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Keep Calm and Carry on with Extra Centrosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020442. [PMID: 35053604 PMCID: PMC8774008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Precise chromosome segregation during mitosis is a vital event orchestrated by formation of bipolar spindle poles. Supernumerary centrosomes, caused by centrosome amplification, deteriorates mitotic processes, resulting in segregation defects leading to chromosomal instability (CIN). Centrosome amplification is frequently observed in various types of cancer and considered as a significant contributor to destabilization of chromosomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of causes and consequences of centrosome amplification thoroughly describing molecular mechanisms. Abstract Aberrations in the centrosome number and structure can readily be detected at all stages of tumor progression and are considered hallmarks of cancer. Centrosome anomalies are closely linked to chromosome instability and, therefore, are proposed to be one of the driving events of tumor formation and progression. This concept, first posited by Boveri over 100 years ago, has been an area of interest to cancer researchers. We have now begun to understand the processes by which these numerical and structural anomalies may lead to cancer, and vice-versa: how key events that occur during carcinogenesis could lead to amplification of centrosomes. Despite the proliferative advantages that having extra centrosomes may confer, their presence can also lead to loss of essential genetic material as a result of segregational errors and cancer cells must deal with these deadly consequences. Here, we review recent advances in the current literature describing the mechanisms by which cancer cells amplify their centrosomes and the methods they employ to tolerate the presence of these anomalies, focusing particularly on centrosomal clustering.
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Fayer EL, Gilliland WM, Ramsey JM, Allbritton NL, Waters ML. N-Gemini peptides: cytosolic protease resistance via N-terminal dimerization of unstructured peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 54:204-207. [PMID: 29230440 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a synthetically simple strategy for increasing the lifetime of unstructured peptides in cytosolic environment via dimerization at the N-terminus to block threading into the catalytic cleft of cytosolic proteases. We establish this approach with kinase substrates, allowing for phosphorylation in cells as a demonstration of protease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrat L Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Tan Q, Ma S, Hu J, Chen X, Yu Y, Zang G, Tang Z. Role of tripeptidyl peptidase II in MHC class I antigen presentation: Biological characteristics, cellular crosstalk and signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1954-1958. [PMID: 27829551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) is a multifunctional cytoplasmic serine protease. The main function of TPPII is to cleave proteasome-generated peptides into tripeptides, which can then be further degraded into free amino acids. Recent evidence suggests that TPPII plays an important role in epitope generation, but the mechanisms of TPPII in MHC class I antigen presentation remain unclear. Recent research has shed new light on the mechanisms and functions of TPPII in MHC class I antigen presentation. We therefore provide an updated review of the biological characteristics of TPPII and explore its role in MHC class I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Tan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenghao Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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Wiemhoefer A, Stargardt A, van der Linden WA, Renner MC, van Kesteren RE, Stap J, Raspe MA, Tomkinson B, Kessels HW, Ovaa H, Overkleeft HS, Florea B, Reits EA. Tripeptidyl Peptidase II Mediates Levels of Nuclear Phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2177-93. [PMID: 26041847 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2) is a serine peptidase involved in various biological processes, including antigen processing, cell growth, DNA repair, and neuropeptide mediated signaling. The underlying mechanisms of how a peptidase can influence this multitude of processes still remain unknown. We identified rapid proteomic changes in neuroblastoma cells following selective TPP2 inhibition using the known reversible inhibitor butabindide, as well as a new, more potent, and irreversible peptide phosphonate inhibitor. Our data show that TPP2 inhibition indirectly but rapidly decreases the levels of active, di-phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 in the nucleus, thereby down-regulating signal transduction downstream of growth factors and mitogenic stimuli. We conclude that TPP2 mediates many important cellular functions by controlling ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. For instance, we show that TPP2 inhibition of neurons in the hippocampus leads to an excessive strengthening of synapses, indicating that TPP2 activity is crucial for normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wiemhoefer
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre- University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Stargardt
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre- University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A van der Linden
- §Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5324
| | - Maria C Renner
- ¶Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E van Kesteren
- ‖Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre- University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A Raspe
- **Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Tomkinson
- ‡‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- ¶Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- **Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- §§Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan Florea
- §§Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A Reits
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre- University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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5
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Zhou Y, Ru Y, Wang C, Wang S, Zhou Z, Zhang Y. Tripeptidyl peptidase II regulates sperm function by modulating intracellular Ca(2+) stores via the ryanodine receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66634. [PMID: 23818952 PMCID: PMC3688596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified Ca2+ stores in sperm cells; however, it is not clear whether these Ca2+ stores are functional and how they are mobilized. Here, in vitro and in vivo, we determined that tripeptidyl peptidase II antagonists strongly activated the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway that drives sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation. We demonstrated that in the absence of Ca2+, TPIII antagonists elevated the intracellular Ca2+ levels in sperm, resulting in a marked improvement in sperm movement, capacitation, acrosome reaction, and the in vitro fertilizing ability. This antagonist-induced release of intracellular Ca2+ could be blocked by the inhibitors of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) which are the main intracellular Ca2+ channels responsible for releasing stored Ca2+. Consistent with these results, indirect immunofluorescence assay using anti-RyR antibodies further validated the presence of RyR3 in the acrosomal region of mature sperm. Thus, TPPII can regulate sperm maturation by modulating intracellular Ca2+ stores via the type 3 RyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Ru
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonglian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Peters J, Schönegge AM, Rockel B, Baumeister W. Molecular ruler of tripeptidylpeptidase II: mechanistic principle of exopeptidase selectivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:209-14. [PMID: 21946061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of tripeptidylpeptidase II (TPPII) has shown that it belongs to the group of exopeptidases which use a double-Glu motif to convey aminopeptidase activity. TPPII has been implicated in vital biological processes. At least one of these, antigen processing, requires the involvement of its endopeptidase activity. In order to understand the extent and molecular basis of this unusual functional promiscuity we have performed a systematic kinetic analysis of wild type Drosophila melanogaster TPPII and five point mutants of the double-Glu-motif (E312/E343) involving natural substrates. Unlike the known double-Glu motives of other exopeptidases, the double-Glu motif of TPPII is distinctly asymmetrical: E312 is the crucial determinant of the aminotripeptidolytic ruler mechanism. It both blocks the active-site cleft at substrate position P4 and forms a salt bridge with the N-terminus of the substrate. In contrast, E343 forms a much weaker salt bridge than E312 and it does not have a blocking role. An endopeptidase substrate can bind at relatively high affinity if the length of the substrate permits binding to several S' sites. However, the lacking alignment of the substrate by the double-Glu motif causes the endopeptidolytic K(cat)/K(M) of TPPII to be very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Peters
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Rockel B, Kopec KO, Lupas AN, Baumeister W. Structure and function of tripeptidyl peptidase II, a giant cytosolic protease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:237-45. [PMID: 21771670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tripeptidyl peptidase II is the largest known eukaryotic peptidase. It has been described as a multi-purpose peptidase, which, in addition to its house-keeping function in intracellular protein degradation, plays a role in several vital cellular processes such as antigen processing, apoptosis, or cell division, and is involved in diseases like muscle wasting, obesity, and in cancer. Biochemical studies and bioinformatics have identified TPPII as a subtilase, but its structure is very unusual: it forms a large homooligomeric complex (6 MDa) with a spindle-like shape. Recently, the high-resolution structure of TPPII homodimers (300 kDa) was solved and a hybrid structure of the holocomplex built of 20 dimers was obtained by docking it into the EM-density. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about TPPII with a focus on structural aspects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Rockel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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van Endert P. Post-proteasomal and proteasome-independent generation of MHC class I ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1553-67. [PMID: 21390545 PMCID: PMC11115176 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptide ligands presented by MHC class I molecules are produced by intracellular proteolysis, which often involves multiple steps. Initial antigen degradation seems to rely almost invariably on the proteasome, although tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP II) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) may be able to substitute for the proteasome in rare cases. Recent evidence suggests that the net effect of cytosolic aminopeptidases is destruction of potential class I ligands, although a positive role in selected cases has been documented. This may apply particularly to the trimming of long precursors by TPP II. In contrast, trimming of ligand precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum is essential for the generation of suitable peptides and has a substantial impact on the repertoire of ligands presented. Trimming by the ER aminopeptidase (ERAP) enzymes most likely acts on free precursors and is adapted to the needs of class I molecules by way of a molecular ruler mechanism. Trimming by ERAP enzymes also occurs for cross-presented ligands, which can alternatively be processed in a special endosomal compartment by insulin-regulated aminopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1013, Paris 75015, France.
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