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Ramlee MH, Ammarullah MI, Mohd Sukri NS, Faidzul Hassan NS, Baharuddin MH, Abdul Kadir MR. Investigation on three-dimensional printed prosthetics leg sockets coated with different reinforcement materials: analysis on mechanical strength and microstructural. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6842. [PMID: 38514731 PMCID: PMC10958049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has primarily focused on pre-processing parameters such as design, material selection, and printing techniques to improve the strength of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets. However, these methods fail to address the major challenges that arise post-printing, namely failures at the distal end of the socket and susceptibility to shear failure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets through post-processing techniques. Fifteen PLA + prosthetic leg sockets are fabricated and reinforced with four materials: carbon fiber, carbon-Kevlar fiber, fiberglass, and cement. Mechanical and microstructural properties of the sockets are evaluated through axial compression testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results highlight superior attributes of cement-reinforced sockets, exhibiting significantly higher yield strength (up to 89.57% more than counterparts) and higher Young's modulus (up to 76.15% greater). SEM reveals correlations between microstructural properties and socket strength. These findings deepen the comprehension of 3D-printed prosthetic leg socket post-processing, presenting optimization prospects. Future research can focus on refining fabrication techniques, exploring alternative reinforcement materials, and investigating the long-term durability and functionality of post-processed 3D-printed prosthetic leg sockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Ramlee
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory (BBL), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
- Bioinspired Devices and Tissue Engineering (BIOINSPIRA) Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Imam Ammarullah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering and Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, 40153, West Java, Indonesia.
- Biomechanics and Biomedics Engineering Research Centre, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, 40153, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Nurelisya Suraya Mohd Sukri
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory (BBL), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafiqah Faidzul Hassan
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory (BBL), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hanif Baharuddin
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory (BBL), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Plant fiber-reinforced polymer composites: a review on modification, fabrication, properties, and applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Adediran AA, Akinwande AA, Balogun OA, Olasoju OS, Adesina OS. Experimental evaluation of bamboo fiber/particulate coconut shell hybrid PVC composite. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5465. [PMID: 33750871 PMCID: PMC7943790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo fibers (BF) treated in 1.3 Molar NaOH and particulate coconut shell (PCS) sieved to − 45 µm were incorporated into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix towards improving the properties of PVC composite for ceiling boards and insulating pipes which sags and degrade with time needing improvement in properties. The process was carried out via compression moulding applying 0.2 kPa pressure and carried out at a temperature of 170 °C. Composites developed were grouped according to their composition. Groups A, B, C, and D were infused with 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% PCS at constant amount, respectively. Each group was intermixed with a varying proportions of BF (0–30 wt% at 5% interval). Tests carried out on the samples produced revealed that the yield strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, modulus of rupture were enhanced with increasing BF proportion from 0 to 30 wt% BF at 2 wt% constant PCS input. Thermal and electrical properties trended downward as the fiber content reduced even as the hardness was enhanced with PCS/BF intermix which was also reflected in the wear loss index. Impact strength was highest on the infix of 4 wt% PCS and 15 wt% BF. Compressive strength was better boasted with increasing fiber and PCS amount but 8 wt% PCS amounted to depreciation in trend. It was generally observed that PCS performed optimally at 2 wt% incorporation while beyond that resulted in lowering of strength. Blending of the two variable inputs; 0–30 wt% BF and 2 wt% PCS presented better enhancement in properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu A Adediran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, PMB, Omu-Aran, 1001, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi A Akinwande
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A Balogun
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - O S Olasoju
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Olanrewaju S Adesina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, PMB, Omu-Aran, 1001, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Amajuoyi JN, Ilomuanya MO, Asantewaa-Osei Y, Azubuike CP, Adeosun SO, Igwilo CI. Development of electrospun keratin/coenzyme Q10/poly vinyl alcohol nanofibrous scaffold containing mupirocin as potential dressing for infected wounds. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nanostructured wound dressings produced by electrospinning biocompatible polymers possess great potential because they resemble the natural extracellular matrix and support cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. This study seeks to fabricate mupirocin, keratin, and coenzyme Q10 (Co Q10)-loaded PVA electrospun scaffolds intended for wound healing application and to characterize their morphology, physical properties, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (10% w/v), various concentrations of keratin/Co Q10 fibrous scaffolds (electrospun at a voltage of 50 kV, flow rate of 4 mL/h), and 2% mupirocin was designed and fabricated to activate keratinocytes in the wound bed, stimulate cell proliferation, and increase antimicrobial penetration.
Results
The diameters of the scaffolds were observed to be in the nanoparticulate range 2.11 ± 0.20 to 3.27 ± 0.10 nm. By 30 min, all the scaffolds had more than 50% of the cumulative concentration of mupirocin released with 51.06 ± 2.104% to 74.66 ± 1.72% of mupirocin released. At 1 h, 80% of the mupirocin in the scaffold was seen to have diffused out of the scaffold. Release of mupirocin was modulated; an initial burst release was followed by sustained release over 2 h. Electrospun keratin/Co Q10/PVA scaffold containing mupirocin showed excellent antimicrobial activity against all the clinical isolates of 2586, Staphylococcus aureus 2590, 2583, 2587, 2555. All the electrospun scaffolds showed higher cell viability values than the control at 48 and 72 h, with the optimized CoQ10 scaffold concentration being 0.05% w/w.
Conclusion
Electrospun nanofibers combining the biocompatibility potential of PVA with the bioactive nature of keratin (0.01% w/w) and CoQ10 (0.5% w/w) and the antibacterial property of mupirocin as a new potential for proper wound care was successfully developed. The cell line studies on this electrospun scaffold (PKCM 3) showed their ability to support the growth of keratinocytes hence the potential of developed scaffolds as a wound dressing. In vivo studies to further investigate the applications of the electrospun keratin/Co Q10/PVA nanofibrous scaffold as a wound dressing is however required.
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Eslahi N, Mahmoodi A, Mahmoudi N, Zandi N, Simchi A. Processing and Properties of Nanofibrous Bacterial Cellulose-Containing Polymer Composites: A Review of Recent Advances for Biomedical Applications. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1663210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Eslahi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mahmoodi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Mahmoudi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Zandi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Composites from Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Reinforced Rubberwood Sawdust: Effects of Sawdust Size and Content on Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Properties. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/7179527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of rubberwood sawdust (RWS) size and content as well as the ratio of natural rubber (NR)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blend on properties of RWS reinforced thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) composites. The addition of RWS about 30–50 wt% improved the modulus of the rupture and tensile strength of TPNR composites blending with NR/HDPE ratios of 60/40 and 50/50. TPNR composites reinforced with RWS 80 mesh yielded better tensile strength and modulus of rupture than the composites with RWS 40 mesh. The TPNR/RWS composites with larger HDPE content gave higher tensile, flexural, and Shore hardness properties and thermal stability as well as lower water absorption. The TPNR/RWS composites with larger plastic content were therefore suggested for applications requiring high performance of thermal, physical, and mechanical properties.
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Kurokawa N, Hotta A. Thermomechanical properties of highly transparent self-reinforced polylactide composites with electrospun stereocomplex polylactide nanofibers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rasana N, Jayanarayanan K. Polypropylene/short glass fiber/nanosilica hybrid composites: evaluation of morphology, mechanical, thermal, and transport properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) from Corn Stalk: Activation Energy Analysis. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10010080. [PMID: 28772441 PMCID: PMC5344553 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from corn stalk using sulfuric acid hydrolysis, and their morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability properties were characterized. The CNCs had an average length of 120.2 ± 61.3 nm and diameter of 6.4 ± 3.1 nm (L/D = 18.7). The degree of crystallinity of the CNCs increased to 69.20% from the 33.20% crystallinity of raw corn stalk fiber, while the chemical structure was well kept after sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Thermal stability analysis showed that the degradation temperature of the CNCs reached 239.5 °C, which was higher than that of the raw fiber but lower than that of the extracted cellulose. The average activation energy values for the CNCs, evaluated using the Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (F-W-O) and Coats-Redfern methods, were 312.6, 302.8, and 309 kJ·mol-1 in the conversion range of 0.1 to 0.8. The isolated CNCs had higher values of activation energy than did the purified cellulose, which was attributed to the stronger hydrogen bonds present in the crystalline domains of CNCs than in those of cellulose. These findings can help better understand the thermal properties of polymer/CNC composites.
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Zhu Z, Ye C, Fu W, Wu H. Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid biocomposites due to the addition of hybrid sisal fibers and diatomite particles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2016.1160529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jayamani E, Hamdan S, Rahman MR, Bakri MKB, Kakar A. An investigation of sound absorption coefficient on sisal fiber poly lactic acid bio-composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elammaran Jayamani
- Faculty of Engineering; Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga; 93350 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Sinin Hamdan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; 93400 Kota Samarahan Malaysia
| | - Md Rezaur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; 93400 Kota Samarahan Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri
- Faculty of Engineering; Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga; 93350 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Akshay Kakar
- Faculty of Engineering; Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga; 93350 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia
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V P S, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Fabrication and characterization of bionanocomposites based on poly (lactic acid), banana fiber and nanoclay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-014-9088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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