1
|
Rahim MA, Naeem M, Khalid K, Imran M, Khan MK, Khan MI, Nisa MU, Sarwar M, Awuchi CG. Effects of different levels of egg protein replacement in weaned diets on hematology, kidney functions, and immunity biomarkers. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1747-1754. [PMID: 37051337 PMCID: PMC10084960 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs are good sources of nutrients essential for the growth and development of infants. Introducing eggs as a weaning food can improve dietary adequacy in infants at risk for protein energy malnutrition (PEM). To evaluate the current objective, 72 pups (36 males and 36 females) were used to calculate the impact of various egg protein levels on blood parameters. Nonisonitrogenous and isocaloric pellet diets were offered to pups for 28 days using nine pups with three replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD). The water intake and ad libitum diet were offered to weaned pups. The pups were randomly assigned to different concentrations of diet, which contained WF0, control diet, 14% of soybean protein; WF1, 14% of egg protein; WF2, 16% of egg protein; and WF3, 18% of egg protein, respectively. After weaning, the intraperitoneal injection with the drug (xylazine with ketamine) was used to anesthetize before killing on the 28th day. Blood samples were used to measure the blood metabolites. The results indicated that the concentration of red blood cells, white blood cells, serum triglycerides, and serum protein was significantly (p ≤ .05) increased in pups fed with high egg protein levels compared to the control. The highest platelet count was observed in the pups fed WF3 diet. In contrast, the amount of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was significantly (p ≤ .05) reduced with increasing the level of egg protein in the diets of weaned pups. Immunity biomarkers (immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M) and kidney functions (creatinine and blood urine nitrogen) were nonsignificantly (p ≤ .05) increased in the pups fed a high level of protein due to a high biological value of soybean protein. Moreover, the concentration of immunoglobulin E in all pups remained unchanged. Egg protein in infant formula feed can be used for the growth and development of infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Rahim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Khunsha Khalid
- University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Mahr Un Nisa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarwar
- Postgraduate Studies and Research The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Safety of Natural Insecticides: Toxic Effects on Experimental Animals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4308054. [PMID: 30410930 PMCID: PMC6206511 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4308054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term application and extensive use of synthetic insecticides have resulted in accumulating their residues in food, milk, water, and soil and cause adverse health effects to human and ecosystems. Therefore, application of natural insecticides in agriculture and public health sectors has been increased as alternative to synthetic insecticides. The question here is, are all natural insecticides safe. Therefore, the review presented here focuses on the safety of natural insecticides. Natural insecticides contain chemical, mineral, and biological materials and some products are available commercially, e.g., pyrethrum, neem, spinosad, rotenone, abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), garlic, cinnamon, pepper, and essential oil products. It can induce hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and oxidative stress. It can induce mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity in mammals. Some natural insecticides and active compounds from essential oils are classified in categories Ib (Highly hazardous) to U (unlikely toxic). Therefore, the selectivity and safety of natural insecticides not absolute and some natural compounds are toxic and induce adverse effects to experimental animals. In concussion, all natural insecticides are not safe and the term "natural" does not mean that compounds are safe. In this respect, the term "natural" is not synonymous with "organic" and not all-natural insecticide products are acceptable in organic farmers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Koch MS, DeSesso JM, Williams AL, Michalek S, Hammond B. Adaptation of the ToxRTool to Assess the Reliability of Toxicology Studies Conducted with Genetically Modified Crops and Implications for Future Safety Testing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:512-26. [PMID: 25208336 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.788994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the reliability of food safety studies carried out in rodents with genetically modified (GM) crops, a Food Safety Study Reliability Tool (FSSRTool) was adapted from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods' (ECVAM) ToxRTool. Reliability was defined as the inherent quality of the study with regard to use of standardized testing methodology, full documentation of experimental procedures and results, and the plausibility of the findings. Codex guidelines for GM crop safety evaluations indicate toxicology studies are not needed when comparability of the GM crop to its conventional counterpart has been demonstrated. This guidance notwithstanding, animal feeding studies have routinely been conducted with GM crops, but their conclusions on safety are not always consistent. To accurately evaluate potential risks from GM crops, risk assessors need clearly interpretable results from reliable studies. The development of the FSSRTool, which provides the user with a means of assessing the reliability of a toxicology study to inform risk assessment, is discussed. Its application to the body of literature on GM crop food safety studies demonstrates that reliable studies report no toxicologically relevant differences between rodents fed GM crops or their non-GM comparators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Koch
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne Michalek
- c Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Bruce Hammond
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Oliveira RS, Oliveira-Neto OB, Moura HFN, de Macedo LLP, Arraes FBM, Lucena WA, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, de Deus Barbosa AA, da Silva MCM, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Transgenic Cotton Plants Expressing Cry1Ia12 Toxin Confer Resistance to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:165. [PMID: 26925081 PMCID: PMC4759279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gossypium hirsutum (commercial cooton) is one of the most economically important fibers sources and a commodity crop highly affected by insect pests and pathogens. Several transgenic approaches have been developed to improve cotton resistance to insect pests, through the transgenic expression of different factors, including Cry toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and toxic peptides, among others. In the present study, we developed transgenic cotton plants by fertilized floral buds injection (through the pollen-tube pathway technique) using an DNA expression cassette harboring the cry1Ia12 gene, driven by CaMV35S promoter. The T0 transgenic cotton plants were initially selected with kanamycin and posteriorly characterized by PCR and Southern blot experiments to confirm the genetic transformation. Western blot and ELISA assays indicated the transgenic cotton plants with higher Cry1Ia12 protein expression levels to be further tested in the control of two major G. hirsutum insect pests. Bioassays with T1 plants revealed the Cry1Ia12 protein toxicity on Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, as evidenced by mortality up to 40% and a significant delay in the development of the target insects compared to untransformed controls (up to 30-fold). Also, an important reduction of Anthonomus grandis emerging adults (up to 60%) was observed when the insect larvae were fed on T1 floral buds. All the larvae and adult insect survivors on the transgenic lines were weaker and significantly smaller compared to the non-transformed plants. Therefore, this study provides GM cotton plant with simultaneous resistance against the Lepidopteran (S. frugiperda), and the Coleopteran (A. grandis) insect orders, and all data suggested that the Cry1Ia12 toxin could effectively enhance the cotton transgenic plants resistance to both insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S. de Oliveira
- Catholic University of BrasiliaBrasilia, Brazil
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Osmundo B. Oliveira-Neto
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
- UNIEURO – University CenterBrasília, Brazil
| | - Hudson F. N. Moura
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
- Biology Institute, Brasilia UniversityBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L. P. de Macedo
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B. M. Arraes
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wagner A. Lucena
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
- Embrapa CottonCampina Grande, Brazil
| | - Isabela T. Lourenço-Tessutti
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Aulus A. de Deus Barbosa
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria C. M. da Silva
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sa
- Catholic University of BrasiliaBrasilia, Brazil
- Pest-Plant Molecular Interaction Laboratory, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Research Agricultural CorporationBrasilia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria F. Grossi-de-Sa,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lucena WA, Pelegrini PB, Martins-de-Sa D, Fonseca FCA, Gomes JE, de Macedo LLP, da Silva MCM, Oliveira RS, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Molecular approaches to improve the insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2393-423. [PMID: 25123558 PMCID: PMC4147589 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive spore-forming soil bacterium that is distributed worldwide. Originally recognized as a pathogen of the silkworm, several strains were found on epizootic events in insect pests. In the 1960s, Bt began to be successfully used to control insect pests in agriculture, particularly because of its specificity, which reflects directly on their lack of cytotoxicity to human health, non-target organisms and the environment. Since the introduction of transgenic plants expressing Bt genes in the mid-1980s, numerous methodologies have been used to search for and improve toxins derived from native Bt strains. These improvements directly influence the increase in productivity and the decreased use of chemical insecticides on Bt-crops. Recently, DNA shuffling and in silico evaluations are emerging as promising tools for the development and exploration of mutant Bt toxins with enhanced activity against target insect pests. In this report, we describe natural and in vitro evolution of Cry toxins, as well as their relevance in the mechanism of action for insect control. Moreover, the use of DNA shuffling to improve two Bt toxins will be discussed together with in silico analyses of the generated mutations to evaluate their potential effect on protein structure and cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner A. Lucena
- Embrapa Cotton, Campina Grande, 58428-095, PB, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Patrícia B. Pelegrini
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Fernando C. A. Fonseca
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Jose E. Gomes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L. P. de Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Post-Graduation of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70790-160, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina M. da Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Raquel S. Oliveira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Post-Graduation of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70790-160, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, 70779-917, DF, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.B.P.); (D.M.-S.); (F.C.A.F.); (J.E.G.); (L.L.P.M.); (M.C.M.S.); (R.S.)
- Post-Graduation of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70790-160, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|