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Wu W, Zhu L, Dou Z, Hou Q, Wang S, Yuan Z, Li B. Ghrelin in Focus: Dissecting Its Critical Roles in Gastrointestinal Pathologies and Therapies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:948-964. [PMID: 38275675 PMCID: PMC10813987 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review elucidates the critical role of ghrelin, a peptide hormone mainly synthesized in the stomach in various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Ghrelin participates in diverse biological functions ranging from appetite regulation to impacting autophagy and apoptosis. In sepsis, it reduces intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses, enhancing GI blood flow, and modulating cellular processes like autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), serum ghrelin levels serve as markers for distinguishing between active and remission phases, underscoring its potential in IBD treatment. In gastric cancer, ghrelin acts as an early risk marker, and due to its significant role in increasing the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, the ghrelin-GHS-R axis is poised to become a target for gastric cancer treatment. The role of ghrelin in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial; however, ghrelin analogs have demonstrated substantial benefits in treating cachexia associated with CRC, highlighting the therapeutic potential of ghrelin. Nonetheless, the complex interplay between ghrelin's protective and potential tumorigenic effects necessitates a cautious approach to its therapeutic application. In post-GI surgery scenarios, ghrelin and its analogs could be instrumental in enhancing recovery and reducing complications. This article accentuates ghrelin's multifunctionality, shedding light on its influence on disease mechanisms, including inflammatory responses and cancer progression, and examines its therapeutic potential in GI surgeries and disorders, advocating for continued research in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhimin Dou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Qiliang Hou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ziqian Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
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Xu X, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Shi B. Probiotic Properties of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 and In Vitro Comparative Evaluation of Live and Heat-Killed Cells for Antioxidant, Anticancer and Immunoregulatory Activities. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051118. [PMID: 36900635 PMCID: PMC10001366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Latiactobacilli are often used as probiotics due to their functional activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and immunoregulation effect. Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 obtained from our laboratory is a promising probiotic according to the previous study. Coculture, the Oxford cup test and disk-diffusion methods were used to evaluate the probiotic properties and antibiotic resistance of L. coryniformis NA-3. The antioxidant activities of live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3 were assessed via radicals' scavenging ability. The potential anticancer and immunoregulatory capacity was determined in vitro using cell lines. The results indicate that L. coryniformis NA-3 has antibacterial activity and cholesterol removal ability and is sensitive to most antibiotics. Dead L. coryniformis NA-3 can scavenge free radicals as well as live strains. Live L. coryniformis NA-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells; however, dead cells cannot. After RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3, the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced. The increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in treated macrophages mediates the production of NO. In conclusion, L. coryniformis NA-3 showed potential probiotic properties, and the heat-killed strain also exhibited activities similar to those of live bacteria, suggesting the possible value of its further application in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
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Xu X, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Dia VP, Shi B. Probiotic activity of ropy Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NA isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut and comparative evaluation of its live and heat-killed cells on antioxidant activity and RAW 264.7 macrophage stimulation. Food Funct 2023; 14:2481-2495. [PMID: 36804706 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are known to have a positive impact on health and considered as functional supplements and additives. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of ropy Latilactobacillus isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut and to determine the antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities of its heat-killed cells compared to its live strains to assess its functional activity. After the analysis of the 16r DNA and phylogenetic tree, it was identified as a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and named L. plantarum NA. L. plantarum NA was resistant to simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro. In addition, L. plantarum NA exhibited cholesterol degradation, antibiotic susceptibility, and antibacterial activity. Heat-killed L. plantarum NA exhibited antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities similar to live cells, which may be associated with the undamaged overall structure after heating. The results of antioxidant activity analysis suggested that both live and heat-killed L. plantarum NA possessed capacity for scavenging free radicals, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. The ABTS scavenging activity of heat-killed cells (38%) was significantly higher than that of viable (19%) L. plantarum NA. Furthermore, RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with L. plantarum NA induced the production of nitric oxide, cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NO/iNOS signaling pathway could be activated by L. plantarum NA and promoted NO production. Both live and heat-killed cells had a potential impact on the immunomodulatory activity, with different dosages. These results suggest that the novel L. plantarum NA isolated from Chinese northeast sauerkraut could be useful as a probiotic strain and applied to functional food processing and pharmaceutical fields as a potential immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Qiao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qing Peng
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Vermont Punongba Dia
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910571. [PMID: 34638910 PMCID: PMC8509076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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Sun Z, Cai D, Yang X, Shang Y, Li X, Jia Y, Yin C, Zou H, Xu Y, Sun Q, Zhang X. Stress Response Simulated by Continuous Injection of ACTH Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Porcine Adrenal Gland. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:315. [PMID: 32671106 PMCID: PMC7333078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On modern farms, animals are at high risk of bacterial invasion due to environmental stress factors. The adrenal gland is the terminal organ of the stress response. The crosstalk between adrenal endocrine stress and innate immune response is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis during inflammation. Thus, it's important to explore whether stresses play a pivotal role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the porcine adrenal gland. Thirty-days-old Duroc × Landrace × Large White crossbred piglets (12 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allocated into four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including ACTH pretreatment (with or without ACTH injection) and LPS challenge (with or without LPS injection). Each group consisted of six male piglets. The results showed that our LPS preparation alone induced mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, COX-2, TLR2, TLR4, and GR (P < 0.05). ACTH pretreatment downregulated the TLR2 mRNA and IL-6 protein level induced by our LPS preparation significantly (P < 0.05) by one-way ANOVA analysis. Treatment with LPS alone extremely significantly decreased ssc-miR-338 levels (P < 0.01). Interaction of ACTH × LPS was significant for cNOS level (P = 0.011) and ssc-miR-338 expression (P = 0.04) by two-way ANOVA analysis. The LPS treatment significantly downregulated cNOS levels (P < 0.01), which was significantly attenuated by ACTH pretreatment (P < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide alone did not affect ssc-miR-146b expression levels compared to that in the vehicle group. However, ACTH pretreatment in combination with LPS significantly increased this micro-RNA expression (P < 0.05). TLRs 1–10 were all expressed in adrenal tissue. The LPS challenge alone induced remarkable compensatory mitochondrial damages at the ultrastructural level, which was alleviated by ACTH pretreatment. Accordingly, ACTH pretreatment was able to block LPS-induced secretion of local adrenal cortisol (P < 0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrate that ACTH pretreatment seems to attenuate LPS-induced mitochondria damage and inflammation that decreased cNOS activity in the adrenal gland and ultimately returned local adrenal cortisol to basal levels at 6 h post LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China.,Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Demin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueli Shang
- Laboratory of Animal Clinical Pathophysiology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huafeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunming Xu
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Liu SY, Huang CH, Shieh JC, Lee TL. Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira ethanol extracts prevents human liver-derived HepG2 cell death from oxidation stress by induction of ghrelin gene expression. J Biosci 2018; 42:439-448. [PMID: 29358557 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes patients associated with liver disease carry a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Cinnamon has been reported to reduce fructose-induced oxidative stress in the rat liver. However, the mechanism by which cinnamon protects the liver in a high-saccharide environment remains to be investigated. HepG2 cells were cultured with 30 mM D-ribose to mimic the high-oxidative-stress environment, typical of a liver in a diabetic patient. Three different chemical types of C. osmophloeum ethanol extracts (CEEs) were added in HepG2 culture media and the administration of all three CEEs protected HepG2 cells from D-ribose damage and increased cell survival by approximately 20 percent. Exclusively, the transcript variant 1 of the ghrelin gene, but not variant 3, was 2-3 times induced by the addition of these CEEs. Moreover, the mRNAs of ghrelin processing enzyme, furin, and mboat4 were detected in HepG2 cells. The ghrelin hormones in the culture media were increased 4-9 times by the addition of CEEs. The protective effects of ghrelin on HepG2 cells in D-ribose environment were further confirmed by recombinant ghrelin transfection. We conclude that the CEEs induce ghrelin gene expression and protect HepG2 cells from D-ribose-induced oxidative damage through ghrelin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Role of LPS-elicited signaling in triggering gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to H. pylori: modulatory effect of ghrelin. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:415-429. [PMID: 28516374 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is a primary culprit in the etiology of gastric disease, and its cell-wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized as a potent endotoxin responsible for triggering a pattern of the mucosal inflammatory responses. The engagement by the LPS of gastric mucosal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) leads to initiation of signal transduction events characterized by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, induction of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and up-regulation in Src/Akt. These signaling events in turn exert their influence over H. pylori-elicited excessive generation of NO and PGE2 caused by the disturbances in nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase isozyme systems, increase in epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation, and the induction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) release. Interestingly, the extent of gastric mucosal inflammatory response to H. pylori is influenced by a peptide hormone, ghrelin, the action of which relays on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a)-mediated mobilization of G-protein dependent transduction pathways. Yet, the signals triggered by TLR-4 activation as well as those arising through GHS-R1a stimulation converge at MAPK and PLC/PKC/PI3K pathways that form a key integration node for proinflammatory signals generated by H. pylori LPS as well as for those involved in modulation of inflammation by ghrelin. Hence, therapeutic targeting these signals' convergence and integration node could provide a novel and attractive opportunities for developing more effective treatments of H. pylori-related gastric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA
| | - A Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA.
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Mao Y, Wang J, Yu F, Li Z, Li H, Guo C, Fan X. Ghrelin protects against palmitic acid or lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through inhibition of MAPKs/iNOS and restoration of Akt/eNOS pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:305-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Nam YJ, Kim A, Sohn DS, Lee CS. Apocynin inhibits Toll-like receptor-4-mediated activation of NF-κB by suppressing the Akt and mTOR pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:1267-1277. [PMID: 27590200 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial product lipopolysaccharide has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. Apocynin has demonstrated to have an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effect of apocynin on the Toll-like receptor-4-dependent activation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, which is involved in productions of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes, has not been studied. Using human keratinocytes, we investigated the effect of apocynin on the inflammatory mediator production in relation to the Toll-like receptor-4-mediated-Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathways, which regulates the transcription genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Apocynin, Akt inhibitor SH-5, Bay 11-7085 and N-acetylcysteine each attenuated the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of cytokines, PGE2, and chemokines, changes in the levels of Toll-like receptor-4, p-Akt, mTOR, and NF-κB, and production of reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes. The results show that apocynin appears to attenuate the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by suppressing the Toll-like receptor-4-mediated activation of the Akt, mTOR, and NF-κB pathways. The effect of apocynin appears to be attributed to its inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species. Apocynin appears to attenuate the microbial product-mediated inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Arum Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Dong Suep Sohn
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, 156-755, South Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and the BK21plus Skin Barrier Network Human Resources Development Team, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea.
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Nuche-Berenguer B, Ramos-Álvarez I, Jensen RT. Src kinases play a novel dual role in acute pancreatitis affecting severity but no role in stimulated enzyme secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1015-27. [PMID: 27033118 PMCID: PMC4935475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic acinar cells, the Src family of kinases (SFK) is involved in the activation of several signaling cascades that are implicated in mediating cellular processes (growth, cytoskeletal changes, apoptosis). However, the role of SFKs in various physiological responses such as enzyme secretion or in pathophysiological processes such as acute pancreatitis is either controversial, unknown, or incompletely understood. To address this, in this study, we investigated the role/mechanisms of SFKs in acute pancreatitis and enzyme release. Enzyme secretion was studied in rat dispersed pancreatic acini, in vitro acute-pancreatitis-like changes induced by supramaximal COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK). SFK involvement assessed using the chemical SFK inhibitor (PP2) with its inactive control, 4-amino-7-phenylpyrazol[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP3), under experimental conditions, markedly inhibiting SFK activation. In CCK-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells, activation occurred of trypsinogen, various MAP kinases (p42/44, JNK), transcription factors (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1), caspases (3, 8, and 9) inducing apoptosis, LDH release reflective of necrosis, and various chemokines secreted (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). All were inhibited by PP2, not by PP3, except caspase activation leading to apoptosis, which was increased, and trypsin activation, which was unaffected, as was CCK-induced amylase release. These results demonstrate SFK activation is playing a dual role in acute pancreatitis, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting necrosis as well as chemokine/cytokine release inducing inflammation, leading to more severe disease, as well as not affecting secretion. Thus, our studies indicate that SFK is a key mediator of inflammation and pancreatic acinar cell death in acute pancreatitis, suggesting it could be a potential therapeutic target in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Polymorphisms at Locus 4p14 of Toll-Like Receptors TLR-1 and TLR-10 Confer Susceptibility to Gastric Carcinoma in Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141865. [PMID: 26559190 PMCID: PMC4641589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) -induced gastric inflammation impacts the functions of leptin- and ghrelin-producing cells in the gastroduodenum. Inflammation resulting from H. pylori sensing via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the associated downstream signaling largely remain ambiguous. Here, we investigated the role of gut hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with TLR 4p14 in H. pylori disease in 30 subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), 40 with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and 15 with gastric cancer (GC) subjects positive and negative for H. pylori infection. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was directly proportional to the severity of gastritis, and disease status influenced the levels of gut hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines. TLR-1 SNPs rs4833095 and TLR-10 SNPs rs10004195 and were directly associated with H. pylori disease, and were up-regulated in the presence of H. pylori in a genotype-independent manner. We concluded that TLR-1 rs4833095 and TLR10 rs10004195 confer susceptibility to development of gastroduodenal disease, especially GC in H.pylori disease.
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori via ghrelin-induced protein kinase Cδ tyrosine phosphorylation. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:251-62. [PMID: 24840386 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A peptide hormone, ghrelin, plays a key role in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori by controlling the activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase via Src/Akt-dependent phosphorylation that requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) participation. Here, we examined the relationship among PI3K; its upstream effector, protein kinase C (PKC); and cSrc. We show that stimulation of gastric mucosal cells with H. pylori LPS leads to the activation and membrane translocation of Ser-phosphorylated PKCδ, while the effect of ghrelin is reflected in the phosphorylation of membrane-associated PKCδ on Tyr. Further, we demonstrate that in response to the LPS-induced PKCδ activation both PI3K and Src show a marked increase in their Ser phosphorylation, while the effect of ghrelin is manifested in the phosphorylation of PI3K and cSrc at Tyr. Moreover, whereas Tyr phosphorylation of PKCδ exhibited susceptibility to cSrc inhibitor (PP2), the inhibitor of PKC (GF109203X) but not that of cSrc (PP2) blocked the Tyr phosphorylation of PI3K, while ghrelin-induced cSrc phosphorylation at Tyr was subject to inhibition by the inhibitors of PKC and PI3K. Thus, our findings stipulate the prerequisite of PKCδ in the activation of PI3K as well as cSrc, and imply that PI3K activation provides an essential platform for ghrelin-induced cSrc activation through autophosphorylation at Tyr(416). We also reveal that ghrelin-elicited up-regulation in PKCδ activation by Tyr phosphorylation shows dependence on cSrc activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- Research Center, C875, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA,
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Paoluzi OA, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Caruso R, Monteleone I, Caprioli F, Tesauro M, Turriziani M, Monteleone G, Pallone F. Helicobacter pylori infection associates with a mucosal downregulation of ghrelin, negative regulator of Th1-cell responses. Helicobacter 2013; 18:406-12. [PMID: 23865468 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-related gastritis is characterized by a predominant T helper (Th)1/Th17 cell immunity. Ghrelin (GR) has immunoregulatory properties and inhibits experimental Th cell-dependent pathology. AIMS To evaluate whether Hp infection associates with changes in GR expression and whether GR negatively regulates Th1/Th17 cytokines during Hp infection. METHODS GR expression was evaluated by real-time PCR in gastric biopsies taken from Hp-infected and Hp-uninfected patients and in gastric biopsies of Hp-negative subjects cultured with or without H. pylori culture supernatant. To examine whether GR regulates Hp-induced cytokine production, H. pylori-infected gastric biopsies were stimulated with GR, and interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-4 transcripts were evaluated by real-time PCR. IL-12 and IFN-γ were also analyzed in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) extracted from Hp-infected gastric biopsies and cultured with GR. RESULTS GR RNA transcripts were reduced in biopsies from Hp-infected patients. Treatment of Hp-negative gastric biopsies with Hp culture supernatant reduced GR RNA expression. GR dose-dependently inhibited RNA expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ but not IL-4 in ex vivo cultures of mucosal explants and in cultures of gastric LPMCs from Hp-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS GR is downregulated in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients. Such a defect could contribute to sustain the ongoing Th1-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omero Alessandro Paoluzi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, Rome, 00133, Italy
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14
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Role of ghrelin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 22:169-77. [PMID: 24057979 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A peptide hormone, ghrelin, is recognized as an important modulator of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori through the regulation of Src/Akt-dependent activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) by phosphorylation. In this study, we report on the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in the processes of Src/Akt activation in gastric mucosal cells exposed to H. pylori LPS. We demonstrate that cNOS activation through phosphorylation induced by ghrelin is associated with PI3K activation which occurs upstream of cSrc, and that PI3K is required for cSrc activation of Akt. We show further that ghrelin-induced activation of PI3K, as well as that of Src and Akt, was susceptible to suppression by the inhibitors of phospholipase C (U73122) and protein kinase C (BIM). Both these inhibitors also blocked the ghrelin-induced membrane translocation of PI3K and cSrc, whereas the inhibitor of PI3K (LY294002) blocked only the membrane translocation of cSrc. Collectively, our findings suggest that the modulatory influence of ghrelin in countering gastric mucosal responses to H. pylori LPS relies on PI3K activation that depends on PLC/PKC signaling pathway, and that PI3K activity is required for the induction of cSrc/Akt activation.
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15
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Involvement of p38 MAPK-dependent activator protein (AP-1) activation in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori by ghrelin. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 21:67-78. [PMID: 22669511 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A peptide hormone, ghrelin, plays an important role in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori infection by controlling the cross-talk between nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme systems. In this study, we report that H. pylori LPS-elicited induction in gastric mucosal COX-2 and inducible (i) iNOS protein expression, and the impairment in constitutive (c) cNOS phosphorylation, was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 activation, and occurred with the involvement of transcription factors, CCATT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) δ, cAMP response element-binding protein, activator protein-1 (AP-1), and NF-κB. The modulatory effect of ghrelin on the LPS-induced changes was manifested in the inhibition of nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB and C/EBPδ, and suppression in AP-1 activation, and the inhibition in phosphorylation of JNK and p38, as well as their respective downstream targets, c-Jun and ATF-2. However, only the inhibition of p38-mediated ATF-2 phosphorylation was reflected in the reduced expression of COX-2 protein. Further, the effect of ghrelin of the LPS-induced changes was reflected in the increase in Src/Akt-dependent cNOS activation through phosphorylation and the inhibition of cNOS-mediated IKK-β S-nitrosylation. Our findings indicate ghrelin counters the proinflammatory consequences of H. pylori by interfering with the p38/ATF-2-induced AP-1 activation in association with concurrent up-regulation in Src/Akt-dependent cNOS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- Research Center, Room C875, UMDNJ-NJ Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07103-2400, USA.
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16
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Zavos C, Kountouras J, Katsinelos P, Polyzos SA, Deretzi G, Zavos N, Gavalas E, Tsiaousi E, Giartza-Taxidou E, Tzilves D, Arapoglou S. Low aqueous humor ghrelin levels in open-angle glaucoma patients may correlate with Helicobacter pylori-associated apoptotic mechanisms. Hippokratia 2011; 15:287-288. [PMID: 22435041 PMCID: PMC3306050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ch Zavos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Medical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Role of ghrelin-induced cSrc activation in modulation of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19:197-204. [PMID: 21516493 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A peptide hormone, ghrelin, is recognized as an important modulator of gastric mucosal inflammatory responses to H. pylori through the regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system. As cSrc kinase plays a major role in transduction of signals that regulate the activity of NOS isozyme system, we investigated the influence of H. pylori LPS on the processes associated with Src activation in gastric mucosal cells. The LPS-induced drop in constitutive (c) cNOS activity and up-regulation in inducible (i) iNOS was associated with the suppression in cSrc kinase activity that was reflected in a decrease in its phosphorylation at Tyr⁴¹⁶. Further, the countering effect of ghrelin on the LPS-induced changes in cSrc activity and the extent of its phosphorylation was accompanied by a marked reduction in the activity of iNOS and an increase in cNOS activation through phosphorylation at Ser¹¹⁷⁹. Moreover, the effect of ghrelin on cSrc activation and its Tyr⁴¹⁶ phosphorylation was associated with the kinase S-nitrosylation that was susceptible to the blockage by cNOS inhibition. Our findings suggest that up-regulation in iNOS with H. pylori infection leads to disturbances in cNOS phosphorylation that exerts the detrimental effect on the processes of cSrc activation through cNOS-mediated S-nitrosylation. We also show that ghrelin attenuation of H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammatory responses involves the enhancement in cSrc activation, elicited by the kinase S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation at Tyr⁴¹⁶.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- UMDNJ-NJ Dental School, Research Center C875, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07103-2400, USA.
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18
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Jeffery PL, McGuckin MA, Linden SK. Endocrine impact of Helicobacter pylori: Focus on ghrelin and ghrelin o-acyltransferase. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1249-60. [PMID: 21455323 PMCID: PMC3068259 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i10.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is predominantly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment and is octanoylated by the recently discovered ghrelin o-acyltransferase (GOAT) before secretion into the bloodstream. This octanoylation is essential for many of the biological properties of ghrelin including appetite stimulation and anti-inflammatory properties as only the acylated form of ghrelin binds to the ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Given the gastric location of ghrelin production, it is perhaps not surprising that insult to the gastric mucosa affects circulating ghrelin levels in humans. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects more than fifty percent of the world’s population and once established within the gastric mucosa, can persist for life. Infection is associated with chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy and ulceration, reduced appetite and a lower body mass index (BMI). The large majority of studies investigating levels of circulating ghrelin and ghrelin expression in the stomach in patients with H. pylori infection indicate that the bacterium has a negative impact on ghrelin production and/or secretion. Eradication of infection restores ghrelin, improves appetite and increases BMI in some studies, however, a causative relationship between H. pylori-associated serum ghrelin decline and food intake and obesity has not been established. Most studies measure total ghrelin in the circulation although the measurement of the ratio of acyl/total ghrelin gives a clearer indication that the ghrelin acylation process is altered during infection and atrophy. GOAT is essential for the production of biologically-active, acyl ghrelin and the impact of H. pylori on GOAT expression and activity will be highly informative in the future.
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19
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Ghrelin suppression of Helicobacter pylori-induced S-nitrosylation-dependent Akt inactivation exerts modulatory influence on gastric mucin synthesis. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19:89-97. [PMID: 21279549 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Loss of mucus coat integrity and the impairment in its mucin component as well as the disturbance in nitric oxide (NO) generation are well-recognized features of gastric disease associated with H. pylori infection. As ghrelin plays a major role in the regulation of nitric oxide synthase system, we investigated the influence of this hormone on H. pylori LPS-induced interference with gastric mucin synthesis. The results revealed that the LPS-induced impairment in mucin synthesis and accompanied induction in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, were associated with the suppression in Akt kinase activity and the impairment in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) phosphorylation. The LPS effect on Akt inactivation was manifested in the kinase protein S-nitrosylation and a decrease in its phosphorylation at Ser(473). Further, we show that the countering effect of ghrelin, on the LPS-induced impairment in mucin synthesis was reflected in the suppression of iNOS and the increase in Akt activation, associated with the loss in S-nitrosylation and the increase in phosphorylation, as well as cNOS activation through phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that up-regulation in iNOS with H. pylori infection and subsequent Akt kinase inactivation through S-nitrosylation exerts the detrimental effect on the processes dependent on Akt activation, including that of cNOS activation and mucin synthesis. We also show that ghrelin protection against H. pylori-induced impairment in mucin synthesis is intimately linked to the events of Akt activation and reflected in a decrease in the kinase S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- Research Center, UMDNJ-NJ Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103-2400, USA.
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20
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Helicobacter pylori Induces Disturbances in Gastric Mucosal Akt Activation through Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent S-Nitrosylation: Effect of Ghrelin. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 2011:308727. [PMID: 21991502 PMCID: PMC3168387 DOI: 10.5402/2011/308727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric mucosal inflammatory response to H. pylori and its key virulence factor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are characterized by a massive rise in apoptosis and the disturbances in NO signaling pathways. Here, we report that H. pylori LPS-induced enhancement in the mucosal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was associated with the suppression in Akt kinase activity and the impairment in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) phosphorylation. Further, we demonstrate that the LPS effect on Akt inactivation, manifested in the kinase protein S-nitrosylation and a decrease in its phosphorylation at Ser473, was susceptible to suppression by iNOS inhibition. Moreover, the countering effect of hormone, ghrelin, on the LPS-induced changes in Akt activity was reflected in the loss in Akt S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation at Ser473, as well as cNOS activation through phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that up-regulation in iNOS with H. pylori infection leads to Akt inactivation through S-nitrosylation that exerts the detrimental effect on the processes of cNOS activation through phosphorylation. We also report that ghrelin protection against H. pylori-induced disturbances is manifested in a marked increase in Akt activity and evoked by a decrease in the kinase S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation at Ser473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislaw L Slomiany
- Research Center, C875 University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Dental School, 110 Bergen Street, P.O. Box 1709, Newark, NJ 07103-2400, USA
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Role of constitutive nitric oxide synthase S-nitrosylation in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal cell apoptosis: effect of ghrelin. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 18:233-40. [PMID: 20596895 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection with H. pylori is a primary factor in the etiology of gastric disease, and the excessive NO generation and a massive rise in apoptosis are well recognized features that characterize the mucosal inflammatory responses to the bacterium and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we report that H. pylori LPS-induced enhancement in gastric mucosal cell apoptosis and NO generation was associated with the suppression in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity and a marked up-regulation in the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Further, we demonstrate that the detrimental effect of the LPS on cNOS was manifested in the enzyme protein S-nitrosylation, that was susceptible to suppression by iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. Moreover, we show that the countering effect of peptide hormone, ghrelin, on the LPS-induced changes in apoptosis and cNOS activity was reflected in the loss in cNOS S-nitrosylation and the increase in the enzyme phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate that the disturbances in gastric mucosal NO generation system caused by H. pylori result from the iNOS-derived NO suppression of cNOS activation through S-nitrosylation. We also report that ghrelin protection against H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal proapoptotic events involves cNOS activation manifested by the increase in enzyme protein phosphorylation and a decrease in its S-nitrosylation.
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