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Intratumoral Genetic Heterogeneity in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Occurrence and Clinical Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020383. [PMID: 32046148 PMCID: PMC7072350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) refers to a subclonal genetic diversity observed within a tumor. ITH is the consequence of genetic instability and accumulation of genetic alterations, two mechanisms involved in the progression from an early tumor stage to a more aggressive cancer. While this process is widely accepted, the ITH of early stage papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is debated. By different genetic analysis, several authors reported the frequent occurrence of PTCs composed of both tumor cells with and without RET/PTC or BRAFV600E genetic alterations. While these data, and the report of discrepancies in the genetic pattern between metastases and the primary tumor, demonstrate the existence of ITH in PTC, its extension and biological significance is debated. The ITH takes on a great significance when involves oncogenes, such as RET rearrangements and BRAFV600E as it calls into question their role of driver genes. ITH is also predicted to play a major clinical role as it could have a significant impact on prognosis and on the response to targeted therapy. In this review, we analyzed several data indicating that ITH is not a marginal event, occurring in PTC at any step of development, and suggesting the existence of unknown genetic or epigenetic alterations that still need to be identified.
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Khatami F, Tavangar SM. A Review of Driver Genetic Alterations in Thyroid Cancers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 13:125-135. [PMID: 30697281 PMCID: PMC6339486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a frequent endocrine-related malignancy with continuously increasing incidence, and recently the development in understanding its molecular pathogenesis is mainly through the explanation of the original role of several key signaling pathways and related molecular distributors. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these pathways such as mutation and DNA rearrangements. However, it does not mean that all the somatic abnormalities in a cancer genome are involved in cancer development and just driver mutations are concerned in tumor initiation. By way of illustrations, MAPK pathway motivated by BRAF V600E and RAS and RET / PTC rearrangements are suggesting driver genetic alterations in follicular derived thyroid cancers considered in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Dept. of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Dept. of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
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Su X, Li Z, He C, Chen W, Fu X, Yang A. Radiation exposure, young age, and female gender are associated with high prevalence of RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 in papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16716-30. [PMID: 26918339 PMCID: PMC4941346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RET/PTC rearrangements have been identified as a specific genetic event in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We conducted this meta-analysis to identify an enriched population who were more likely to occur RET/PTC fusion genes. Methods All relevant studies in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched up to June 2015. The studies found were screened according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. All analyses were performed using STATA software. Results Eventually, 38 eligible studies comprising 2395 participants were included. Overall analysis indicated that radiation exposure contributed to increased RET/PTC risk (OR = 2.82; 95%CI: 1.38–5.78, P = 0.005). Stratified analysis according to RET/PTC subtype and geographical area showed that this association was restricted to the RET/PTC3 subtype (OR = 8.30, 95%CI: 4.32–15.96, P < 0.001) in the Western population. In addition, age < 18 years, i.e., young age, was associated with higher prevalence of RET/PTC3 (OR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.14–3.62, P = 0.017), especially in the radiation-exposure subpopulation (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.01–5.49, P = 0.048). The association between female gender and RET/PTC1 risk was more significant in the PTC patients without radiation exposure (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.04–2.74, P = 0.034). Conclusion Both radiation exposure and young age are associated with increased risk of RET/PTC3 and that female gender is associated with higher prevalence of RET/PTC1 in the subpopulation without radiation exposure. The RET/PTC status in combination with radiation exposure, age, and sex should be considered in the differential diagnosis of suspicious PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Su
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqu Li
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun He
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichao Chen
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ankui Yang
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Goldenberg D, Russo M, Houser K, Crist H, Derr JB, Walter V, Warrick JI, Sheldon KE, Broach J, Bann DV. Altered molecular profile in thyroid cancers from patients affected by the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Laryngoscope 2017; 127 Suppl 3:S1-S9. [PMID: 28555940 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS In 1979, Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear power plant experienced a partial meltdown with release of radioactive material. The effects of the accident on thyroid cancer (TC) in the surrounding population remain unclear. Radiation-induced TCs have a lower incidence of single nucleotide oncogenic driver mutations and higher incidence of gene fusions. We used next generation sequencing (NGS) to identify molecular signatures of radiation-induced TC in a cohort of TC patients residing near TMI during the time of the accident. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS We identified 44 patients who developed papillary thyroid carcinoma between 1974 and 2014. Patients who developed TC between 1984 and 1996 were at risk for radiation-induced TC, patients who developed TC before 1984 or after 1996 were the control group. We used targeted NGS of paired tumor and normal tissue from each patient to identify single nucleotide oncogenic driver mutations. Oncogenic gene fusions were identified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We identified 15 patients in the at-risk group and 29 patients in the control group. BRAFV600E mutations were identified in 53% patients in the at-risk group and 83% patients in the control group. The proportion of patients with BRAF mutations in the at-risk group was significantly lower than predicted by the The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. Gene fusion or somatic copy number alteration drivers were identified in 33% tumors in the at-risk group and 14% of tumors in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Findings were consistent with observations from other radiation-exposed populations. These data raise the possibility that radiation released from TMI may have altered the molecular profile of TC in the population surrounding TMI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 127:S1-S9, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goldenberg
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Mariano Russo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Kenneth Houser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Henry Crist
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan B Derr
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Vonn Walter
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn E Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - James Broach
- Department of Biochemistry and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Darrin V Bann
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Department of Biochemistry and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Pathak R, Koturbash I, Hauer-Jensen M. Detection of Inter-chromosomal Stable Aberrations by Multiple Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (mFISH) and Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) in Irradiated Mice. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117817 DOI: 10.3791/55162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces numerous stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations. Unstable aberrations, where chromosome morphology is substantially compromised, can easily be identified by conventional chromosome staining techniques. However, detection of stable aberrations, which involve exchange or translocation of genetic materials without considerable modification in the chromosome morphology, requires sophisticated chromosome painting techniques that rely on in situ hybridization of fluorescently labeled DNA probes, a chromosome painting technique popularly known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH probes can be specific for whole chromosome/s or precise sub-region on chromosome/s. The method not only allows visualization of stable aberrations, but it can also allow detection of the chromosome/s or specific DNA sequence/s involved in a particular aberration formation. A variety of chromosome painting techniques are available in cytogenetics; here two highly sensitive methods, multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY), are discussed to identify inter-chromosomal stable aberrations that form in the bone marrow cells of mice after exposure to total body irradiation. Although both techniques rely on fluorescent labeled DNA probes, the method of detection and the process of image acquisition of the fluorescent signals are different. These two techniques have been used in various research areas, such as radiation biology, cancer cytogenetics, retrospective radiation biodosimetry, clinical cytogenetics, evolutionary cytogenetics, and comparative cytogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences;
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental Health, Fay W. Boozman School of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Surgical Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
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Michna A, Schötz U, Selmansberger M, Zitzelsberger H, Lauber K, Unger K, Hess J. Transcriptomic analyses of the radiation response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma subclones with different radiation sensitivity: time-course gene expression profiles and gene association networks. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11:94. [PMID: 27455841 PMCID: PMC4960706 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired and inherent radioresistance of tumor cells is related to tumor relapse and poor prognosis - not only in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Therefore, systemic in-depth analyses are needed to identify key regulators of radioresistance. In the present study, subclones of the CAL-33 HNSCC cell line with different radiosensitivity were analyzed to identify signaling pathways related to the different phenotypes. METHODS Subclones with altered radiosensitivity were generated by fractionated irradiation of the parental CAL-33 cells. Differences in radiosensitivity were confirmed in colony formation assays. Selected subclones were characterized at the genomic and transcriptomic level by SKY, array CGH, and mRNA-microarray analyses. Time-course gene expression analyses upon irradiation using a natural cubic spline regression model identified temporally differentially expressed genes. Moreover, early and late responding genes were identified. Gene association networks were reconstructed using partial correlation. The Reactome pathway database was employed to conduct pathway enrichment analyses. RESULTS The characterization of two subclones with enhanced radiation resistance (RP) and enhanced radiosensitivity (SP) revealed distinct genomic and transcriptomic changes compared to the parental cells. Differentially expressed genes after irradiation shared by both subclones pointed to important pathways of the early and late radiation response, including senescence, apoptosis, DNA repair, Wnt, PI3K/AKT, and Rho GTPase signaling. The analysis of the most important nodes of the gene association networks revealed pathways specific to the radiation response in different phenotypes of radiosensitivity. Exemplarily, for the RP subclone the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) together with GPCR ligand binding were considered as crucial. Also, the expression of endogenous retrovirus ERV3-1in response to irradiation has been observed, and the related gene association networks have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents comprehensive gene expression data of CAL-33 subclones with different radiation sensitivity. The resulting networks and pathways associated with the resistant phenotype are of special interest and include the SASP. The radiation-associated expression of ERV3-1 also appears highly attractive for further studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying acquired radioresistance. The identified pathways may represent key players of radioresistance, which could serve as potential targets for molecularly designed, therapeutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michna
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schötz
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Selmansberger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Hess
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Integrative analysis of the microRNA-mRNA response to radiochemotherapy in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:654. [PMID: 26328888 PMCID: PMC4557600 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a very heterogeneous disease resulting in huge differences in the treatment response. New individualized therapy strategies including molecular targeting might help to improve treatment success. In order to identify potential targets, we developed a HNSCC radiochemotherapy cell culture model of primary HNSCC cells derived from two different patients (HN1957 and HN2092) and applied an integrative microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA analysis in order to gain information on the biological networks and processes of the cellular therapy response. We further identified potential target genes of four therapy-responsive miRNAs detected previously in the circulation of HNSCC patients by pathway enrichment analysis. Results The two primary cell cultures differ in global copy number alterations and P53 mutational status, thus reflecting heterogeneity of HNSCC. However, they also share many copy number alterations and chromosomal rearrangements as well as deregulated therapy-responsive miRNAs and mRNAs. Accordingly, six common therapy-responsive pathways (direct P53 effectors, apoptotic execution phase, DNA damage/telomere stress induced senescence, cholesterol biosynthesis, unfolded protein response, dissolution of fibrin clot) were identified in both cell cultures based on deregulated mRNAs. However, inflammatory pathways represented an important part of the treatment response only in HN1957, pointing to differences in the treatment responses of the two primary cultures. Focused analysis of target genes of four therapy-responsive circulating miRNAs, identified in a previous study on HNSCC patients, revealed a major impact on the pathways direct P53 effectors, the E2F transcription factor network and pathways in cancer (mainly represented by the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway). Conclusions The integrative analysis combining miRNA expression, mRNA expression and the related cellular pathways revealed that the majority of radiochemotherapy-responsive pathways in primary HNSCC cells are related to cell cycle, proliferation, cell death and stress response (including inflammation). Despite the heterogeneity of HNSCC, the two primary cell cultures exhibited strong similarities in the treatment response. The findings of our study suggest potential therapeutic targets in the E2F transcription factor network and the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1865-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhang T, Lu Y, Ye Q, Zhang M, Zheng L, Yin X, Gavine P, Sun Z, Ji Q, Zhu G, Su X. An evaluation and recommendation of the optimal methodologies to detectRETgene rearrangements in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 54:168-76. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Zhang
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yachao Lu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Meizhuo Zhang
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Li Zheng
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xiaolu Yin
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Paul Gavine
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou Zhejiang 325000 China
| | - Qunsheng Ji
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Guanshan Zhu
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xinying Su
- Asia & Emerging Markets iMed; AstraZeneca R&D. 199 LiangJing Road, ZhangJiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
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Li MM, Ewton AA, Smith JL. Using Cytogenetic Rearrangements for Cancer Prognosis and Treatment (Pharmacogenetics). CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pajor G, Kajtár B, Pajor L, Alpár D. State-of-the-art FISHing: automated analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in interphase nuclei. Cytometry A 2012; 81:649-63. [PMID: 22696411 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (i-FISH) is a powerful tool for visualizing various molecular targets in non-dividing cells. Manual scoring of i-FISH signals is a labor intensive, time-consuming, and error-prone process liable to subjective interpretation. Automated evaluation of signal patterns provides the opportunity to overcome these difficulties. The first report on automated i-FISH analysis has been published 20 years ago and since then several applications have been introduced in the fields of oncology, and prenatal and fertility screening. In this article, we provide an insight into the automated i-FISH analysis including its course, brief history, clinical applications, and advantages and challenges. The lack of guidelines for describing new automated i-FISH methods hampers the precise comparison of performance of various applications published, thus, we make a proposal for a panel of parameters essential to introduce and standardize new applications and reproduce previously described technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Pajor
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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Romei C, Elisei R. RET/PTC Translocations and Clinico-Pathological Features in Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:54. [PMID: 22654872 PMCID: PMC3356050 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent endocrine cancer accounting for 5-10% of thyroid nodules. Papillary histotype (PTC) is the most prevalent form accounting for 80% of all thyroid carcinoma. Although much is known about its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical, and biological behavior, the only documented risk factor for PTC is the ionizing radiation exposure. Rearrangements of the Rearranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene are found in PTC and have been shown to play a pathogenic role. The first RET rearrangement, named RET/PTC, was discovered in 1987. This rearrangement constitutively activates the transcription of the RET tyrosine-kinase domain in follicular cell, thus triggering the signaling along the MAPK pathway and an uncontrolled proliferation. Up to now, 13 different types of RET/PTC rearrangements have been reported but the two most common are RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3. Ionizing radiations are responsible for the generation of RET/PTC rearrangements, as supported by in vitro studies and by the evidence that RET/PTC, and particularly RET/PTC3, are highly prevalent in radiation induced PTC. However, many thyroid tumors without any history of radiation exposure harbor similar RET rearrangements. The overall prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements varies from 20 to 70% of PTCs and they are more frequent in childhood than in adulthood thyroid cancer. Controversial data have been reported on the relationship between RET/PTC rearrangements and the PTC prognosis. RET/PTC3 is usually associated with a more aggressive phenotype and in particular with a greater tumor size, the solid variant, and a more advanced stage at diagnosis which are all poor prognostic factors. In contrast, RET/PTC1 rearrangement does not correlate with any clinical-pathological characteristics of PTC. Moreover, the RET protein and mRNA expression level did not show any correlation with the outcome of patients with PTC and no correlation between RET/PTC rearrangements and the expression level of the thyroid differentiation genes was observed. Recently, a diagnostic role of RET/PTC rearrangements has been proposed. It can be searched for in the mRNA extracted from cytological sample especially in case with indeterminate cytology. However, both the fact that it can be present in a not negligible percentage of benign cases and the technical challenge in extracting mRNA from cytological material makes this procedure not applicable at routine level, at least for the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, WHO Collaborating Center for the Study and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases and Other Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, WHO Collaborating Center for the Study and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases and Other Endocrine and Metabolic DisordersUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rossella Elisei, Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy. e-mail:
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Abou-El-Ardat K, Monsieurs P, Anastasov N, Atkinson M, Derradji H, De Meyer T, Bekaert S, Van Criekinge W, Baatout S. Low dose irradiation of thyroid cells reveals a unique transcriptomic and epigenetic signature in RET/PTC-positive cells. Mutat Res 2011; 731:27-40. [PMID: 22027090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high doses of radiation received in the wake of the Chernobyl incident and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been linked to the increased appearance of thyroid cancer in the children living in the vicinity of the site. However, the data gathered on the effect of low doses of radiation on the thyroid remain limited. We have examined the genome wide transcriptional response of a culture of TPC-1 human cell line of papillary thyroid carcinoma origin with a RET/PTC1 translocation to various doses (0.0625, 0.5, and 4Gy) of X-rays and compared it to response of thyroids with a RET/PTC3 translocation and against wild-type mouse thyroids irradiated with the same doses using Affymetrix microarrays. We have found considerable overlap at a high dose of 4Gy in both RET/PTC-positive systems but no common genes at 62.5mGy. In addition, the response of RET/PTC-positive system at all doses was distinct from the response of wild-type thyroids with both systems signaling down different pathways. Analysis of the response of microRNAs in TPC-1 cells revealed a radiation-responsive signature of microRNAs in addition to dose-responsive microRNAs. Our results point to the fact that a low dose of X-rays seems to have a significant proliferative effect on normal thyroids. This observation should be studied further as opposed to its effect on RET/PTC-positive thyroids which was subtle, anti-proliferative and system-dependent.
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