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Feng K, Liu C, Wang W, Kong P, Tao Z, Liu W. Emerging proteins involved in castration‑resistant prostate cancer via the AR‑dependent and AR‑independent pathways (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:127. [PMID: 37732538 PMCID: PMC10609492 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite achieving optimal initial responses to androgen deprivation therapy, most patients with prostate cancer eventually progress to a poor prognosis state known as castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, there is a notable absence of reliable early warning biomarkers and effective treatment strategies for these patients. Although androgen receptor (AR)‑independent pathways have been discovered and acknowledged in recent years, the AR signaling pathway continues to play a pivotal role in the progression of CRPC. The present review focuses on newly identified proteins within human CRPC tissues. These proteins encompass both those involved in AR‑dependent and AR‑independent pathways. Specifically, the present review provides an in‑depth summary and analysis of the emerging proteins within AR bypass pathways. Furthermore, the significance of these proteins as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treating CRPC is discussed. Therefore, the present review offers valuable theoretical insights and clinical perspectives to comprehensively enhance the understanding of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangle Feng
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312030, P.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Weixi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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2
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Korsen JA, Kalidindi TM, Khitrov S, Samuels ZV, Chakraborty G, Gutierrez JA, Poirier JT, Rudin CM, Chen Y, Morris MJ, Pillarsetty N, Lewis JS. Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer by Targeting Delta-Like Ligand 3. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1401-1407. [PMID: 35058323 PMCID: PMC9454466 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Using the 89Zr-labeled delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) targeting antibody SC16 (89Zr-desferrioxamine [DFO]-SC16), we have developed a PET agent to noninvasively identify the presence of DLL3-positive NEPC lesions. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to compare relative levels of androgen receptor (AR)-regulated markers and the NEPC marker DLL3 in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines. PET imaging with 89Zr-DFO-SC16, 68Ga-PSMA-11, and 68Ga-DOTATATE was performed on H660 NEPC-xenografted male nude mice. 89Zr-DFO-SC16 uptake was corroborated by biodistribution studies. Results: In vitro studies demonstrated that H660 NEPC cells are positive for DLL3 and negative for AR, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. PET imaging and biodistribution studies confirmed that 89Zr-DFO-SC16 uptake is restricted to H660 xenografts, with background uptake in non-NEPC lesions (both AR-dependent and AR-independent). Conversely, H660 xenografts cannot be detected with imaging agents targeting PSMA (68Ga-PSMA-11) or somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (68Ga-DOTATATE). Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that H660 NEPC cells selectively express DLL3 on their cell surface and can be noninvasively identified with 89Zr-DFO-SC16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Korsen
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Teja M Kalidindi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Khitrov
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zachary V Samuels
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Julia A Gutierrez
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York; and
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Morris
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Werner C, Dirsch O, Dahmen U, Grimm MO, Schulz S, Lupp A. Evaluation of Somatostatin and CXCR4 Receptor Expression in a Large Set of Prostate Cancer Samples Using Tissue Microarrays and Well-Characterized Monoclonal Antibodies. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100801. [PMID: 32460182 PMCID: PMC7249232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer among men in Western countries. Despite numerous therapeutic options, few treatments are available for patients with end-stage disease. In the present study, different somatostatin receptors (SSTs) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 were evaluated for their suitability as novel therapeutic targets in PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of SST subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 and of CXCR4 was evaluated in 276 PCa tumor samples on a tissue microarray (TMA) in 23 whole-block tumor samples and in 3 PCa cell lines by immunohistochemistry using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Overall, the frequency and intensity of expression of SSTs and CXCR4 were very low among the PCa samples investigated. Specifically, SST5, SST2A, and SST3 were expressed, albeit at low intensity, in 10.5%, 9.1%, and 0.7% of the TMA samples, respectively. None of the TMA samples showed SST1 or CXCR4 expression. Only a single small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma that was coincidentally included among the whole-block samples exhibited strong SST2A, SST5, and CXCR4 and moderate SST3 expression. Independent of the tumor cells, the tumor capillaries in many of the PCa samples were strongly positive for SST2A, SST3, SST5, or CXCR4 expression. SST expression in the tumor cells was associated with advanced tumor grade and stage. CONCLUSION: Overall, SST and CXCR4 expression levels are clearly of no therapeutic relevance in PCa. SST- or CXCR4-based therapy might be feasible, however, in rare cases of small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Noh KH, Jeong AJ, Lee H, Lee SH, Yi E, Chang PS, Kwak C, Ye SK. Crosstalk Between Prostate Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Enhances the Malignancy by Inhibiting the Tumor Suppressor PLZF. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051083. [PMID: 32349303 PMCID: PMC7281005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is clinically manageable during the early stages of progression, metastatic progression severely compromises the prognosis and leads to mortality. Constitutive activation of STAT3 has been connected to prostate cancer malignancy, and abolishing the STAT3 activity may diminish tumor growth and metastasis. However, its suppressor genes and pathways have not been well established. In this study, we show that promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) has a putative tumor-suppressor function in prostate cancer by inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3. Compared with a benign prostate, high-grade prostate cancer patient tissue was negatively correlated with PLZF expression. PLZF depletion accelerated proliferation and survival, migration, and invasion in human prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated a novel role of PLZF as the transcriptional regulator of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 that inhibits the oncogenic JAKs–STAT3 pathway. These results suggest that the collapse of PLZF expression by the CCL3 derived from fibroblasts accelerates the cell migration and invasion properties of prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that increasing PLZF could be an attractive strategy for suppressing prostate cancer metastasis as well as for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Hee Noh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eunhee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (K.H.N.); (A.J.J.); (H.L.); (S.-H.L.); (E.Y.)
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2740-8281
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5
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Ruffalo M, Stojanov P, Pillutla VK, Varma R, Bar-Joseph Z. Reconstructing cancer drug response networks using multitask learning. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:96. [PMID: 29017547 PMCID: PMC5635550 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translating in vitro results to clinical tests is a major challenge in systems biology. Here we present a new Multi-Task learning framework which integrates thousands of cell line expression experiments to reconstruct drug specific response networks in cancer. RESULTS The reconstructed networks correctly identify several shared key proteins and pathways while simultaneously highlighting many cell type specific proteins. We used top proteins from each drug network to predict survival for patients prescribed the drug. CONCLUSIONS Predictions based on proteins from the in-vitro derived networks significantly outperformed predictions based on known cancer genes indicating that Multi-Task learning can indeed identify accurate drug response networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ruffalo
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Petar Stojanov
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Venkata Krishna Pillutla
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rohan Varma
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Taelman VF, Radojewski P, Marincek N, Ben-Shlomo A, Grotzky A, Olariu CI, Perren A, Stettler C, Krause T, Meier LP, Cescato R, Walter MA. Upregulation of Key Molecules for Targeted Imaging and Therapy. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1805-1810. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.165092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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7
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Savelli G, Muni A, Falchi R, Zaniboni A, Barbieri R, Valmadre G, Minari C, Casi C, Rossini P. Somatostatin receptors over-expression in castration resistant prostate cancer detected by PET/CT: preliminary report of in six patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26207238 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is usually characterized by an excellent prognosis, largely due to little biological aggressiveness and the power of hormonal deprivation therapy. In spite of these favorable characteristics, however, a significant quota of patients does not respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and develop a progressive disease. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is defined by disease progression in spite of ADT. This progression may show any combination of a rise in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), clinical and radiological progression of pre-existing disease, and appearance of new metastases. This event is a striking change in the clinical scenario, since the power of treatment for CRPC patients with distant metastases is very limited. Somatostatin is a hormone produced by neuroendocrine cells. Its distant effects are mediated by the binding to five specific receptors, which are the most striking parameter for neuroendocrine. Various synthetic somatostatin agonists able to bind to the receptors have been synthesized during the past two decades for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Octreotide, the most popular of these, is widely used to treat patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors. A number of researches carried out in the past evaluated the possible neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PC cells in the castration resistant phase. If proved, the presence of a specific class of receptor on cell's surfaces should give a potentially biological target to be used for therapy. However, these studies led to contradictory results. Aim of our phase III diagnostic trial was to study "in vivo" the over-expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in CRPC patients by PET/CT after the administration of the somatostatin analog [(68)Ga-DOTANOC,1-Nal(3)]-octreotide labeled with (68)Ga. Every area of increased uptake corresponding to a metastasis detected with other methods was considered as SSTRs expressing. False positivity to SSTRs expression was considered those localizations with a suspicious uptake not confirmed by other radiologic procedures. On the other hand, metastatic lesions lacking the radiopharmaceutical's uptake were considered not SSTRs expressing metastases. The preliminary results in 6 of the 67 patients scheduled by our phase III trial showed metastases with a variable SSTRs expression in 2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Savelli
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Alfredo Muni
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Roberta Falchi
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Roberto Barbieri
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valmadre
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Chiara Minari
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Camilla Casi
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Rossini
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
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Popovics P, Schally AV, Block NL, Rick FG. Preclinical therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia with neuropeptide hormone antagonists. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:184-194. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a pathologic condition of the prostate described as a substantial increase in its number of epithelial and stromal cells. BPH may significantly reduce the quality of life due to the initiation of bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract syndromes. Current medical therapies mostly consist of inhibitors of 5α-reductase or α1-adrenergic blockers; their efficacy is often insufficient. Antagonistic analogs of neuropeptide hormones are novel candidates for the management of BPH. At first, antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) have been introduced to the therapy aimed to reduce serum testosterone levels. However, they have also been found to produce an inhibitory activity on local LHRH receptors in the prostate as well as impotence and other related side effects. Since then, several preclinical and clinical studies reported the favorable effects of LHRH antagonists in BPH. In contrast, antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) have been tested only in preclinical settings and produce significant reduction in prostate size in experimental models of BPH. They act at least in part, by blocking the action of respective ligands produced locally on prostates through their respective receptors in the prostate, and by inhibition of autocrine insulin-like growth factors-I/II and epidermal growth factor production. GHRH and LHRH antagonists were also tested in combination resulting in a cumulative effect that was greater than that of each alone. This article will review the numerous studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of antagonistic analogs of LHRH, GHRH and GRP in BPH, as well as suggesting a potential role for somatostatin analogs in experimental therapies.
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9
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Hennigs JK, Müller J, Adam M, Spin JM, Riedel E, Graefen M, Bokemeyer C, Sauter G, Huland H, Schlomm T, Minner S. Loss of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in prostate cancer is linked to an aggressive cancer phenotype, high tumor cell proliferation and predicts early metastatic and biochemical relapse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100469. [PMID: 25010045 PMCID: PMC4091868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) is the most frequently expressed SSTR subtype in normal human tissues. SSTR2 expression is differentially regulated in various tumor types and therapeutic somatostatin analogs binding to SSTR2 are in clinical use. In prostate cancers highly contradictory results in terms of SSTR2 expression and its consequences have been published over the past years. The aim of this study was to clarify prevalence and clinical significance of SSTR2 expression in prostate cancer. Therefore, quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a tissue microarray containing samples from 3,261 prostate cancer patients with extensive clinical and molecular cancer characteristics and oncological follow-up data was performed. IHC data was compared to publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus datasets of human prostate cancer gene expression arrays. While membranous SSTR2 staining was always seen in normal prostate epithelium, SSTR2 staining was absent in more than half (56.1%) of 2,195 interpretable prostate cancer samples. About 13% of all analyzed prostate cancers showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic and membranous SSTR2 staining. Staining intensities were inversely correlated with high Gleason grade, advanced pT category, high tumor cell proliferation (p<0.0001 each), high pre-operative PSA levels, (p = 0.0011) and positive surgical margins (p = 0.006). In silico analysis confirmed lower SSTR2 gene expression in prostate cancers vs. normal adjacent tissue (p = 0.0424), prostate cancer metastases vs. primary cancers (p = 0.0011) and recurrent vs. non-recurrent prostate cancers (p = 0.0438). PSA-free survival gradually declined with SSTR2 staining intensity (p<0.0001). SSTR2-negative cancers were more likely to develop metastases over time (p<0.05). In conclusion, most prostate cancers are indeed SSTR2-negative and loss of SSTR2 strongly predicts an unfavorable tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. Therefore, SSTR2 expression seems an important factor in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and re-introduction of the receptor in SSTR2-negative prostate cancers may feature a promising target for novel gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K. Hennigs
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Oncology, Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus-Wald-Tumorzentrum/University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH) University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Müller
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matti Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University – School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University – School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emilia Riedel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Oncology, Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus-Wald-Tumorzentrum/University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH) University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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11
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Differential molecular mechanism of docetaxel-octreotide combined treatment according to the docetaxel-resistance status in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24:120-30. [PMID: 22990129 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328358d1dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect and the molecular mechanisms of the combined treatment of the somatostatin (SST) analogue octreotide with docetaxel: analysis of proliferation, apoptosis and migration in the human prostate cancer cell line PC3, either sensitive (PC3wt) or made resistant to docetaxel (PC3R). We examined the effect of the two drugs individually or in combination on cell proliferation and migration by analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle proteins. The role of octreotide in modulating P-glycoprotein function was examined together with the modulation of SST receptors type 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5). We observed an enhanced effect of docetaxel and octreotide given in combination or in sequence compared with either agent alone; this result was particularly evident when docetaxel was given before octreotide in PC3wt and when the two drugs were given together in PC3R cells. In contrast to lanreotide, our data indicate that octreotide does not act as a P-glycoprotein inhibitor in PC3R cells. A role of docetaxel and combined treatment in regulating SSTR2, SSTR5, proliferation and apoptosis gene expression is suggested as the possible mechanism for the enhanced effect observed. In addition, an evaluation of the effect of the combined treatment on cellular migration was examined, showing a moderate loss of invasive properties in PC3R cells. The present results confirm that SST analogues may be combined with docetaxel to increase the antitumour effect in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma.
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12
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Wang F, Hu S, Liu W, Qiao Z, Gao Y, Bu Z. Deep-sequencing analysis of the mouse transcriptome response to infection with Brucella melitensis strains of differing virulence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28485. [PMID: 22216095 PMCID: PMC3247208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes brucellosis, a disease that affects sheep, cattle and occasionally humans. B. melitensis strain M5-90, a live attenuated vaccine cultured from B. melitensis strain M28, has been used as an effective tool in the control of brucellosis in goats and sheep in China. However, the molecular changes leading to attenuated virulence and pathogenicity in B. melitensis remain poorly understood. In this study we employed the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to perform genome-wide digital gene expression (DGE) analysis of mouse peritoneal macrophage responses to B. melitensis infection. Many parallel changes in gene expression profiles were observed in M28- and M5-90-infected macrophages, suggesting that they employ similar survival strategies, notably the induction of anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic factors. Moreover, 1019 differentially expressed macrophage transcripts were identified 4 h after infection with the different B. melitensis strains, and these differential transcripts notably identified genes involved in the lysosome and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Further analysis employed gene ontology (GO) analysis: high-enrichment GOs identified endocytosis, inflammatory, apoptosis, and transport pathways. Path-Net and Signal-Net analysis highlighted the MAPK pathway as the key regulatory pathway. Moreover, the key differentially expressed genes of the significant pathways were apoptosis-related. These findings demonstrate previously unrecognized changes in gene transcription that are associated with B. melitensis infection of macrophages, and the central signaling pathways identified here merit further investigation. Our data provide new insights into the molecular attenuation mechanism of strain M5-90 and will facilitate the generation of new attenuated vaccine strains with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zujian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhe Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Immunohistochemical expression and localization of somatostatin receptor subtypes in androgen ablated prostate cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2011; 34:235-43. [PMID: 21533650 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the expression and localization of the five somatostatin receptors (termed SSTR1 to 5) in radical prostatectomies (RPs) from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) under complete androgen ablation (CAA) before operation. MATERIAL The five SSTRs were evaluated in the epithelial, smooth muscle and endothelial cells of normal-looking epithelium (Nep), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and PCa in 20 RPs with clinically detected PCa from patients under CAA. Twenty RPs with clinically detected PCa from hormonally untreated patients were used as control group. RESULTS Concerning the secretory cells (i) Membrane staining was seen for SSTR3 and SSTR4; the mean percentages of positive cells, higher in SSTR3 than in SSTR4, decreased sharply in HGPIN and PCa compared with Nep; the mean percentages in the androgen ablated group were 30% to 90% lower than in the untreated; (ii) Cytoplasmic staining was seen for all five SSTRs; the mean percentages of positive cells in Nep, HGPIN and PCa of the untreated group were similar, and in general as high as 80% or more; in the treated group, the Nep values were similar to those in the untreated, whereas the values in HGPIN and PCa were lower for SSTR1, three and five, with a decrease of 30% for SSTR1; (iii) Nuclear staining was seen with SSTR4 and SSTR5, the mean percentages for the former being much lower than for the latter; treatment affected both HGPIN and PCa, whose proportions of stained cells were 30% to 55% lower than in the untreated group. Cytoplasmic staining in the basal cells was seen for all five SSTRs, both in Nep and HGPIN. The values in the treated group were lower than in the other, the difference between the two group being in general comprised between 10% and 40%. Treatment did not affect SSTR staining in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study expands our knowledge on the expression and localization of the five SSTRs in the prostate following CAA.
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14
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Abstract
Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (Ptp) family dephosphorylate target proteins and counter the activities of protein tyrosine kinases that are involved in cellular phosphorylation and signalling. As such, certain PTPs might be tumour suppressors. Indeed, PTPs play an important part in the inhibition or control of growth, but accumulating evidence indicates that some PTPs may exert oncogenic functions. Recent large-scale genetic analyses of various human tumours have highlighted the relevance of PTPs either as putative tumour suppressors or as candidate oncoproteins. Progress in understanding the regulation and function of PTPs has provided insights into which PTPs might be potential therapeutic targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi G Julien
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Mazzucchelli R, Morichetti D, Scarpelli M, Bono AV, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Kirkali Z, Montironi R. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in hormone-refractory (castration-resistant) prostatic carcinoma. Asian J Androl 2010; 13:242-7. [PMID: 21151154 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the tissue expression and localisation of the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in hormone-refractory (HR) prostate cancer (PCa). Five SSTRs were evaluated immunohistochemically in 20 radical prostatectomies (RPs) with Gleason score (GS) 3+3=6 PCa, in 20 RPs with GS 4+4=8 and 4+5=9 PCa, and 20 transurethral resection of the prostate specimens with HR PCa. The mean values in the cytoplasm (all five SSTRs were expressed), membrane (only SSTR3 and SSTR4 were expressed) and nuclei (only SSTR4 and SSTR5 were expressed) of the glands in HR PCa were 20-70% lower than in the other two groups, the differences being statistically significant. All five SSTRs were expressed in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of HR PCa, the mean values being lower than in the other two groups. In conclusion, this study expands our knowledge on the expression and localisation of five SSTRs in the various tissue components in the HR PCa compared with hormone-sensitive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona 60126, Italy
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16
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Morichetti D, Mazzucchelli R, Stramazzotti D, Santinelli A, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Bono AV, Cheng L, Montironi R. Immunohistochemical expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in prostate tissue from cystoprostatectomies with incidental prostate cancer. BJU Int 2010; 106:1072-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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