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Lin YY, Lin YS, Liang CW. Heterogeneity of cancer stem cell-related marker expression is associated with three-dimensional structures in malignant pleural effusion produced by lung adenocarcinoma. Cytopathology 2024; 35:105-112. [PMID: 37897199 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells have been described in lung adenocarcinoma-associated malignant pleural effusion. They show clinically important features, including the ability to initiate new tumours and resistance to treatments. However, their correlation with the three-dimensional tumour structures in the effusion is not well understood. METHODS Cell blocks produced from lung adenocarcinoma patients' pleural effusion were examined for cancer stem cell-related markers Nanog and CD133 using immunocytochemistry. The three-dimensional cancer cell structures and CD133 expression patterns were visualized with tissue-clearing technology. The expression patterns were correlated with tumour cell structures, genetic variants and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were analysed. Moderate-to-strong Nanog expression was detected in 27 cases (69%), while CD133 was expressed by more than 1% of cancer cells in 11 cases (28%). Nanog expression was more homogenous within individual specimens, while CD133 expression was detected in single tumour cells or cells within small clusters instead of larger structures in 8 of the 11 positive cases (73%). Although no statistically significant correlation between the markers and tumour genetic variants or patient survival was observed, we recorded seven cases with follow-up specimens after cancer treatment, and four (57%) showed a change in stem cell-related marker expression corresponding to treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Lung adenocarcinoma cells in the pleural effusion show variable expression of cancer stem cell-related markers, some showing a correlation with the size of cell clusters. Their expression level is potentially correlated with cancer treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Shen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cher-Wei Liang
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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2
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Tung CH, Wu JE, Huang MF, Wang WL, Wu YY, Tsai YT, Hsu XR, Lin SH, Chen YL, Hong TM. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 facilitates cancer stem cell-like properties in lung cancer by deubiquitinating β-catenin. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:207. [PMID: 37726816 PMCID: PMC10510149 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in the world, and mounting evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with poor prognosis, recurrence, and metastasis of lung cancer. It is urgent to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for targeting lung CSCs. METHODS We computed the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) of 1554 Reactome gene sets to identify the mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi)-associated pathways using the genome-wide RNA sequencing data of 509 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Phenotypic effects of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (USP5) on the CSC-like properties and metastasis were examined by in vitro sphere formation assay, migration assay, invasion assay, and in vivo xenografted animal models. Cycloheximide chase assay, co-immunoprecipitation assay, and deubiquitination assay were performed to confirm the effect of USP5 on the deubiquitination of β-catenin. RESULTS We demonstrated that USP5 expression were positively correlated with the stemness-associated signatures and poor outcomes in lung cancer specimens. Silencing of endogenous USP5 reduced CSC-like characteristics, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, USP5 interacted with β-catenin, which resulted in deubiquitination, stabilization of β-catenin, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Accordingly, expression of USP5 was positively correlated with the enrichment score of the Wnt/TCF pathway signature in human lung cancer. Silencing of β-catenin expression suppressed USP5-enhancing sphere formation. Targeting USP5 with the small molecule WP1130 promoted the degradation of β-catenin, and showed great inhibitory effects on sphere formation, migration, and invasion. Finally, we identified a poor-prognosis subset of tumors characterized by high levels of USP5, Wnt signaling score, and Stemness score in both TCGA-LUAD and Rousseaux_2013 datasets. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a clinical evidence for USP5-enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in promoting lung cancer stemness and metastasis, implying that targeting USP5 could provide beneficial effects to improve lung cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Tung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jia-En Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fan Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Tsai
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Rui Hsu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ling Chen
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tse-Ming Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wieleba I, Wojas-Krawczyk K, Krawczyk P, Milanowski J. Clinical Application Perspectives of Lung Cancers 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models for In Vitro Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042261. [PMID: 35216378 PMCID: PMC8876687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress and development of modern therapies, lung cancer remains one of the most common causes of death among men and women. The key element in the development of new anti-cancer drugs is proper planning of the preclinical research phase. The most adequate basic research exemplary for cancer study are 3D tumor microenvironment in vitro models, which allow us to avoid the use of animal models and ensure replicable culture condition. However, the question tormenting the scientist is how to choose the best tool for tumor microenvironment research, especially for extremely heterogenous lung cancer cases. In the presented review we are focused to explain the key factors of lung cancer biology, its microenvironment, and clinical gaps related to different therapies. The review summarized the most important strategies for in vitro culture models mimicking the tumor–tumor microenvironmental interaction, as well as all advantages and disadvantages were depicted. This knowledge could facilitate the right decision to designate proper pre-clinical in vitro study, based on available analytical tools and technical capabilities, to obtain more reliable and personalized results for faster introduction them into the future clinical trials.
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Cortes-Dericks L, Galetta D. Impact of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cell-Driven Drug Resiliency in Lung Tumor: Options in Sight. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:267. [PMID: 35053430 PMCID: PMC8773978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Causing a high mortality rate worldwide, lung cancer remains an incurable malignancy resistant to conventional therapy. Despite the discovery of specific molecular targets and new treatment strategies, there remains a pressing need to develop more efficient therapy to further improve the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered the root of sustained tumor growth. This consensus corroborates the CSC model asserting that a distinct subpopulation of malignant cells within a tumor drives and maintains tumor progression with high heterogeneity. Besides being highly tumorigenic, CSCs are highly refractory to standard drugs; therefore, cancer treatment should be focused on eliminating these cells. Herein, we present the current knowledge of the existence of CSCs, CSC-associated mechanisms of chemoresistance, the ability of CSCs to evade immune surveillance, and potential CSC inhibitors in lung cancer, to provide a wider insight to drive a more efficient elimination of this pro-oncogenic and treatment-resistant cell fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Galetta
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology-DIPO, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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5
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Skurikhin E, Pershina O, Zhukova M, Widera D, Ermakova N, Pan E, Pakhomova A, Morozov S, Kubatiev A, Dygai A. Potential of Stem Cells and CART as a Potential Polytherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778020. [PMID: 34926461 PMCID: PMC8678572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing urgency of the problem of treating small cell lung cancer (SCLC), information on the causes of its development is fragmentary. There is no complete understanding of the features of antitumor immunity and the role of the microenvironment in the development of SCLC resistance. This impedes the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of SCLC. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have common pathogenetic factors. COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer including SCLC. Therefore, the search for effective approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SCLC in patients with COPD is an urgent task. This review provides information on the etiology and pathogenesis of SCLC, analyses the effectiveness of current treatment options, and critically evaluates the potential of chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CART therapy) in SCLC. Moreover, we discuss potential links between lung cancer and COPD and the role of endothelium in the development of COPD. Finally, we propose a new approach for increasing the efficacy of CART therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Skurikhin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Evgenii Skurikhin,
| | - Olga Pershina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mariia Zhukova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ermakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Edgar Pan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Angelina Pakhomova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Dygai
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Lai X, Guo Y, Chen M, Wei Y, Yi W, Shi Y, Xiong L. Caveolin1: its roles in normal and cancer stem cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3459-3475. [PMID: 34498146 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cells are characterized by the capability of self-renewal and multi-differentiation. Normal stem cells, which are important for tissue repair and tissue regeneration, can be divided into embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic stem cells (SSCs) depending on their origin. As a subpopulation of cells within cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are at the root of therapeutic resistance. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are necessary for tumor initiation. Caveolin1 (Cav1), a membrane protein located at the caveolae, participates in cell lipid transport, cell migration, cell proliferation, and cell signal transduction. The purpose of this review was to explore the relationship between Cav1 and stem cells. RESULTS In ESCs, Cav1 is beneficial for self-renewal, proliferation, and migration. In SSCs, Cav1 exhibits positive or/and negative effects on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenic capacity. Cav1 deficiency impairs normal stem cell-based tissue repair. In CSCs, Cav1 inhibits or/and promotes CSC self-renewal, differentiation, invasion, migration, tumorigenicity ability, and CSC formation. And suppressing Cav1 promotes chemo-sensitivity in CSCs and TICs. CONCLUSION Cav1 shows dual roles in stem cell biology. Targeting the Cav1-stem cell axis would be a new way for tissue repair and cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiling Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wanting Yi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yubo Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China. .,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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7
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Yu X, Yang Q, Wang D, Li Z, Chen N, Kong DX. Predicting lung adenocarcinoma disease progression using methylation-correlated blocks and ensemble machine learning classifiers. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10884. [PMID: 33628643 PMCID: PMC7894106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying the knowledge that methyltransferases and demethylases can modify adjacent cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine (CpG) sites in the same DNA strand, we found that combining multiple CpGs into a single block may improve cancer diagnosis. However, survival prediction remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a pipeline named "stacked ensemble of machine learning models for methylation-correlated blocks" (EnMCB) that combined Cox regression, support vector regression (SVR), and elastic-net models to construct signatures based on DNA methylation-correlated blocks for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) survival prediction. We used methylation profiles from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as the training set, and profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as validation and testing sets. First, we partitioned the genome into blocks of tightly co-methylated CpG sites, which we termed methylation-correlated blocks (MCBs). After partitioning and feature selection, we observed different diagnostic capacities for predicting patient survival across the models. We combined the multiple models into a single stacking ensemble model. The stacking ensemble model based on the top-ranked block had the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.622 in the TCGA training set, 0.773 in the validation set, and 0.698 in the testing set. When stratified by clinicopathological risk factors, the risk score predicted by the top-ranked MCB was an independent prognostic factor. Our results showed that our pipeline was a reliable tool that may facilitate MCB selection and survival prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nianhang Chen
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Masciale V, Grisendi G, Banchelli F, D'Amico R, Maiorana A, Sighinolfi P, Stefani A, Morandi U, Dominici M, Aramini B. Isolation and Identification of Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: A Pilot Study. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1394. [PMID: 31921651 PMCID: PMC6930193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many characteristics with normal stem cells, such as self-renewal and multipotentiality. High expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) has been detected in many tumors, particularly in the CSC compartment, and it plays an important role in tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. CD44 is commonly used as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in epithelial tumors. The aim of this study was to isolate and analyze cancer stem-like cells from surgically removed specimens to compare lung adenocarcinoma (ADENO) and squamous (SQUAMO) cell carcinoma. Methods: The ALDEFLUOR assay was used to identify and sort ALDHhigh and ALDHlow human lung cancer cells following tissue digestion. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis for CD44 was performed with tumor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of SOX2 and NANOG as stemness markers. ALDH1A1 expression was additionally determined by immunohistochemistry. Anchorage-independent ALDHhigh cell growth was also evaluated. ALDHhigh ADENO and SQUAMO cells were cultured to analyze spheroid formation. Results: All specimens contained 0.5-12.5% ALDHhigh cells with 3.8-18.9% CD44-positive cells. SOX2 and NANOG relative expression in ALDHhigh compared to ALDHlow cells in ADENO and SQUAMO was analyzed and compared between the histotypes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of ALDH1A1 in the sections. SOX2 and NANOG were expressed at higher levels in the ALDHhigh subpopulation than in the ALDHlow subpopulation only in ADENO cells, and the opposite result was seen in SQUAMO cells. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that ALDHhigh cells exhibited migration capacity with distinct behaviors between ALDHhigh spheres in ADENO vs. SQUAMO samples. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of a better characterization of cancer stem-like cells in ADENO and SQUAMO histotypes. This may suggest new differential approaches for prognostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masciale
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Rigenerand SRL, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Banchelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Center of Medical Statistic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto D'Amico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Center of Medical Statistic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pamela Sighinolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefani
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Uliano Morandi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Aramini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Xie C, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Chen J, Wang X, Geng S, Wu J, Zhong C, Li X, Meng Z. Sulforaphane Inhibits the Acquisition of Tobacco Smoke-Induced Lung Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties via the IL-6/ΔNp63α/Notch Axis. Theranostics 2019; 9:4827-4840. [PMID: 31367260 PMCID: PMC6643434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoke (TS) critically contributes to the development of lung cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The induction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) by TS represents an early event in tumor initiation. The lung cancer-related gene ΔNp63α is highly expressed in epithelial tissues and drives tumor formation and cancer stem cell properties. This study investigated the role of ΔNp63α in the long-term acquisition of TS-induced lung CSC-like properties. Methods: The expression levels of ΔNp63α, lung CSC markers, and interleukin (IL)-6 in lung carcinoma specimens were determined by western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were chronically exposed to 2 % cigarette smoke extract for 55 passages, following which colony formation capacity, expression of proteins associated with malignant transformation, lung CSC markers, and tumor incidence were investigated. The effects of ΔNp63α on long-term TS exposure-induced lung CSC-like properties and Notch activation were analyzed using tumorsphere formation ability, immunofluorescence assays, luciferase reporter assays, and western blotting. The roles of IL-6 on chronic TS exposure-induced lung CSC-like properties and ΔNp63α expression were also examined. Moreover, the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on TS-transformed lung CSC-like properties, IL-6 and ΔNp63α expression, and Notch signaling were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Higher levels of ΔNp63α were observed in the lung cancer tissues of smokers than in those of non-smokers, whereas ΔNp63α was positively correlated with CD133 and Oct4 expression in lung cancer tissues. Data from the in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that long-term TS exposure-transformed HBE (THBE) cells acquired lung CSC-like properties. Furthermore, ΔNp63α transcriptionally activated the Notch signaling pathway to promote the acquisition of CSC-like properties by the THBE cells. TS upregulated IL-6, which increased ΔNp63α expression in THBE sphere-forming cells. Finally, SFN inhibited the TS-induced CSC-like properties of THBE cells via the IL-6/ΔNp63α/Notch axis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the IL-6/ΔNp63α/Notch axis plays an important role in the long-term TS exposure-induced acquisition of lung CSC-like properties and SFN intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Suzhou Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Research Center, North District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital. The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215008, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Food and School Hygiene, Taizhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zili Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, Jiangsu, China
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Prabavathy D, Swarnalatha Y, Ramadoss N. Lung cancer stem cells-origin, characteristics and therapy. Stem Cell Investig 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29682513 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2018.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have gained an increasing attention recently in cancer research. CSCs have ability to generate new tumor through their stem cell properties, essentially self-renewal potential and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. Extensive evidences report that CSCs are resistant to many conventional therapies and mediate tumor recurrence. CSCs of lung cancer are well recognized by their specific markers such as CD133, CD44, ABCG2 and ALDH1A1 together with the CSC characteristics including spheroid and colony formation. Targeting these surface proteins with blocking antibodies and inhibition of ABC transporters and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes with small molecules may prove useful in inhibiting tumor progression. The Hh, Notch and Wnt pathways are key signaling cascades that govern cell fate during development and have been shown to be involved in CSCs in various solid tumors. Therapeutic approaches also target these signaling pathways in repressing the tumor progression. This review will focus on stem cell origins, role of signaling pathways, stem cell markers and therapeutic approaches specific to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prabavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai-119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Y Swarnalatha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai-119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Niveditha Ramadoss
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
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11
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Old Sonic Hedgehog, new tricks: a new paradigm in thoracic malignancies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14680-14691. [PMID: 29581874 PMCID: PMC5865700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway is physiologically involved during embryogenesis, but is also activated in several diseases, including solid cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that the Shh pathway is involved in oncogenesis, tumor progression and chemoresistance in lung cancer and mesothelioma. The Shh pathway is also closely associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. Recent findings have revealed that a small proportion of lung cancer cells expressed an abnormal full-length Shh protein, associated with cancer stem cell features. In this paper, we review the role of the Shh pathway in thoracic cancers (small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma) and discuss the new perspectives of cancer research highlighted by the recent data of the literature.
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12
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Hirata N, Yamada S, Sekino Y, Kanda Y. Tobacco nitrosamine NNK increases ALDH-positive cells via ROS-Wnt signaling pathway in A549 human lung cancer cells. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:193-204. [PMID: 28321046 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that lung cancer, which is a major cause of cancer death, has a critical association with cigarette smoking. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which NNK promotes cancer development have not been fully elucidated. Growing evidence suggests that lung cancer originates from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a minor population of lung cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of NNK on the CSCs in A549 human lung cancer cells using flow cytometry with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a functional marker of CSCs. We found that NNK increased the proportion of ALDH-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner. A Wnt inhibitor PNU74654 reduced NNK-induced expression levels of Wnt target gene Dkk1 and increase in ALDH-positive cells. We next examined the signaling pathway that mediates the NNK-induced increase in ALDH-positive cells via Wnt signaling. DCF assay revealed that NNK induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the NNK-induced Wnt activation and increase in ALDH-positive cells. These data suggest that NNK-induced ROS activate the Wnt signaling pathway in A549 cells. These findings would provide new insights into the role of NNK in the lung CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hirata
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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13
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Gao J, Li W, Guo Y, Feng SS. Nanomedicine strategies for sustained, controlled and targeted treatment of cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:3261-3282. [PMID: 27854161 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are original cancer cells that are of characteristics associated with normal stem cells. CSCs are toughest against various treatments and thus responsible for cancer metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, development of specific and effective treatment of CSCs plays a key role in improving survival and life quality of cancer patients, especially those in the metastatic stage. Nanomedicine strategies, which include prodrugs, micelles, liposomes and nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers, could substantially improve the therapeutic index of conventional therapeutics due to its manner of sustained, controlled and targeted delivery of high transportation efficiency across the cell membrane and low elimination by intracellular autophagy, and thus provide a practical solution to solve the problem encountered in CSCs treatment. This review gives briefly the latest information to summarize the concept, strategies, mechanisms and current status as well as future promises of nanomedicine strategies for treatment of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, the Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Li
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Si-Shen Feng
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E5, 02-11, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore.,Suzhou NanoStar Biopharm Inc. Ltd, BioBay, Bld B2, Unit 604, 218 Xing-Hu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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14
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Crous A, Abrahamse H. Low-Intensity Laser Irradiation at 636 nm Induces Increased Viability and Proliferation in Isolated Lung Cancer Stem Cells. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 34:525-532. [PMID: 26690309 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) on isolated lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) after several time intervals, using a wavelength of 636 nm and fluences between 5 and 20 J/cm2. BACKGROUND DATA LILI has been proven to have a biomodulatory effect on various diseased conditions. A number of studies have been conducted on CSCs. METHODS Lung CSCs were isolated from lung cancer cells (A549), using cell surface marker CD 133. Isolated lung CSCs were divided into four groups: group 1 consisted of control cells receiving no irradiation; groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to laser irradiation at fluences of 5, 10, and 20 J/cm2, respectively. LILI was performed using a 636 nm diode laser with a power output of ±85 mW. Cellular responses were evaluated after 24, 48, or 72 h, and included cell morphology, viability, and proliferation. RESULTS Cellular morphology indicated an increase in cell density caused by cell proliferation over time. Biostimulatory effects were achieved in lung CSCs when examining viability and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS It should, therefore, be noted that a low wavelength of 636 nm at various fluences induces biostimulation, which may have detrimental effects when using LILI as a form of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Crous
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg, South Africa
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15
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Wnt signaling regulation of stem-like properties in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Med Oncol 2015; 32:157. [PMID: 25840791 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The refractory pulmonary adenocarcinoma is characterized by its metastasis and resistance to cytotoxic agents. While the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear, the property of chemoresistance may mainly lie in the presence of highly resistant cancer stem cells. We examined the function of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in maintaining cancer stem cells (CSCs) in lung adenocarcinoma. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of β-catenin expression accelerated cell cycle. Subsequently, β-catenin knockdown PC9 cells improve the sensitivity to chemotherapy. Further focusing on Wnt signal by administrating PP and EGFR-TKIs as Wnt antagonists can decrease metastasis and induce apoptosis. Collectively, these results indicate that Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role in maintaining highly resistant CSCs, regulation of cell cycle, metastasis and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma.
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16
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Zheng Y, Zou F, Wang J, Yin G, Le V, Fei Z, Liu J. Photodynamic therapy-mediated cancer vaccination enhances stem-like phenotype and immune escape, which can be blocked by thrombospondin-1 signaling through CD47 receptor protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8975-86. [PMID: 25697354 PMCID: PMC4423687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Like most of the strategies for cancer immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy-mediated vaccination has shown poor clinical outcomes in application. The aim of this study is to offer a glimpse at the mechanisms that are responsible for the failure based on cancer immuno-editing theory and to search for a positive solution. In this study we found that tumor cells were able to adapt themselves to the immune pressure exerted by vaccination. The survived tumor cells exhibited enhanced tumorigenic and stem-like phenotypes as well as undermined immunogenicity. Viewed as a whole, immune-selected tumor cells showed more malignant characteristics and the ability of immune escape, which might contribute to the eventual relapse. Thrombospondin-1 signaling via CD47 helped prevent tumor cells from becoming stem-like and rendered them vulnerable to immune attack. These findings prove that the TSP-1/CD47/SIRP-α signal axis is important to the evolution of tumor cells in the microenvironment of immunotherapy and identify thrombospondin-1 as a key signal with therapeutic benefits in overcoming long term relapse, providing new evidence for the clinical promise of cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Zheng
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
| | - Fangyuan Zou
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
| | - Jingjing Wang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
| | - Guifang Yin
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
| | - Vanminh Le
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
| | - Zhewei Fei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Chongming Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 25 Nanmen Road, Chengqiaozhen, Chongming Shanghai, 202150, China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China and
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17
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Giroux Leprieur E, Antoine M, Vieira T, Rozensztajn N, Ruppert AM, Rabbe N, Cadranel J, Wislez M. [Role of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in thoracic cancers]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:800-8. [PMID: 25794996 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway is physiologically activated during embryogenesis and development. It plays a role in idiopathic lung fibrosis and is also activated in several solid cancers. STATE OF THE ART Shh pathway is reactivated in thoracic cancers, as small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Shh pathway is associated with cancer stem cells and seems to have a crucial role in tumor proliferation, aggressiveness and chemoresistance in these cancers. This review describes the activation mode of Shh pathway in thoracic cancers and its role in small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma, using in vitro and in vivo models. Notably, data from literature show that inhibition of Shh pathway has an antitumor action and sensitizes to chemotherapy. PERSPECTIVES These results incite to develop targeted therapies against Shh pathway in the treatment of thoracic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giroux Leprieur
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; EA4340 BCOH, service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - M Antoine
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France
| | - T Vieira
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - N Rozensztajn
- Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - A-M Ruppert
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - N Rabbe
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France
| | - J Cadranel
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France
| | - M Wislez
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, GRC n(o) 04, Theranoscan, 75252 Paris, France; Service de pneumologie et de réanimation, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75970 Paris, France.
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18
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Stem cells, cell therapies, and bioengineering in lung biology and diseases. Comprehensive review of the recent literature 2010-2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 10:S45-97. [PMID: 23869446 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201304-090aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A conference, "Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases," was held July 25 to 28, 2011 at the University of Vermont to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy and ex vivo bioengineering approaches for lung diseases. These are rapidly expanding areas of study that provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, to discuss and debate current controversies, and to identify future research directions and opportunities for basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases. The goal of this article, which accompanies the formal conference report, is to provide a comprehensive review of the published literature in lung regenerative medicine from the last conference report through December 2012.
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20
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Xin YH, Bian BSJ, Yang XJ, Cui W, Cui HJ, Cui YH, Zhang X, Xu C, Bian XW. POU5F1 enhances the invasiveness of cancer stem-like cells in lung adenocarcinoma by upregulation of MMP-2 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83373. [PMID: 24386189 PMCID: PMC3875455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related human deaths. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying the metastasis of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) will open new avenues in lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we demonstrated that CSLCs-derived from lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) cells displayed highly invasive and migratory capabilities via expressing high levels of POU5F1 and MMP-2. We found that POU5F1 directly regulated MMP-2 transcription via interaction with the promoter of MMP-2. POU5F1 knockdown in LACSLCs reduced MMP-2 protein abundance, leading to inhibition of the cell invasion, migration and tumorigenesis potentials of LAC cells. Clinically, aberrantly high expressions of POU5F1 and MMP-2 were inversely correlated with the survival of LAC patients, and the double-positive POU5F1 and MMP-2 showed the worst prediction for the patient’s poor survival. These results indicate that POU5F1 can bind to the MMP-2 promoter for the degradation of surrounding extracellular matrix, and therefore promote invasive and migratory capabilities of LACSLCs. Moreover, our data implicate that the pathological detection of the double-positive expressions for POU5F1 and MMP-2 will be useful as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in LAC to advance anti-metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hong Xin
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Bai-shi-jiao Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-jun Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-juan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - You-hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of PLA Chengdu Military Area Command, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (CX); (XB)
| | - Xiu-wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (CX); (XB)
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21
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CD44 and CD24 cannot act as cancer stem cell markers in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 19:23-36. [PMID: 24363164 PMCID: PMC6275711 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of tumor cells that are responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and metastasis. Recent studies suggested that lung cancer arises from CSCs. In this study, the expression of potential CSC markers in cell line A549 was evaluated. We applied flow cytometry to assess the expression of putative stem cell markers, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), CD24, CD44, CD133 and ABCG2. Cells were then sorted according to the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) Aria II and characterized using their clonogenic and sphere-forming capacity. A549 cells expressed the CSC markers CD44 and CD24 at 68.16% and 54.46%, respectively. The expression of the putative CSC marker ALDH1 was 4.20%, whereas the expression of ABCG2 and CD133 was 0.93%. Double-positive CD44/133 populations were rare. CD44+/24+ and CD44+/CD24−/low subpopulations respectively exhibited 64% and 27.92% expression. The colony-forming potentials in the CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24−/low subpopulations were 84.37 ± 2.86% and 90 ± 3.06%, respectively, while the parental A549 cells yielded 56.65 ± 2.33% using the colony-formation assay. Both isolated subpopulations formed spheres in serumfree medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). CD44 and CD24 cannot be considered potential markers for isolating lung CSCs in cell line A549, but further investigation using in vivo assays is required.
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22
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Freitas DP, Teixeira CA, Santos-Silva F, Vasconcelos MH, Almeida GM. Therapy-induced enrichment of putative lung cancer stem-like cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1270-8. [PMID: 24105655 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour drug resistance is a major issue in the management of lung cancer patients as almost all lung tumours are either intrinsically resistant or quickly develop acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer drug resistance has recently been linked, at least in part, to the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), a small sub-population of cells within the tumour that possess stem-like properties. CSLCs are often isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) according to the expression of certain stem-like cell membrane markers. Conflicting results regarding the specificity of particular stem cell surface markers for isolating CSLCs have, however, been recently reported. Therefore, alternative strategies enabling the identification and study of CSLCs should be considered, particularly in tumour types where appropriate stem cell markers are not well established and validated, like in lung cancer. In this article, we review data indicating therapy-selection as a valid approach for putative lung CSLCs enrichment. We believe that this strategy would be determinant for correctly assessing and characterising the sub-populations of CSLCs that are able to survive chemo or radiotherapy regimens and, at the same time, also have the ability to recapitulate and sustain tumour growth. Using therapy-induced enrichment of CSLCs may, therefore, prove to be an extremely useful method for studying CSLCs and provide new clues regarding potential therapeutic targets for their efficient elimination, which will undoubtedly play a decisive role in improving lung cancer patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Freitas
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Tan Y, Chen B, Xu W, Zhao W, Wu J. Clinicopathological significance of CD133 in lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 2:111-115. [PMID: 24649317 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133 is one of the most commonly used markers of lung cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are characterized by their ability for self-renewal and tumorigenicity. However, the clinical value and significance of CD133 in lung cancer remains controversial. Due to the limited size of the individual studies, the association between CD133 and the clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer had not been fully elucidated. A meta-analysis based on published studies was performed with the aim of evaluating the effect of CD133 on the clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer and to investigate the role of CSCs in the prognosis of lung cancer. A total of 15 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis and our results indicated that a positive CD133 expression was significantly associated with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis, although it was not associated with tumor stage or histological type. Therefore, CD133 may be considered as a prognostic maker of lung cancer. Further clinical studies, with larger patient samples, unified methods and cut-off levels to detect CD133 expression, classified by tumor stage, therapeutic schedule, follow-up time and survival events, are required to determine the role of CD133 in clinical application and the association between CD133 and the prognosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxi Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Fibulin-3-mediated inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal of ALDH+ lung cancer stem cells through IGF1R signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:3908-17. [PMID: 24013232 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibulins (FBLNs), a family of extracellular matrix proteins, have recently been shown to act as tumor suppressors or activators in different cancers, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of their action in cancer remain unclear. We have previously shown that the expression of FBLN3 is suppressed by promoter hypermethylation and is associated with invasiveness in aggressive non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the roles and signaling mechanism of FBLN3 in lung cancer stem cells (CSCs). Forced expression of FBLN3 suppressed invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells and decreased the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activators, including N-cadherin and Snail. Stemness activities of lung adenocarcinoma cells were also suppressed by FBLN3 as indicated by a decrease in spheroid formation and the levels of stemness markers such as Sox2 and β-catenin. These effects of FBLN3 were mediated by the glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, and the upstream regulators of GSK3β, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), were inactivated by FBLN3. Moreover, IGF1R was shown to be a direct target of FBLN3, which competitively inhibited insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action. To confirm the effect of FBLN3 on lung CSCs, aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+) A549 lung CSCs were sorted and treated with recombinant FBLN3 protein. FBLN3 clearly suppressed EMT, stemness activity and the over-activated IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway of the ALDH+ CSC subpopulation. In addition, injection of recombinant FBLN3 protein around subcutaneous xenografts established with ALDH+ CSCs in athymic nude mice significantly suppressed tumor growth and progression. Overall, our results show that FBLN3 suppresses both EMT and self-renewal of the lung CSCs by modulating the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway and that FBLN3 would be useful as an alternative CSC therapy.
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Wald O, Shapira OM, Izhar U. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathologic roles and therapeutic potential. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:26-33. [PMID: 23382783 PMCID: PMC3563078 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Moreover, despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the death rate from lung cancer remains high and the reported overall five-year survival rate is only 15%. Thus, novel treatments for this devastating disease are urgently needed. Chemokines, a family of 48 chemotactic cytokines interacts with their 7 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, to guide immune cell trafficking in the body under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Tumor cells, which express a relatively restricted repertoire of chemokine and chemokine receptors, utilize and manipulate the chemokine system in a manner that benefits both local tumor growth and distant dissemination. Among the 19 chemokine receptors, CXCR4 is the receptor most widely expressed by malignant tumors and whose role in tumor biology is most thoroughly studied. The chemokine CXCL12, which is the sole ligand of CXCR4, is highly expressed in primary lung cancer as well as in the bone marrow, liver, adrenal glands and brain, which are all sites for lung cancer metastasis. This review focuses on the pathologic role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in NSCLC and on the potential therapeutic implication of targeting this axis for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Talikka M, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Chaudhary N, Peck MJ, Hoeng J, Coggins CRE, Peitsch MC. Genomic impact of cigarette smoke, with application to three smoking-related diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:877-89. [PMID: 22989067 PMCID: PMC3491444 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that inhaled toxicants such as cigarette smoke can cause both irreversible changes to the genetic material (DNA mutations) and putatively reversible changes to the epigenetic landscape (changes in the DNA methylation and chromatin modification state). The diseases that are believed to involve genetic and epigenetic perturbations include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), all of which are strongly linked epidemiologically to cigarette smoking. In this review, we highlight the significance of genomics and epigenomics in these major smoking-related diseases. We also summarize the in vitro and in vivo findings on the specific perturbations that smoke and its constituent compounds can inflict upon the genome, particularly on the pulmonary system. Finally, we review state-of-the-art genomics and new techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and genome-wide chromatin assays, rapidly evolving techniques which have allowed epigenetic changes to be characterized at the genome level. These techniques have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which exposure to environmental chemicals causes disease. Such mechanistic knowledge provides a variety of opportunities for enhanced product safety assessment and the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. Sierro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. Chaudhary
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. J. Peck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - J. Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - M. C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Fahham D, Weiss ID, Abraham M, Beider K, Hanna W, Shlomai Z, Eizenberg O, Zamir G, Izhar U, Shapira OM, Peled A, Wald O. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CXCR4 antagonist BKT140 against human non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1167-1175.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wu X, Chen H, Wang X. Can lung cancer stem cells be targeted for therapies? Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:580-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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