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Calvo-Lerma J, Bueno-Llamoga P, Bäuerl C, Cortés-Macias E, Selma-Royo M, Pérez-Cano F, Lerin C, Martínez-Costa C, Collado MC. Persistence of Anti SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breast Milk from Infected and Vaccinated Women after In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102117. [PMID: 35631258 PMCID: PMC9147794 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is key for infant development and growth. Breast milk contains different bioactive compounds including antibodies. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of breast milk SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after maternal infection and vaccination. However, the potential impact on the infant has not been explored yet. As a first step, we aimed at assessing the potential persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies from infected and vaccinated women in the gastrointestinal tract of the infants by means of an in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion approach. Breast milk samples from 10 lactating women receiving mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (n = 5 with BNT162b2 mRNA and n = 5 with mRNA-1273) and also, COVID-19 infected (n = 5) were included. A control group with women with no exposure to the virus (n = 10 pre-pandemic) were also studied. The presence of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels was determined by ELISA after the gastric and intestinal stages. The impact of digested antibodies on infant gut microbiota was tested by simulating colonic fermentation with two different fecal inoculums: infants from vaccinated and non-vaccinated mothers. Specific gut microbial groups were tested by targeted qPCR. In vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion significantly decreased the levels of both anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG. However, both remained resistant in all the study groups except in that evaluating breast milk samples from infected women, in which IgG was degraded below the cut-off values in the intestinal phase. No effect of the antibodies on microbiota were identified after digestion. In conclusion, antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 are reduced after in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal tract but remain present, so a positive biological effect could be expected from this infant immunization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Calvo-Lerma
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.-L.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Pierre Bueno-Llamoga
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Christine Bäuerl
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Erika Cortés-Macias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Francisco Pérez-Cano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institute of Research in Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA), University of Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Lerin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Cecilia Martínez-Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Valencia, Spain;
- Nutrition Research Group of INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology—National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (P.B.-L.); (C.B.); (E.C.-M.); (M.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.-L.); (M.C.C.)
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Fontecha J, Brink L, Wu S, Pouliot Y, Visioli F, Jiménez-Flores R. Sources, Production, and Clinical Treatments of Milk Fat Globule Membrane for Infant Nutrition and Well-Being. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1607. [PMID: 32486129 PMCID: PMC7352329 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is gaining traction. The interest is two-fold; on the one hand, it is a unique trilayer structure with specific secretory function. On the other hand, it is the basis for ingredients with the presence of phospho- and sphingolipids and glycoproteins, which are being used as food ingredients with valuable functionality, in particular, for use as a supplement in infant nutrition. This last application is at the center of this Review, which aims to contribute to understanding MFGM's function in the proper development of immunity, cognition, and intestinal trophism, in addition to other potential effects such as prevention of diseases including cardiovascular disease, impaired bone turnover and inflammation, skin conditions, and infections as well as age-associated cognitive decline and muscle loss. The phospholipid composition of MFGM from bovine milk is quite like human milk and, although there are some differences due to dairy processing, these do not result in a chemical change. The MFGM ingredients, as used to improve the formulation in different clinical studies, have indeed increased the presence of phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins with the resulting benefits of different outcomes (especially immune and cognitive outcomes) with no reported adverse effects. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism(s) of action of MFGM remain to be elucidated and further basic investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren Brink
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Steven Wu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (L.B.); (S.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yves Pouliot
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Department of Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Food Science and Technology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Shen H, Lei Y, He X, Liu D, He Z. Role of lactadherin in intestinal barrier integrity in experimental neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19509-19517. [PMID: 31265168 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most widespread and devastating gastrointestinal diseases in neonates. Destruction of the intestinal barrier is the main underlying cause of NEC. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lactadherin in preventing NEC in a neonatal rat model and investigate the molecular mechanism of lactadherin-mediated protection of the intestinal barrier. Neonatal rats were divided into three groups: dam feeding (DF), NEC (NEC), and NEC supplemented with 10 μg/(g·day) recombinant human lactadherin (NEC+L). Intestinal permeability, tissue damage, and cell junction protein expression and localization were evaluated. We found that lactadherin reduced weight loss caused by NEC, reduced the incidence of NEC from 100% to 46.7%, and reduced the mean histological score for tissue damage to 1.40 compared with 2.53 in the NEC group. Intestinal permeability of lactadherin-treated rats was significantly reduced when compared with that of the NEC group. In addition, the expression levels of JAM-A, claudin 3, and E-calcium in the ileum of NEC group animals increased compared with those in the ileum of DF group animals, and these levels decreased in the NEC+L group. Lactadherin changed the localization of claudin 3, occludin, and E-cadherin in epithelial cells. The mechanism underlying lactadherin-mediated protection of the intestinal barrier might be restoring the correct expression levels and localization of tight junction and adherent junction proteins. These findings suggest a new candidate agent for the prevention of NEC in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Shen
- Department of Neonatology, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Lei
- Department of Neonatology, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Department of Neonatology, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjuan He
- Department of Neonatology, Xin-Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guo X, Dou X, Dong B. Identification and functional characterization of lactadherin, an agglutinating glycoprotein from the chordate Styela clava. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:405-415. [PMID: 31140104 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactadherin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with stimulating agglutination ability that plays crucial roles in animal immunology. In the present study, a novel lactadherin, Sc-lactadherin, was identified from the marine invertebrate chordate, Styela clava. Its full-length cDNA consisted of 579 bps, encoding 193 amino acids with a coagulation FA58C domain. Recombinant Sc-lactadherin via a prokaryotic expression system showed strong hemocyte fusion activity. Therefore, we further examined its effects on cell behaviors using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Recombinant Sc-lactadherin significantly increased the proliferation rate of HUVECs and HeLa cells and improved the cell migration rate of HUVECs. These results demonstrated that the lactadherin identified from the marine ascidian displayed the agglutinating activity. Functional characterization of the recombinant protein showed that it promoted cell proliferation and migration, indicating the potential roles of Sc-lactadherin in immunology and organogenesis in marine ascidians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis & Evolution, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoju Dou
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis & Evolution, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, 850030, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis & Evolution, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No.5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Lee H, Padhi E, Hasegawa Y, Larke J, Parenti M, Wang A, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky C. Compositional Dynamics of the Milk Fat Globule and Its Role in Infant Development. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:313. [PMID: 30460213 PMCID: PMC6232911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely optimized for the needs of the developing infant. Its composition is complex and dynamic, driven primarily by maternal genetics, and to a lesser extent by diet and environment. One important component that is gaining attention is the milk fat globule (MFG). The MFG is composed of a triglyceride-rich core surrounded by a tri-layer membrane, also known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that originates from mammary gland epithelia. The MFGM is enriched with glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, some of which are glycosylated, and are known to exert numerous biological roles. Mounting evidence suggests that the structure of the MFG and bioactive components of the MFGM may benefit the infant by aiding in the structural and functional maturation of the gut through the provision of essential nutrients and/or regulating various cellular events during infant growth and immune education. Further, antimicrobial peptides and surface carbohydrate moieties surrounding the MFG might have a pivotal role in shaping gut microbial populations, which in turn may promote protection against immune and inflammatory diseases early in life. This review seeks to: (1) understand the components of the MFG, as well as maternal factors including genetic and lifestyle factors that influence its characteristics; (2) examine the potential role of this milk component on the intestinal immune system; and (3) delineate the mechanistic roles of the MFG in infant intestinal maturation and establishment of the microbiota in the alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Sane F, Scuotto A, Pierrat V, Kacet N, Hober D, Romond MB. Diabetes progression and alterations in gut bacterial translocation: prevention by diet supplementation with human milk in NOD mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:108-122. [PMID: 30292969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impaired intestinal barrier function occurs before type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset with a possible contribution of microbial translocation. Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced mucosal intestinal integrity and T1D protection. Our aim was to study the potential of human milk (HM) to prevent diabetes onset and modulate the translocation of gut bacteria susceptible to breastfeeding or associated to diabetes onset. We show that HM intake can prevent T1D in nonobese diabetic mice independently of bifidobacteria colonization. Prior to diabetes onset, HM mice harbored splenic bacterial counts and plasma lipopolysaccharides level similar to control mice but exhibited a reduced expansion of Anaerotruncus sp. in pancreas and Lactobacillus johnsonii and Barnesiella in Peyer's patches (PP). Surprisingly, pancreas and PP bacterial expansion did not correlate with their own gut localization but with ileal Escherichia coli and cecal HM-susceptible bacteria (the promoted L. murinus and Bacteroides vulgatus, and the repressed B. fragilis and E. coli), respectively. Besides, higher colonic B. vulgatus counts induced by HM intake were associated with low islet infiltration and pancreatic E. coli expansion. On another hand, splenic dendritic cells (DCs) were identified as negative covariate of PP Barnesiella, suggesting a possible HM contribution to preserving splenic DCs through the reduction of Barnesiella translocation. Fecal B. vulgatus also negatively correlated with PP Barnesiella expansion, indicating that the mouse coprophagic behavior likely added to HM effect. Our findings provide evidence that HM has a multilevel impact and cooperates with some gut bacteria for controlling bacterial translocation at the earliest stage of insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famara Sane
- Université Lille et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59037 Lille, France
| | | | - Véronique Pierrat
- CHRU Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lactarium Régional, Lille 59133, France
| | - Nadine Kacet
- CHRU Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lactarium Régional, Lille 59133, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université Lille et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, F-59037 Lille, France
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Nyegaard S, Andreasen T, Rasmussen JT. Lactadherin orthologs inhibit migration of human, porcine and murine intestinal epithelial cells. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:934-942. [PMID: 28748083 PMCID: PMC5520951 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactadherin was originally described due to its appearance in milk, but is abundantly expressed especially by professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. The proteins has been shown to have a multitude of bioactive effects, including inhibition of inflammatory phospholipases, induction of effero‐ and phagocytosis, prevent rotavirus induced gastroenteritis, and modulate intestinal homeostasis by regulating epithelial cell migration. The level of expression seems to be important in a row of serious pathologies linked to the intestinal epithelial barrier function, vascular‐ and autoimmune disease. This study examines the ability of lactadherin to modulate migration of intestinal epithelium. A cell exclusion assay is used to quantify the ability of human, bovine and murine lactadherin orthologs to affect migration of primary small intestine epithelium cells. Previous reports show that recombinant murine lactadherin stimulate rat small intestine cell migration. The present study could not confirm this. Conversely, 10 μg/ml lactadherin inhibits migration. Therefore, as lactadherins enteroprotective properties is well established using in vivo models we conclude that the protective effects are linked to lactadherins ability operate as an opsonin, or other modulating effects, and not a direct lactadherin‐cell induction of migration. Thus, the molecular mechanism behind the enteroprotective role of lactadherin remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nyegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Aarhus Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Trine Andreasen
- Department of Molecular Biology University of Aarhus Aarhus C Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent advances in the understanding of nutritional immunology and in the development of novel therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RECENT FINDINGS We highlight the variety of factors that contribute to the interaction of the immune system and nutrition including the microbiome and the nervous system stimulation of the gut. We describe the potential for therapeutic development in IBD. Further, we review the cellular metabolic effects on immune activation and promising therapeutic targets. Finally, we show how the progression of understanding the role of lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 has encompassed both nutritional and therapeutic advances and led to the development of novel oral small molecule therapeutics for IBD. SUMMARY Nutritional immunology and drug development research centered around immunoregulatory pathways can provide safer and more effective drugs while accelerating the path to cures.
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Xu R, Lei YH, Shi J, Zhou YJ, Chen YW, He ZJ. Effects of lactadherin on plasma D-lactic acid and small intestinal MUC2 and claudin-1 expression levels in rats with rotavirus-induced diarrhea. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:943-950. [PMID: 26998017 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of lactadherin on plasma D-lactic acid and small intestinal mucin (MUC) 2 and claudin-1 expression levels in rats with diarrhea induced by rotavirus (RV) infection. A total of 75 seven-day-old healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following five groups: Control (C), RV infection (RVI), lactadherin before rotavirus infection (LBRI), lactadherin after rotavirus infection (LARI), and blank (B). On day 4 of artificial feeding, the rats in groups RVI, LBRI and LARI were intragastric administered 1×106 PFU RV; whereas the rats in groups C and B were intragastrically administered an equal volume of maintenance solution from the RV supernatant and normal saline, respectively. In the LBRI and LARI groups, rats received daily intragastric administration of 0.25 mg lactadherin for three days prior to and following infection with RV, respectively. The course of diarrheal symptoms was observed in each group and samples were collected on days 1, 4, and 7 post-infection in order to determine the mucosal morphology, plasma D-lactic acid levels and the expression levels of MUC2 and the intracellular junction protein, claudin-1, in the small intestine. On day 4 post-infection, the rats in group RVI demonstrated severely damaged small intestines and typical diarrheal characteristics, as detected by light microscopy; whereas rats in groups LBRI and LARI demonstrated intact small intestinal villi with partial vacuolation of epithelial cells and changes in the position of their nuclei. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the rats in the RVI group had sparse, shortened, disordered intestinal microvilli and widened intercellular junctions; whereas those in groups LBRI and LARI had long intestinal microvilli sparser compared with groups B and C and slightly widened intercellular junctions. Plasma D-lactic acid levels were increased in groups RVI, LBRI and LARI, as compared with groups B and C, and the greatest levels were detected in the RVI group on days 1, 4 and 7 post-infection. In addition to maintaining intestinal permeability, lactadherin enhanced the expression levels of MUC2 and reduced the expression of claudin-1; therefore, further protecting the intestinal epithelial barrier, which may contribute to the prevention and treatment of diarrhea induced by infection with RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Lei
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Chen
- Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Key Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Juan He
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Department of Perinatal Research Laboratory, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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10
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is central to innate immunity. Aberrant expression of TLRs is found in neonatal inflammatory diseases. Several bioactive components of human milk modulate TLR expression and signaling pathways, including soluble toll-like receptors (sTLRs), soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD) 14, glycoproteins, small peptides, and oligosaccharides. Some milk components, such as sialyl (α2,3) lactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose III, are reported to increase TLR signaling; under some circumstances this might contribute toward immunologic balance. Human milk on the whole is strongly anti-inflammatory, and contains abundant components that depress TLR signaling pathways: sTLR2 and sCD14 inhibit TLR2 signaling; sCD14, lactadherin, lactoferrin, and 2'-fucosyllactose attenuate TLR4 signaling; 3'-galactosyllactose inhibits TLR3 signaling, and β-defensin 2 inhibits TLR7 signaling. Feeding human milk to neonates decreases their risk of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Thus, the TLR regulatory components found in human milk hold promise as benign oral prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for the many gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders mediated by abnormal TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Nathan T Lawlor
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - David S Newburg
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
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Zanabria R, Tellez A, Griffiths M, Sharif S, Corredig M. Modulation of immune function by milk fat globule membrane isolates. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2017-26. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Differential profiles and inhibitory effect on rotavirus vaccines of nonantibody components in breast milk from mothers in developing and developed countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:863-70. [PMID: 23584581 PMCID: PMC4610365 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318290646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been less immunogenic and efficacious for children of developing countries than for those in middle income and industrialized countries, and the basis for these differences is not fully understood. Recently, we demonstrated that breastmilk from mothers in India had significantly higher IgA and neutralizing activity against rotavirus that could reduce the effective titer of rotavirus vaccines reaching the gut when compared with that from mothers in the United States. We extended our study to understand the specific contribution of those nonantibody components in breastmilk to the neutralizing activity against rotavirus vaccine we observed. METHODS Breastmilk samples were collected from mothers of breast-feeding infants aged between 4 and 29 weeks (ie, vaccine eligible age) in India (N = 40), South Africa (N = 50) and the United States (N = 51). We examined breastmilk for lactoferrin, lactadherin, rotavirus-specific IgA and neutralizing activity against 3 rotavirus vaccine strains (Rotarix, RotaTeq G1 and 116E) using enzyme immunoassays, a plaque reduction assay or a microneutralization assay. RESULTS We observed higher levels of lactoferrin, lactadherin, IgA and neutralizing activity in breastmilk specimens from Indian and South African women than those from American women. We demonstrated positive associations between levels of lactoferrin or IgA and neutralizing activity in Indian and South African specimens, but not in American specimens. We demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of lactoferrin was dose- or species-dependent, as evidenced by greater reduction in titer of Rotarix and 116E by human lactoferrin. Lactadherin also exhibited inhibitory activity to rotavirus vaccines but appeared to be less effective. CONCLUSIONS The lower immunogenicity and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries could be explained, in part, by synergistic inhibitory effect of high levels of antibody and nonantibody components in breastmilk consumed by infants at the time of immunization. Therefore, there is a need for alternative rotavirus vaccine strategies in breast-feeding populations.
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Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Esseili MA, Siegismund C, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Probiotics and colostrum/milk differentially affect neonatal humoral immune responses to oral rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:1916-23. [PMID: 23453730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk (colostrum [col]/milk) components and gut commensals play important roles in neonatal immune maturation, establishment of gut homeostasis and immune responses to enteric pathogens and oral vaccines. We investigated the impact of colonization by probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) with/without col/milk (mimicking breast/formula fed infants) on B lymphocyte responses to an attenuated (Att) human rotavirus (HRV) Wa strain vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. Col/milk did not affect probiotic colonization in AttHRV vaccinated pigs. However, unvaccinated pigs fed col/milk shed higher numbers of probiotic bacteria in feces than non-col/milk fed colonized controls. In AttHRV vaccinated pigs, col/milk feeding with probiotic treatment resulted in higher mean serum IgA HRV antibody titers and intestinal IgA antibody secreting cell (ASC) numbers compared to col/milk fed, non-colonized vaccinated pigs. In vaccinated pigs without col/milk, probiotic colonization did not affect IgA HRV antibody titers, but serum IgG HRV antibody titers and gut IgG ASC numbers were lower, suggesting that certain probiotics differentially impact HRV vaccine responses. Our findings suggest that col/milk components (soluble mediators) affect initial probiotic colonization, and together, they modulate neonatal antibody responses to oral AttHRV vaccine in complex ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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Pozo-Rubio T, Capilla A, Mujico JR, de Palma G, Marcos A, Sanz Y, Polanco I, García-Novo MD, Castillejo G, Ribes-Koninckx C, Varea V, Palau F, Ortigosa L, Peña-Quintana L, Nova E. Influence of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on lymphocyte subsets in infants at risk of coeliac disease: the PROFICEL study. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:637-46. [PMID: 22576041 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In addition to genetic risk, environmental factors might influence coeliac disease (CD) development. We sought to assess the effect of the interaction between milk-feeding practices and the HLA-DQ genotype on peripheral lymphocyte subsets and their activation markers in infants at familial risk for CD. METHODS 170 newborns were classified in 3 different genetic risk groups (high risk, HR; intermediate risk, IR; and low risk, LR) after DQB1 and DQA1 typing. Lymphocyte subsets were studied at the age of 4 months by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS 79 infants were receiving exclusive breastfeeding (BF) and 91 partial breastfeeding or formula feeding (FF). Regarding genetic risk, 40 infants were classified in HR group, 75 in IR group and 55 in LR group. Two-way ANOVA did not show significant interactions between the type of milk feeding and genetic risk group on the lymphocyte subsets analysed. One-way ANOVA for milk-feeding practice alone showed that the percentage of CD4 + CD25+ cells was significantly higher in BF group than in FF group (BF, 10.92 ± 2.71; FF, 9.94 ± 2.96; p = 0.026), and absolute counts of CD4 + CD38+ cells were significantly higher in FF group than in BF group (FF, 2,881.23 ± 973.48; BF, 2,557.95 ± 977.06; p = 0.038). One-way ANOVA for genetic risk alone showed that absolute counts of NK cells were significantly higher in IR group than HR and LR groups (IR, 539.24 ± 340.63; HR, 405.01 ± 239.53; LR, 419.86 ± 262.85; p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Lymphocyte subset profiles in the early stages of life could be modulated by milk-feeding practices and genetic risk separately. Breastfeeding might have a positive immunomodulatory effect on lymphocyte subsets in infants at risk of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pozo-Rubio
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights the importance of a mother's nutrition from preconception through lactation in programming the emerging organ systems and homeostatic pathways of her offspring. The developing immune system may be particularly vulnerable. Indeed, examples of nutrition-mediated immune programming can be found in the literature on intra-uterine growth retardation, maternal micronutrient deficiencies, and infant feeding. Current models of immune ontogeny depict a "layered" expansion of increasingly complex defenses, which may be permanently altered by maternal malnutrition. One programming mechanism involves activation of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to nutritional stress. Fetal or neonatal exposure to elevated stress hormones is linked in animal studies to permanent changes in neuroendocrine-immune interactions, with diverse manifestations such as an attenuated inflammatory response or reduced resistance to tumor colonization. Maternal malnutrition may also have a direct influence, as evidenced by nutrient-driven epigenetic changes to developing T regulatory cells and subsequent risk of allergy or asthma. A 3rd programming pathway involves placental or breast milk transfer of maternal immune factors with immunomodulatory functions (e.g. cytokines). Maternal malnutrition can directly affect transfer mechanisms or influence the quality or quantity of transferred factors. The public health implications of nutrition-mediated immune programming are of particular importance in the developing world, where prevalent maternal undernutrition is coupled with persistent infectious challenges. However, early alterations to the immune system, resulting from either nutritional deficiencies or excesses, have broad relevance for immune-mediated diseases, such as asthma, and chronic inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular disease.
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