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Pérez-Antón E, Egui A, Thomas MC, Carrilero B, Simón M, López-Ruz MÁ, Segovia M, López MC. A proportion of CD4+ T cells from patients with chronic Chagas disease undergo a dysfunctional process, which is partially reversed by benznidazole treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009059. [PMID: 33539379 PMCID: PMC7888659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Signs of senescence and the late stages of differentiation associated with the more severe forms of Chagas disease have been described in the Trypanosoma cruzi antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell population. However, the mechanisms involved in these functions are not fully known. To date, little is known about the possible impact of benznidazole treatment on the T. cruzi-specific functional response of CD4+ T cells. Methodology/Principal findings The functional capacity of CD4+ T cells was analyzed by cytometric assays in chronic Chagas disease patients, with indeterminate form (IND) and cardiac alterations (CCC) (25 and 15, respectively) before and after benznidazole treatment. An increase in the multifunctional capacity (expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, perforin and/or granzyme B) of the antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was observed in indeterminate versus cardiac patients, which was associated with the reduced coexpression of inhibitory receptors (2B4, CD160, CTLA-4, PD-1 and/or TIM-3). The functional profile of these cells shows statistically significant differences between IND and CCC (p<0.001), with a higher proportion of CD4+ T cells coexpressing 2 and 3 molecules in IND (54.4% versus 23.1% and 4.1% versus 2.4%, respectively). A significant decrease in the frequencies of CD4+ T cells that coexpress 2, 3 and 4 inhibitory receptors was observed in IND after 24–48 months of treatment (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively), which was associated with an increase in antigen-specific multifunctional activity. The IND group showed, at 9–12 months after treatment, an increase in the CD4+ T cell subset coproducing three molecules, which were mainly granzyme B+, perforin+ and IFN-γ+ (1.4% versus 4.5%). Conclusions/Significance A CD4+ T cell dysfunctional process was detected in chronic Chagas disease patients, being more exacerbated in those patients with cardiac symptoms. After short-term benznidazole treatment (9–12 months), indeterminate patients showed a significant increase in the frequency of multifunctional antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Trypanosoma cruzi infection triggers several immune mechanisms in the host that do not result in a total clearance of the parasite, the persistence of which leads to the chronicity of Chagas disease. The mechanisms by which some chronic patients remain asymptomatic or become symptomatic are not entirely clear. The aim of the present manuscript is to study the CD4+ T cell population and its functional capacity in patients with different forms of chronic disease. The obtained results indicate that cells from indeterminate patients have an enhanced multifunctional profile, which is associated with the reduced expression of inhibitory molecules. CD4+ T cells from chronic patients with cardiac alterations show lower functional activity against specific antigens of the parasite and increased coexpression of inhibitory molecules. After benznidazole treatment, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, especially those from indeterminate patients, are more likely to show a multifunctional profile and a decline in the coexpression of inhibitory receptors. These results allow us to make progress in clarifying the mechanisms that may influence disease progression and to realize the importance of antiparasitic treatment for the enhancement of the activity of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pérez-Antón
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - Adriana Egui
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Thomas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - Bartolomé Carrilero
- Unidad Regional de Medicina Tropical, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Simón
- Unidad Regional de Medicina Tropical, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Segovia
- Unidad Regional de Medicina Tropical, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Carlos López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Damilano G, Sued O, Satorres S, Ruiz MJ, Ghiglione Y, Guzman F, Turk G, Quiroga F, Cahn P, Salomón H, Dilernia D. Bioinformatic analysis of post-transmission viral readaptation in Argentine patients with acute HIV-1 infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104207. [PMID: 31991176 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the acute phase of HIV-1 infection, a strong readaptation occurs in the viral population. Our objective was to analyze the post-transmission mutations associated with escape to the cytotoxic immune response and its relationship with the progression of the infection. In this study, a total of 17 patients were enrolled during acute/early primary HIV infection and 8 subjects that were the HIV positive partner resulting in 8 transmission pairs. Genotyping of the genetic polymorphisms of HLA class I A and B was performed using PCR-SSOP. Viral RNA extraction was from plasma. 570 single Gag-gene amplifications were obtained by limiting-dilution RT-PCR. Epitope prediction was performed with NetMHC CBS prediction server for the 19 HLA-A and B alleles. Cytotoxic response prediction was performed by using the IEDB Analysis Resource. From our results, we deduce that the transmitted CTL / gag escape frequency in the founder virus was at least double compared to the post-transmission events. Additionally, by means of an algorithm that combines these frequencies, we observed that the founder viruses better adapted to the HLA A / B alleles of the recipient could contribute to a greater progression of the infection. Our results suggest that there is a large adaptation of HIV-1 to the HLA A / B alleles prevalent in our population. However, despite this adaptive advantage, the virus needs to make "readjustments" through new escape and compensatory mutations. Interestingly, according to our results, this readaptation could have a role in the progression of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Damilano
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - O Sued
- Fundación Huésped-Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Satorres
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San luis (UNSL), Argentina
| | - M J Ruiz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Y Ghiglione
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Guzman
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - G Turk
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Quiroga
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Cahn
- Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. JA Fernández", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Salomón
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Dilernia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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3
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Tohidi F, Sadat SM, Bolhassani A, Yaghobi R, Larijani MS. Induction of a Robust Humoral Response using HIV-1 VLPMPER-V3 as a Novel Candidate Vaccine in BALB/c Mice. Curr HIV Res 2019; 17:33-41. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190306124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Several approaches have not been successful to suppress HIV (Human immunodeficiency
virus) infection among infected individuals or to prevent it yet. In order to expand
strong HIV specific humoral and cellular responses, Virus-like particles (VLPs) as potential vaccines
show significant increase in neutralizing antibodies secretion, T-cell count and also secretion
of cytokines.
Objective:
This study aimed at immunological evaluation of VLPs harboring high copy of MPERV3
in BALB/c mice.
Methods:
Female BALB/c mice were immunized with homologous and heterologous primeboosting
regimens of HIV-1 VLPMPER-V3. Their immune responses were evaluated for humoral responses
(Total IgG and IgG isotyping) and cellular responses (IFN-γ, IL-5 secretion, in vitro CTL
assay and T cell proliferation) and compared in immunized mice.
Results:
The data showed robust induction of humoral response in mice groups which received different
regimens of VLP. Furthermore, analysis of cytokine profile indicated that the highest IL-5 secretion
was related to VLP+M50 group and confirmed the dominance of Th2 immunity in this
group.
Conclusion:
This study showed that VLP MPER-V3 as a potential vaccine candidate has the potency as
an effective prophylactic vaccine and this finding guarantees further investigations to achieve a
promising HIV-1 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tohidi
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mona Sadat Larijani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Qualai J, Cantero J, Li LX, Carrascosa JM, Cabré E, Dern O, Sumoy L, Requena G, McSorley SJ, Genescà M. Adhesion Molecules Associated with Female Genital Tract Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156605. [PMID: 27272720 PMCID: PMC4896633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccines that can elicit mucosal immune responses in the female genital tract against sexually transmitted infections have been hampered by an inability to measure immune responses in these tissues. The differential expression of adhesion molecules is known to confer site-dependent homing of circulating effector T cells to mucosal tissues. Specific homing molecules have been defined that can be measured in blood as surrogate markers of local immunity (e.g. α4β7 for gut). Here we analyzed the expression pattern of adhesion molecules by circulating effector T cells following mucosal infection of the female genital tract in mice and during a symptomatic episode of vaginosis in women. While CCR2, CCR5, CXCR6 and CD11c were preferentially expressed in a mouse model of Chlamydia infection, only CCR5 and CD11c were clearly expressed by effector T cells during bacterial vaginosis in women. Other homing molecules previously suggested as required for homing to the genital mucosa such as α4β1 and α4β7 were also differentially expressed in these patients. However, CD11c expression, an integrin chain rarely analyzed in the context of T cell immunity, was the most consistently elevated in all activated effector CD8+ T cell subsets analyzed. This molecule was also induced after systemic infection in mice, suggesting that CD11c is not exclusive of genital tract infection. Still, its increase in response to genital tract disorders may represent a novel surrogate marker of mucosal immunity in women, and warrants further exploration for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Qualai
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jon Cantero
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lin-Xi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - José Manuel Carrascosa
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Germans Trias i Pujol,” Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Cabré
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital “Germans Trias i Pujol,” Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Dern
- Atenció Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR), Centre d'Atenció Primària (CAP) Sant Fèlix, Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Lauro Sumoy
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Gerard Requena
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine (CCM), Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MG)
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Liu AY, Lohman-Payne B, Chung MH, Kiarie J, Kinuthia J, Slyker J, Richardson B, Lehman D, Farquhar C, John-Stewart G. Maternal plasma and breastmilk viral loads are associated with HIV-1-specific cellular immune responses among HIV-1-exposed, uninfected infants in Kenya. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:509-19. [PMID: 25652232 PMCID: PMC4449779 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants exposed to maternal HIV-1 provide an opportunity to assess correlates of HIV-1-specific interferon (IFN)-γ responses and may be informative in the development of HIV-1 vaccines. HIV-1-infected women with CD4 counts 200-500 cells/mm(3) were randomized to short-course zidovudine/nevirapine (ZDV/NVP) or highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) between 2003 and 2005. Maternal plasma and breastmilk HIV-1 RNA and DNA were quantified during the first 6-12 months postpartum. HIV-1 gag peptide-stimulated enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays were conducted in HIV-1-exposed, uninfected infants (EU), and correlates were determined using regression and generalized estimating equations. Among 47 EU infants, 21 (45%) had ≥1 positive ELISPOT result during follow-up. Infants had a median response magnitude of 177 HIV-1-specific spot-forming units (SFU)/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) [interquartile range (IQR)=117-287] directed against 2 (IQR = 1-3) gag peptide pools. The prevalence and magnitude of responses did not differ by maternal anti-retroviral (ARV) randomization arm. Maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels during pregnancy (P=0.009) and breastmilk HIV-1 DNA levels at 1 month (P=0.02) were associated with a higher magnitude of infant HIV-1-specific ELISPOT responses at 1 month postpartum. During follow-up, concurrent breastmilk HIV-1 RNA and DNA (cell-free virus and cell-associated virus, respectively) each were associated positively with magnitude of infant HIV-1-specific responses (P=0.01). Our data demonstrate the importance of antigenic exposure on the induction of infant HIV-1-specific cellular immune responses in the absence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - B Lohman-Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - M H Chung
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - J Kiarie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
| | - J Kinuthia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - J Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - B Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, University of NairobiNairobi, Kenya
- Departments of Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - D Lehman
- Departments of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - C Farquhar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - G John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
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Kibirige CN, Menendez FA, Zhang H, Nilles TL, Langan S, Margolick JB. Late-emerging strains of HIV induce T-cell homeostasis failure by promoting bystander cell death and immune exhaustion in naïve CD4 and all CD8 T-cells. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:69-73. [PMID: 24774718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the decline of CD4 and CD8 T-cells that lead to HIV-induced immune dysregulation are not clearly understood. We hypothesize that late-emerging strains of HIV, such as CXCR4-tropic (X4) virions, induce T-cell homeostasis failure by promoting significantly more bystander cell death, and immune exhaustion in naïve CD4 and all CD8 T-cells, when compared to strain of HIV, such as CCR5-tropic (R5) virions, found early during the course of infection. In the reported study, inactivated X4 virions induced greater bystander cell death in sort-purified naïve CD4 T-cells compared to R5 virions, which was significant (p=0.013), and in memory CD8 T-cells, though the latter was not significant. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms involved in HIV-induced depletion of T-cell numbers and function could lead to therapies that prevent T-cell death and restore immune function. These therapies could improve current anti-retroviral and cure-related treatments by boosting the immune system's own ability to combat the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N Kibirige
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| | - Frederick A Menendez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Tricia L Nilles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Susan Langan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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7
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Sanou MP, De Groot AS, Murphey-Corb M, Levy JA, Yamamoto JK. HIV-1 Vaccine Trials: Evolving Concepts and Designs. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:274-88. [PMID: 23289052 PMCID: PMC3534440 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is needed to eradicate the HIV/AIDS pandemic but designing such a vaccine is a challenge. Despite many advances in vaccine technology and approaches to generate both humoral and cellular immune responses, major phase-II and -III vaccine trials against HIV/AIDS have resulted in only moderate successes. The modest achievement of the phase-III RV144 prime-boost trial in Thailand re-emphasized the importance of generating robust humoral and cellular responses against HIV. While antibody-directed approaches are being pursued by some groups, others are attempting to develop vaccines targeting cell-mediated immunity, since evidence show CTLs to be important for the control of HIV replication. Phase-I and -IIa multi-epitope vaccine trials have already been conducted with vaccine immunogens consisting of known CTL epitopes conserved across HIV subtypes, but have so far fallen short of inducing robust and consistent anti-HIV CTL responses. The concepts leading to the development of T-cell epitope-based vaccines, the outcomes of related clinical vaccine trials and efforts to enhance the immunogenicity of cell-mediated approaches are summarized in this review. Moreover, we describe a novel approach based on the identification of SIV and FIV antigens which contain conserved HIV-specific T-cell epitopes and represent an alternative method for developing an effective HIV vaccine against global HIV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Missa P Sanou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax Inc., University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michael Murphey-Corb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, E1252 Biomedical Science Tower 200, Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jay A Levy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, S-1280, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Janet K Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Jamali A, Holtrop M, de Haan A, Hashemi H, Shenagari M, Memarnejadian A, Roohvand F, Sabahi F, Kheiri MT, Huckriede A. Cationic influenza virosomes as an adjuvanted delivery system for CTL induction by DNA vaccination. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Elahi S, Horton H. Association of HLA-alleles with the immune regulation of chronic viral infections. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1361-5. [PMID: 22595281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) have an astonishing ability to eliminate pathogen-infected cells. However, if uncontrolled, these CTLs could cause devastating pathology to host tissues. CD8(+) effector T cells, therefore, interact with antigen-presenting cells and other immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), to regulate further on-site expansion and differentiation of the effector cells. This ensures protection of the host with minimal bystander pathological consequences. During prolonged chronic infections CTLs, however, often lose effector function. Induction of multiple inhibitory pathways is emerging as a major regulator converting effector CTLs into exhausted CTLs during chronic viral infections such as HIV, HCV and HBV. The mechanisms involved in induction of exhaustion during chronic viral infections are the focus of this article. Blockade of inhibitory pathways could potentially restore functional capabilities to exhausted CTLs and represents a potential immune-based intervention in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Elahi
- Viral Vaccine Program, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute (Seattle Biomed), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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