guidelines. Cirrhosis is not only a condition of chronically impaired hepatic function but also has systemic effects in patients. In cirrhotic individuals, several predisposing factors, including changes in the bile acid composition, increased nucleation of bile, and decreased motility of the gallbladder, contribute to the formation of biliary stones and the possibility of symptomatic cholelithiasis, which is an indication for surgical treatment. In addition to these predisposing factors for cholelithiasis, systemic effects and local anatomic consequences related to cirrhosis lead to anesthesiologic risks and perioperative complications in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, the treatment of the aforementioned biliary conditions in cirrhotic patients has become a challenging issue. In this review, we focus on cholecystectomy for cirrhotic patients and summarize the surgical indications, risk stratification, surgical procedures, and surgical outcomes specific to cirrhotic patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Yin Jan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Miin Fu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Khammas ASA, Mahmud R. Ultrasonographic Measurements of the Liver, Gallbladder Wall Thickness, Inferior Vena Cava, Portal Vein and Pancreas in an Urban Region, Malaysia. J Med Ultrasound 2020; 29:26-31. [PMID: 34084713 PMCID: PMC8081096 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_53_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultrasonographic (USG) measurements of the liver length, gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT), diameters of the inferior vena cava (IVC), portal vein (PV), and pancreas are valuable and reliable in diagnosis hepatobiliary and pancreas conditions. This study is aimed to determine the normal values of liver length, GBWT, AP diameters of the IVC and PV, AP diameter of the head and body of the pancreas. Methods: A prospective cross–sectional study was carried out in this study. A total of the 408 participants were randomly recruited using a systematic method. According to the USG reports, the subjects who had normal USG report for liver, biliary system, and pancreas were described as normals, whereas the subjects who had hepatobiliary diseases such as fatty liver, liver cysts, hemangioma, cirrhosis, gallbladder wall thickening, acute cholecystitis, gallstones, and polyps were recorded as abnormal subjects. Results: Of the 408 participants with a mean of 52.6 ± 8.4 years old. Of those, 294 (72.1%) participants were normal and 114 (27.9%) subjects were reported as abnormal. More than half of the study population was males, 52.9% versus 47.1% of females. There was a significant difference of liver length, head, and body of the pancreas between genders (P = 0.004, 0.002, and P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the pancreatic body only was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.026). There also was a significant difference of the liver length, head, and body of the pancreas between normal and abnormal subjects (P < 0.001, P = 0.007, and P < 0.001). Conclusion: Liver length, diameter of the head, and body of the pancreas were significantly associated with gender and hepatobiliary diseases. In addition, only the diameter of the body of the pancreas was significantly correlated with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sattar Arif Khammas
- Department of Radiological Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology/Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rozi Mahmud
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
There are many different imaging features of cirrhosis, some of which are less commonly recognized. It is important that the radiologist is familiar with these features as cirrhosis can be first discovered on imaging performed for other indications, thus alerting the clinician for the need to screen for complications of cirrhosis and referral for potential treatment. This article reviews the various imaging findings of cirrhosis seen on cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis.
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Gallstones in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9749802. [PMID: 28251162 PMCID: PMC5306972 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9749802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With prevalence of 10-20% in adults in developed countries, gallstone disease (GSD) is one of the most prevalent and costly gastrointestinal tract disorders in the world. In addition to gallstone disease, chronic liver disease (CLD) is also an important global public health problem. The reported frequency of gallstone in chronic liver disease tends to be higher. The prevalence of gallstone disease might be related to age, gender, etiology, and severity of liver disease in patients with chronic liver disease. In this review, the aim was to identify the epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment strategies of gallstone disease in chronic liver disease patients.
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Wang T, Luo H, Yan HT, Zhang GH, Liu WH, Tang LJ. Risk factors for gallbladder contractility after cholecystolithotomy in elderly high-risk surgical patients. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:129-136. [PMID: 28138229 PMCID: PMC5238807 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s125139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cholecystolithiasis is a common disease in the elderly patient. The routine therapy is open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the previous study, we designed a minimally invasive cholecystolithotomy based on percutaneous cholecystostomy combined with a choledochoscope (PCCLC) under local anesthesia. Methods To investigate the effect of PCCLC on the gallbladder contractility function, PCCLC and laparoscope combined with a choledochoscope were compared in this study. Results The preoperational age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, as well as postoperational lithotrity rate and common biliary duct stone rate in the PCCLC group, were significantly higher than the choledochoscope group. However, the pre- and postoperational gallbladder ejection fraction was not significantly different. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that the preoperational thickness of gallbladder wall (odds ratio [OR]: 0.540; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.317–0.920; P=0.023) and lithotrity (OR: 0.150; 95% CI: 0.023–0.965; P=0.046) were risk factors for postoperational gallbladder ejection fraction. The area under receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.714 (P=0.016; 95% CI: 0.553–0.854). Conclusion PCCLC strategy should be carried out cautiously. First, restricted by the diameter of the drainage tube, the PCCLC should be used only for small gallstones in high-risk surgical patients. Second, the usage of lithotrity should be strictly limited to avoid undermining the gallbladder contractility and increasing the risk of secondary common bile duct stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Luo
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Yan
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hu Zhang
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hui Liu
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Tang
- General Surgery Center, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Housset C, Chrétien Y, Debray D, Chignard N. Functions of the Gallbladder. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1549-77. [PMID: 27347902 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals. Gallbladder motor function is regulated by bile acids via the membrane bile acid receptor, TGR5, and by neurohormonal signals linked to digestion, for example, cholecystokinin and FGF15/19 intestinal hormones, which trigger gallbladder emptying and refilling, respectively. The cycle of gallbladder filling and emptying controls the flow of bile into the intestine and thereby the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. The gallbladder also largely contributes to the regulation of bile composition by unique absorptive and secretory capacities. The gallbladder epithelium secretes bicarbonate and mucins, which both provide cytoprotection against bile acids. The reversal of fluid transport from absorption to secretion occurs together with bicarbonate secretion after feeding, predominantly in response to an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathway triggered by neurohormonal factors, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mucin secretion in the gallbladder is stimulated predominantly by calcium-dependent pathways that are activated by ATP present in bile, and bile acids. The gallbladder epithelium has the capacity to absorb cholesterol and provides a cholecystohepatic shunt pathway for bile acids. Changes in gallbladder motor function not only can contribute to gallstone disease, but also subserve protective functions in multiple pathological settings through the sequestration of bile acids and changes in the bile acid composition. Cholecystectomy increases the enterohepatic recirculation rates of bile acids leading to metabolic effects and an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and small-intestine carcinoid, independently of cholelithiasis. Among subjects with gallstones, cholecystectomy remains a priority in those at risk of gallbladder cancer, while others could benefit from gallbladder-preserving strategies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1549-1577, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Yues Chrétien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares (CMR) des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires (MIVB), Service d'Hépatologie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Debray
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Medical-Surgical Center, Hepatology and Transplantation, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
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Chen WX, Mo QQ. Ultrasound evaluation of gallbladder functional changes in patients with chronic liver disease and those with cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4256-4260. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i26.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess gallbladder functional changes in patients with chronic liver disease and those with cirrhosis by ultrasound.
METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with mild chronic liver disease (group A), 37 patients with moderate to severe chronic liver disease (group B), 37 patients with liver cirrhosis (group C), and 35 healthy volunteers (control group) were included. Gallbladder ultrasonography anomalies, thickening of the gallbladder wall, the width of the portal vein, the volume of the gallbladder, and gallbladder emptying fraction (GBEF) were compared for different groups.
RESULTS: The rates of the gallbladder wall roughness, gallbladder wall thickening, double layer sign of the gallbladder wall, and gallbladder enlargement for groups B and C were significantly higher than those for the control group (P < 0.05). The rates of gallbladder wall thickening, double layer sign of the gallbladder wall, and gallbladder enlargement for groups B and C were significantly higher than those for group A (P < 0.05). The degree of gallbladder wall thickening for group B was significantly higher than those for the control group and group A (P < 0.05). The degree of gallbladder wall thickening and the width of the portal vein for group C were significantly higher than those for group A and the control group (P < 0.01). The volumes of the gallbladder before dinner and 30, 60, and 90 min after dinner for groups B and C were significantly higher than those for group A and the control group (P < 0.05). GBEF at 30, 60, and 90 min after dinner for groups B and C were significantly lower than those for group A and the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Ultrasound evaluation of gallbladder functional changes can provide useful information for the diagnosis of chronic liver disease and early liver cirrhosis.
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Rosen LS, Lipton L, Price TJ, Belman ND, Boccia RV, Hurwitz HI, Stephenson JJ, Wirth LJ, McCoy S, Hei YJ, Hsu CP, Tebbutt NC. The effect of different dosing regimens of motesanib on the gallbladder: a randomized phase 1b study in patients with advanced solid tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:242. [PMID: 23679351 PMCID: PMC3688238 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder toxicity, including cholecystitis, has been reported with motesanib, an orally administered small-molecule antagonist of VEGFRs 1, 2 and 3; PDGFR; and Kit. We assessed effects of motesanib on gallbladder size and function. METHODS Patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors ineligible for or progressing on standard-of-care therapies with no history of cholecystitis or biliary disease were randomized 2:1:1 to receive motesanib 125 mg once daily (Arm A); 75 mg twice daily (BID), 14-days-on/7-days-off (Arm B); or 75 mg BID, 5-days-on/2-days-off (Arm C). Primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in gallbladder size (volume by ultrasound; independent review) and function (ejection fraction by CCK-HIDA; investigator assessment). RESULTS Forty-nine patients received ≥1 dose of motesanib (Arms A/B/C, n = 25/12/12). Across all patients, gallbladder volume increased by a mean 22.2 cc (from 38.6 cc at baseline) and ejection fraction decreased by a mean 19.2% (from 61.3% at baseline) during treatment. Changes were similar across arms and appeared reversible after treatment discontinuation. Three patients had cholecystitis (grades 1, 2, 3, n = 1 each) that resolved after treatment discontinuation, one patient developed grade 3 acute cholecystitis requiring cholecystectomy, and two patients had other notable grade 1 gallbladder disorders (gallbladder wall thickening, gallbladder dysfunction) (all in Arm A). Two patients developed de novo gallstones during treatment. Twelve patients had right upper quadrant pain (Arms A/B/C, n = 8/1/3). The incidence of biliary "sludge" in Arms A/B/C was 39%/36%/27%. CONCLUSIONS Motesanib treatment was associated with increased gallbladder volume, decreased ejection fraction, biliary sludge, gallstone formation, and infrequent cholecystitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00448786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Rosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
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Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening on computed tomography in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with clinical and laboratory variables. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011; 35:535-8. [PMID: 21926844 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e31822d2ade] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to retrospectively evaluate (a) which clinical/laboratory features are associated with the presence of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (DGWT) in cirrhotic patients and (b) whether the degree of DGWT is correlated with such clinical/laboratory variables. METHODS After excluding patients with DGWT or laboratory test abnormalities from known causes unrelated to liver cirrhosis, a retrospective review of liver computed tomography obtained from 242 consecutive cirrhotic patients was performed by 2 radiologists in consensus to determine the presence of DGWT of greater than 3 mm in thickness and, if present, to measure the degree of DGWT defined as maximal thickness. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate association between presence/degree of DGWT and clinical/laboratory features. RESULTS Of 242 patients, 73 (30.2%) had DGWT. Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening was seen in 7.6% (12/157) of patients with Child-Pugh class A, 61.1% (33/54) of class B, and 90.3% (28/31) of class C (P < 0.001). The presence of ascites, lower platelet count, and lower albumin level were independently associated with the presence of DGWT (P < 0.01, P = 0.01, and P = 0.02, respectively). However, these factors did not show significant correlation with the degree of DGWT. CONCLUSIONS The presence of DGWT in cirrhotic patients is associated with the presence of ascites, lower platelet count, and lower albumin level. The degree of DGWT is not correlated with such variables.
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MOHAMMADI A, GHASEMI-RAD M, MOHAMMADIFAR M. Differentiation of benign from malignant induced ascites by measuring gallbladder wall thickness. MAEDICA 2011; 6:282-6. [PMID: 22879842 PMCID: PMC3391945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are multiple causes for ascites and conventional diagnostic method for most of them is paracentesis. This method is invasive and time consuming. The aim of this study is to survey the reliability of measuring gallbladder wall thickness to discriminate between cirrhotic and malignant ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study we measured the gallbladder wall thickness by ultrasonography in 100 consecutive patients with portal hypertension induced ascites and in 100 consecutive patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis induced ascites. RESULTS The mean Gallbladder wall thickness was 3.94±0.69 mm in cirrhotic patients and 2.26±0.62 mm in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Gallbladder wall thickening in cirrhotic patients was significantly more compared to patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (p-value=0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows that the thickened gallbladder wall in patients with ascites is highly predictive for diagnosis of portal hypertension induced ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin MOHAMMADI
- MD, Department of Radiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,
| | - Mohammad GHASEMI-RAD
- MD, Genius and talented student organization, student research committee, Urmia University of medical Sciences. Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHAMMADIFAR
- MD, Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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