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Identification of Nephrin gene variants in Indian children associated with Steroid sensitive and Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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2
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Tamura H. Trends in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. World J Nephrol 2021; 10:88-100. [PMID: 34631479 PMCID: PMC8477269 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i5.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is relatively common in children, with most of its histological types being minimal changed disease. Its etiology has long been attributed to lymphocyte (especially T-cell) dysfunction, while T-cell-mediated vascular hyperpermeability increases protein permeability in glomerular capillaries, leading to proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. Based on this etiology, steroids and immunosuppressive drugs that are effective against this disease have also been considered to correct T-cell dysfunction. However, in recent years, this has been questioned. The primary cause of NS has been considered damage to glomerular epithelial cells and podocyte-related proteins. Therefore, we first describe the changes in expression of molecules involved in NS etiology, and then describe the mechanism by which abnormal expression of these molecules induces proteinuria. Finally, we consider the mechanism by which infection causes the recurrence of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan
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3
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Dorotea D, Lee S, Lee SJ, Lee G, Son JB, Choi HG, Ahn SM, Ha H. KF-1607, a Novel Pan Src Kinase Inhibitor, Attenuates Obstruction-Induced Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis in Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:41-51. [PMID: 32690822 PMCID: PMC7771845 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs), an important group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, are suggested to be excessively activated during various types of tissue fibrosis. The present study investigated the effect of KF-1607, an orally active and a newly synthesized Src kinase inhibitor (SKI) with proposed low toxicity, in preventing the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery was performed in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to induce renal interstitial fibrosis. Either KF-1607 (30 mg/kg, oral gavage) or PP2 (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), a common experimental SKI, was administered to mice for seven days, started one day prior to surgery. UUO injury-induced SFK expression, including Src, Fyn, and Lyn kinase. SFK inhibition by KF-1607 prevented the progression of tubular injury in UUO mice, as indicated by decreases in albuminuria, urinary KIM-1 excretion, and kidney NGAL protein expression. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis was attenuated in response to KF-1607, as shown by decreases in α-SMA, collagen I and IV protein expression, along with reduced Masson’s trichrome and collagen-I staining in kidneys. KF-1607 also inhibited inflammation in the UUO kidney, as exhibited by reductions in F4/80 positive-staining and protein expression of p-NFκB and ICAM. Importantly, the observed effects of KF-1607 were similar to those of PP2. A new pan Src kinase inhibitor, KF-1607, is a potential pharmaceutical agent to prevent the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Beom Son
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea.,ImmunoForge, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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4
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Clotet-Freixas S, McEvoy CM, Batruch I, Pastrello C, Kotlyar M, Van JAD, Arambewela M, Boshart A, Farkona S, Niu Y, Li Y, Famure O, Bozovic A, Kulasingam V, Chen P, Kim SJ, Chan E, Moshkelgosha S, Rahman SA, Das J, Martinu T, Juvet S, Jurisica I, Chruscinski A, John R, Konvalinka A. Extracellular Matrix Injury of Kidney Allografts in Antibody-Mediated Rejection: A Proteomics Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2705-2724. [PMID: 32900843 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) accounts for >50% of kidney allograft loss. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA and non-HLA antigens in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium cause AMR while inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα trigger graft injury. The mechanisms governing cell-specific injury in AMR remain unclear. METHODS Unbiased proteomic analysis of laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium was performed on 30 for-cause kidney biopsy specimens with early AMR, acute cellular rejection (ACR), or acute tubular necrosis (ATN). RESULTS A total of 107 of 2026 glomerular and 112 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins was significantly differentially expressed in AMR versus ACR; 112 of 2026 glomerular and 181 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins were significantly dysregulated in AMR versus ATN (P<0.05). Basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were significantly decreased in both AMR compartments. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial laminin subunit γ-1 (LAMC1) expression decreased in AMR, as did glomerular nephrin (NPHS1) and receptor-type tyrosine-phosphatase O (PTPRO). The proteomic analysis revealed upregulated galectin-1, which is an immunomodulatory protein linked to the ECM, in AMR glomeruli. Anti-HLA class I antibodies significantly increased cathepsin-V (CTSV) expression and galectin-1 expression and secretion in human glomerular endothelial cells. CTSV had been predicted to cleave ECM proteins in the AMR glomeruli. Glutathione S-transferase ω-1, an ECM-modifying enzyme, was significantly increased in the AMR tubulointerstitium and in TNFα-treated proximal tubular epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Basement membranes are often remodeled in chronic AMR. Proteomic analysis performed on laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium identified early ECM remodeling, which may represent a new therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Anh Dung Van
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhurangi Arambewela
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Boshart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Niu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanhong Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olusegun Famure
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Bozovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peixuen Chen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Syed Ashiqur Rahman
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Identification of low-dose multidrug combinations for sunitinib-naive and pre-treated renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:556-567. [PMID: 32439932 PMCID: PMC7435198 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combinations of drugs can improve the efficacy of cancer treatment, enable the reduction of side effects and the occurrence of acquired drug resistance. Methods We approached this challenge mathematically by using the validated technology called the Therapeutically Guided Multidrug Optimization (TGMO) method. In a set of genetically distinct human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines, either treated chronically with sunitinib (−ST) or sunitinib-naive, we identified cell line-specific low-dose-optimised drug combinations (ODC). Results Six cell-type-specific low-dose drug combinations for three sunitinib-naive as well as three sunitinib pre-treated cells were established. These ODCs effectively inhibited the RCC cell metabolic activity while being ineffective in non-cancerous cells. Based on a single screening test and three searches, starting with ten drugs, we identified highly efficacious drug mixtures containing four drugs. All ODCs contained AZD4547 (FGFR signalling pathway inhibitor) and pictilisib (pan-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor), but varied in the third and fourth drug. ODC treatment significantly decreased cell metabolic activity (up to 70%) and induced apoptosis, independent of the pretreatment with sunitinib. The ODCs outperformed sunitinib, the standard care for RCC. Moreover, short-term starvation potentiated the ODC activity. The translation of the 2D-based results to 3D heterotypic co-culture models revealed significant inhibition of the spheroid growth (up to 95%). Conclusion We demonstrate a promising low-dose drug combination development to obtain drug combinations effective in naive as well as resistant tumours. Nevertheless, we emphasise the need for further mechanistic investigation and preclinical development.
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Nihalani D, Solanki AK, Arif E, Srivastava P, Rahman B, Zuo X, Dang Y, Fogelgren B, Fermin D, Gillies CE, Sampson MG, Lipschutz JH. Disruption of the exocyst induces podocyte loss and dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10104-10119. [PMID: 31073028 PMCID: PMC6664173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the slit diaphragm proteins in podocytes are uniquely organized to maintain glomerular filtration assembly and function, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that participate in trafficking these proteins to the correct location for development and homeostasis. Identifying these mechanisms will likely provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention to preserve podocyte function following glomerular injury. Analysis of structural variation in cases of human nephrotic syndrome identified rare heterozygous deletions of EXOC4 in two patients. This suggested that disruption of the highly-conserved eight-protein exocyst trafficking complex could have a role in podocyte dysfunction. Indeed, mRNA profiling of injured podocytes identified significant exocyst down-regulation. To test the hypothesis that the exocyst is centrally involved in podocyte development/function, we generated homozygous podocyte-specific Exoc5 (a central exocyst component that interacts with Exoc4) knockout mice that showed massive proteinuria and died within 4 weeks of birth. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of these mice showed severe glomerular defects with increased fibrosis, proteinaceous casts, effaced podocytes, and loss of the slit diaphragm. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Neph1 and Nephrin, major slit diaphragm constituents, were mislocalized and/or lost. mRNA profiling of Exoc5 knockdown podocytes showed that vesicular trafficking was the most affected cellular event. Mapping of signaling pathways and Western blot analysis revealed significant up-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-β pathways in Exoc5 knockdown podocytes and in the glomeruli of podocyte-specific Exoc5 KO mice. Based on these data, we propose that exocyst-based mechanisms regulate Neph1 and Nephrin signaling and trafficking, and thus podocyte development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Nihalani
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425,
| | - Ashish K Solanki
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ehtesham Arif
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bushra Rahman
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Yujing Dang
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- the Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | | | | | - Matthew G Sampson
- the Department of Pediatrics-Nephrology and.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.,the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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7
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Carrasco-Rando M, Prieto-Sánchez S, Culi J, Tutor AS, Ruiz-Gómez M. A specific isoform of Pyd/ZO-1 mediates junctional remodeling and formation of slit diaphragms. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2294-2308. [PMID: 31171632 PMCID: PMC6605796 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte slit diaphragms are key components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Using Drosophila nephrocytes, Carrasco-Rando et al. propose a conserved role for Pyd/ZO-1 in triggering junctional remodeling leading to the formation of slit diaphragms. The podocyte slit diaphragm (SD), responsible for blood filtration in vertebrates, is a major target of injury in chronic kidney disease. The damage includes severe morphological changes with destabilization of SDs and their replacement by junctional complexes between abnormally broadened foot processes. In Drosophila melanogaster, SDs are present in nephrocytes, which filter the fly's hemolymph. Here, we show that a specific isoform of Polychaetoid/ZO-1, Pyd-P, is essential for Drosophila SDs, since, in pyd mutants devoid of Pyd-P, SDs do not form and the SD component Dumbfounded accumulates at ectopic septate-like junctions between abnormally aggregated nephrocytes. Reintroduction of Pyd-P leads to junctional remodeling and their progressive normalization toward SDs. This transition requires the coiled-coil domain of Pyd-P and implies formation of nonclathrin vesicles containing SD components and their trafficking to the nephrocyte external membrane, where SDs assemble. Analyses in zebrafish suggest a conserved role for Tjp1a/ZO-1 in promoting junctional remodeling in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carrasco-Rando
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Prieto-Sánchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Culi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio S Tutor
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Ruiz-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Yoshida T, Yamazaki O, Hayashi M. Chronic nephritis associated with X-linked thrombocytopenia. CEN Case Rep 2018; 7:187-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s13730-018-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Application of next-generation sequencing technology to diagnosis and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2017; 22:491-500. [PMID: 28752288 PMCID: PMC5956018 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-017-1449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of genetic and non-genetic factors can lead to kidney injury that manifests as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which can be classified into primary (idiopathic) and secondary forms. Previous genetic approaches to familial or sporadic cases of FSGS or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome identified causal mutations in a subset of genes. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are becoming a part of a standard assessment in medical genetics. Current knowledge of the comprehensive genomic information is changing the way we think about FSGS and draws attention not only to identification of novel causal genes, but also to potential roles for combinations of mutations in multiple genes, mutations with complex inheritance, and susceptibility genes with variable penetrance carrying relatively minor but significant effects. This review provides an update on recent advances in the genetic analysis of FSGS and highlights the potential as well as the new challenges of NGS for diagnosis and mechanism-based treatment of FSGS.
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10
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Three Novel Mutations in the NPHS1 Gene in Vietnamese Patients with Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome. Case Rep Genet 2017; 2017:2357282. [PMID: 28392951 PMCID: PMC5368377 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2357282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital nephrotic syndrome, a rare and severe disease, is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The disease manifests shortly after birth and occurs predominantly in families of Finnish origin but has now been observed in all countries and races. Mutations in the NPHS1 gene, which encodes nephrin, are the main causes of congenital nephrotic syndrome in patients. In this study, we report the first mutational analysis of the NPHS1 gene in three unrelated children from three different Vietnamese families. These patients were examined and determined to be suffering from congenital nephrotic syndrome in the Department of Pediatrics, Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics. All 29 exons and exon-intron boundaries of NPHS1 were analyzed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Genetic analysis of the NPHS1 gene revealed one compound heterozygous variant p.Glu117Lys, one heterozygous missense mutation p.Asp310Asn, and one heterozygous frame-shifting mutation (c.3250_3251insG causing p.Val1084Glyfs⁎12) in patient 1. In patient 2, one heterozygous variant p.Glu117Lys and one novel heterozygous missense mutation p.Ser324Ala were identified. Finally, a novel missense mutation p.Arg802Leu and a novel nonsense mutation (c.2442C>G causing p.K792⁎) were identified in patient 3.
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11
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Li T, Mao J, Huang L, Fu H, Chen S, Liu A, Liang Y. Huaiqihuang may protect from proteinuria by resisting MPC5 podocyte damage via targeting p-ERK/CHOP pathway. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:193-200. [PMID: 27186971 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of Huaiqihuang (HQH) granule, a Chinese herbal medicine, in treating proteinuria and to reveal its possible mechanism. MPC5 podocytes were cultured in vitro at 37°C and induced with tunicamycin (TM). The TM-induced cells were treated with HQH at different concentrations. The cell proliferation was detected using the MTT assay. The optimal effective dose of HQH for MPC5 cells was determined by the MTT assay and LDH assay respectively. The influences of HQH on the proteinuria-related protein expression and the signaling pathway associated protein expression were also detected using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting analysis. The results showed that the MPC5 cell model was successfully constructed in vitro. The HQH application could improve the harmful effects induced by TM on the MPC5 cells, including promoted cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the protein expression, including podocin, nephrin, and synaptopodin was down-regulated by the TM treatment in the MPC5 cells. On contrary, the expression of these proteins was up-regulated after the HQH application. Also, the effect of TM on integrin α3 and integrin β1 expressions was also reversed by the HQH treatment. Moreover, the HQH application decreased the expression of p-ERK and DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3 or CHOP) in the MPC5 cells, which was opposite to the effect observed in the cells treated with TM. Taken together, our study suggest that HQH application may protect podocytes from TM damage by suppressing the p-ERK/CHOP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxia Li
- The Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Jain N, Khullar B, Oswal N, Banoth B, Joshi P, Ravindran B, Panda S, Basak S, George A, Rath S, Bal V, Sopory S. TLR-mediated albuminuria needs TNFα-mediated cooperativity between TLRs present in hematopoietic tissues and CD80 present on non-hematopoietic tissues in mice. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:707-17. [PMID: 27125280 PMCID: PMC4920147 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient albuminuria induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in mice through engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is widely studied as a partial model for some forms of human nephrotic syndrome (NS). In addition to TLRs, CD80 has been shown to be essential for PAMP-mediated albuminuria. However, the mechanistic relationships between TLRs, CD80 and albuminuria remain unclear. Here, we show that albuminuria and CD80-uria induced in mice by many TLR ligands are dependent on the expression of TLRs and their downstream signalling intermediate MyD88 exclusively in hematopoietic cells and, conversely, on CD80 expression exclusively in non-hematopoietic cells. TNFα is crucial for TLR-mediated albuminuria and CD80-uria, and induces CD80 expression in cultured renal podocytes. IL-10 from hematopoietic cells ameliorates TNFα production, albuminuria and CD80-uria but does not prevent TNFα-mediated induction of podocyte CD80 expression. Chitohexaose, a small molecule originally of parasite origin, mediates TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory responses, and blocks TLR-mediated albuminuria and CD80-uria through IL-10. Thus, TNFα is a prominent mediator of renal CD80 induction and resultant albuminuria in this model, and small molecules modulating TLR-mediated inflammatory activation might have contributory or adjunct therapeutic potential in some contexts of NS development. Summary: Systemic TNFα mediates myeloid cell and podocyte cross-talk to cause LPS-induced mouse microalbuminuria, a partial model of human nephrotic syndrome, pointing to potential adjunct therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jain
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bhavya Khullar
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, National Capital Region, India
| | - Neelam Oswal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Balaji Banoth
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prashant Joshi
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subrat Panda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Satyajit Rath
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, National Capital Region, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, National Capital Region, India
| | - Shailaja Sopory
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Sciences and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, National Capital Region, India
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Tutor AS, Prieto-Sánchez S, Ruiz-Gómez M. Src64B phosphorylates Dumbfounded and regulates slit diaphragm dynamics: Drosophila as a model to study nephropathies. Development 2013; 141:367-76. [PMID: 24335255 DOI: 10.1242/dev.099408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila nephrocytes are functionally homologous to vertebrate kidney podocytes. Both share the presence of slit diaphragms that function as molecular filters during the process of blood and haemolymph ultrafiltration. The protein components of the slit diaphragm are likewise conserved between flies and humans, but the mechanisms that regulate slit diaphragm dynamics in response to injury or nutritional changes are still poorly characterised. Here, we show that Dumbfounded/Neph1, a key diaphragm constituent, is a target of the Src kinase Src64B. Loss of Src64B activity leads to a reduction in the number of diaphragms, and this effect is in part mediated by loss of Dumbfounded/Neph1 tyrosine phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of Duf by Src64B, in turn, regulates Duf association with the actin regulator Dock. We also find that diaphragm damage induced by administration of the drug puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN model) directly associates with Src64B hyperactivation, suggesting that diaphragm stability is controlled by Src-dependent phosphorylation of diaphragm components. Our findings indicate that the balance between diaphragm damage and repair is controlled by Src-dependent phosphorylation of diaphragm components, and point to Src family kinases as novel targets for the development of pharmacological therapies for the treatment of kidney diseases that affect the function of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio S Tutor
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Shah DR, Shah RR, Morganroth J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: their on-target toxicities as potential indicators of efficacy. Drug Saf 2013; 36:413-26. [PMID: 23620170 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of certain forms of cancers, raising hopes for many patients with otherwise unresponsive tumours. While these agents are generally well tolerated, clinical experience with them has highlighted their unexpected association with serious toxic effects on various organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, thyroid, skin, blood coagulation, gastrointestinal tract and nervous system. Many of these toxic effects result from downstream inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor or epidermal growth factor signalling in cells of normal organs. Many of these undesirable effects such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, skin reactions and possibly proteinuria are on-target effects. Since tyrosine kinases are widely distributed with specific functional roles in different organs, this association is not too surprising. Various studies suggest that the development of these on-target effects indicates clinically desirable and effective inhibition of the corresponding ligand-mediated receptor linked with oncogenesis. This is reflected as improved efficacy in the subgroup of patients who develop these on-target adverse effects compared with those who do not. Inevitably, issues arise with respect to the regulatory assessment of efficacy and risk/benefit of the TKIs as well as the clinical approach to managing patients who develop these effects. Routine subgroup analysis of efficacy data from clinical trials (patients with and without on-target toxicity) may enable more effective clinical use of TKIs since (i) discontinuing or reducing the dose of the TKI has a negative impact if the tumour is TKI-responsive; and (ii) it is usually possible to manage these undesirable on-target effects with conventional clinical approaches. Prospective studies are needed to investigate this proposition further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devron R Shah
- Rashmi Shah Consultancy Ltd, Birchdale, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 7JA, UK
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15
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Drozdova T, Papillon J, Cybulsky AV. Nephrin missense mutations: induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell surface rescue by reduction in chaperone interactions. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00086. [PMID: 24303155 PMCID: PMC3831901 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrin, an important component of the podocyte filtration slit diaphragm, plays a key role in the maintenance of glomerular permselectivity. Mutations in nephrin lead to proteinuria and congenital nephrotic syndrome. Nephrin undergoes posttranslational modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prior to export to the plasma membrane. We examined the effects of human nephrin disease-associated missense mutations on nephrin folding in the ER and on cellular trafficking in cultured cells. Compared with wild-type (WT) nephrin, the mutants showed impaired glycosylation and enhanced association with the ER chaperone, calnexin, as well as accumulation in the ER. Nephrin mutants demonstrated enhanced ubiquitination, and they underwent ER-associated degradation. Certain nephrin mutants did not traffic to the plasma membrane. Expression of nephrin mutants resulted in the stimulation of the activating transcription factor-6 pathway of the unfolded protein response, and an increase in the ER chaperone, Grp94. We treated cells with castanospermine (an inhibitor of glucosidase I) in order to decrease the association of nephrin mutants with calnexin. Castanospermine increased plasma membrane expression of nephrin mutants; however, full glycosylation and signaling activity of the mutants were not restored. Modulation of ER quality control mechanisms represents a potential new approach to development of therapies for proteinuric kidney disease, including congenital nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Drozdova
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Bisson N, Ruston J, Jeansson M, Vanderlaan R, Hardy WR, Du J, Hussein SM, Coward RJ, Quaggin SE, Pawson T. The adaptor protein Grb2 is not essential for the establishment of the glomerular filtration barrier. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50996. [PMID: 23226445 PMCID: PMC3511449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney filtration barrier is formed by the combination of endothelial cells, basement membrane and epithelial cells called podocytes. These specialized actin-rich cells form long and dynamic protrusions, the foot processes, which surround glomerular capillaries and are connected by specialized intercellular junctions, the slit diaphragms. Failure to maintain the filtration barrier leads to massive proteinuria and nephrosis. A number of proteins reside in the slit diaphragm, notably the transmembrane proteins Nephrin and Neph1, which are both able to act as tyrosine phosphorylated scaffolds that recruit cytoplasmic effectors to initiate downstream signaling. While association between tyrosine-phosphorylated Neph1 and the SH2/SH3 adaptor Grb2 was shown in vitro to be sufficient to induce actin polymerization, in vivo evidence supporting this finding is still lacking. To test this hypothesis, we generated two independent mouse lines bearing a podocyte-specific constitutive inactivation of the Grb2 locus. Surprisingly, we show that mice lacking Grb2 in podocytes display normal renal ultra-structure and function, thus demonstrating that Grb2 is not required for the establishment of the glomerular filtration barrier in vivo. Moreover, our data indicate that Grb2 is not required to restore podocyte function following kidney injury. Therefore, although in vitro experiments suggested that Grb2 is important for the regulation of actin dynamics, our data clearly shows that its function is not essential in podocytes in vivo, thus suggesting that Grb2 rather plays a secondary role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bisson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Ruston
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Jeansson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Vanderlaan
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W. Rod Hardy
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianmei Du
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samer M. Hussein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. Coward
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Yan K, Ito N, Nakajo A, Kurayama R, Fukuhara D, Nishibori Y, Kudo A, Akimoto Y, Takenaka H. The struggle for energy in podocytes leads to nephrotic syndrome. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1504-11. [PMID: 22433955 DOI: 10.4161/cc.19825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated post-mitotic cells similar to neurons, and their damage leads to nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by massive proteinuria associated with generalized edema. A recent functional genetic approach has identified the pathological relevance of several mutated proteins in glomerular podocytes to the mechanism of proteinuria in hereditary nephrotic syndrome. In contrast, the pathophysiology of acquired primary nephrotic syndrome, including minimal change disease, is still largely unknown. We recently demonstrated the possible linkage of an energy-consuming process in glomerular podocytes to the mechanism of proteinuria. Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis, a rat model of minimal change disease, revealed the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in glomerular podocytes to be a cause of proteinuria. The pretreatment of puromycin aminonucleoside rat podocytes and cultured podocytes with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus further revealed that mTOR complex 1 consumed energy, which was followed by UPR activation. In this paper, we will review nutritional transporters to summarize the energy uptake process in podocytes and review the involvement of the UPR in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. We will also present additional data that reveal how mTOR complex 1 acts upstream of the UPR. Finally, we will discuss the potential significance of targeting the energy metabolism of podocytes to develop new therapeutic interventions for acquired nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimasa Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
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