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Mao C, Poimenidou M, Craig BT. Current Knowledge and Perspectives of Immunotherapies for Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2865. [PMID: 39199637 PMCID: PMC11353182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NBL) cells highly express disialoganglioside GD2, which is restricted and weakly expressed in selected healthy cells, making it a desirable target of immunotherapy. Over the past two decades, application of dinutuximab, an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), has been one of the few new therapies to substantially improve outcomes to current levels. Given the persistent challenge of relapse and therapeutic resistance, there is an urgent need for new effective and tolerable treatment options for high-risk NBL. Recent breakthroughs in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapeutics have not translated into high-risk NBL, like many other major pediatric solid tumors. Given the suppressed tumor microenvironment (TME), single ICIs like anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 have not demonstrated significant antitumor response rates. Meanwhile, emerging studies are reporting novel advancements in GD2-based therapies, targeted therapies, nanomedicines, and other immunotherapies such as adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and these hold interesting promise for the future of high-risk NBL patient care. Herein, we summarize the current state of the art in NBL therapeutic options and highlight the unique challenges posed by NBL that have limited the successful adoption of immune-modifying therapies. Through this review, we aim to direct the field's attention to opportunities that may benefit from a combination immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Mao
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Maria Poimenidou
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Brian T. Craig
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
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Wang T, Song X, Tan J, Xian W, Zhou X, Yu M, Wang X, Xu Y, Wu T, Yuan K, Ran Y, Yang B, Fan G, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zhu Y. Legionella effector LnaB is a phosphoryl-AMPylase that impairs phosphosignalling. Nature 2024; 631:393-401. [PMID: 38776962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AMPylation is a post-translational modification in which AMP is added to the amino acid side chains of proteins1,2. Here we show that, with ATP as the ligand and actin as the host activator, the effector protein LnaB of Legionella pneumophila exhibits AMPylase activity towards the phosphoryl group of phosphoribose on PRR42-Ub that is generated by the SidE family of effectors, and deubiquitinases DupA and DupB in an E1- and E2-independent ubiquitination process3-7. The product of LnaB is further hydrolysed by an ADP-ribosylhydrolase, MavL, to Ub, thereby preventing the accumulation of PRR42-Ub and ADPRR42-Ub and protecting canonical ubiquitination in host cells. LnaB represents a large family of AMPylases that adopt a common structural fold, distinct from those of the previously known AMPylases, and LnaB homologues are found in more than 20 species of bacterial pathogens. Moreover, LnaB also exhibits robust phosphoryl AMPylase activity towards phosphorylated residues and produces unique ADPylation modifications in proteins. During infection, LnaB AMPylates the conserved phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the activation loop of the Src family of kinases8,9, which dampens downstream phosphorylation signalling in the host. Structural studies reveal the actin-dependent activation and catalytic mechanisms of the LnaB family of AMPylases. This study identifies, to our knowledge, an unprecedented molecular regulation mechanism in bacterial pathogenesis and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xingtong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingru Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keke Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ran
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yongqun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Animal Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, China.
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Parvaresh H, Roozitalab G, Golandam F, Behzadi P, Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P. Unraveling the Potential of ALK-Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Comprehensive Insights and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38397899 PMCID: PMC10887432 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: This review comprehensively explores the intricate landscape of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), focusing specifically on its pivotal role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tracing ALK's discovery, from its fusion with nucleolar phosphoprotein (NPM)-1 in anaplastic large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ALCL) in 1994, the review elucidates the subsequent impact of ALK gene alterations in various malignancies, including inflammatory myofibroblastoma and NSCLC. Approximately 3-5% of NSCLC patients exhibit complex ALK rearrangements, leading to the approval of six ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) by 2022, revolutionizing the treatment landscape for advanced metastatic ALK + NSCLC. Notably, second-generation TKIs such as alectinib, ceritinib, and brigatinib have emerged to address resistance issues initially associated with the pioneer ALK-TKI, crizotinib. Methods: To ensure comprehensiveness, we extensively reviewed clinical trials on ALK inhibitors for NSCLC by 2023. Additionally, we systematically searched PubMed, prioritizing studies where the terms "ALK" AND "non-small cell lung cancer" AND/OR "NSCLC" featured prominently in the titles. This approach aimed to encompass a spectrum of relevant research studies, ensuring our review incorporates the latest and most pertinent information on innovative and alternative therapeutics for ALK + NSCLC. Key Content and Findings: Beyond exploring the intricate details of ALK structure and signaling, the review explores the convergence of ALK-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, investigating the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in ALK-altered NSCLC tumors. Despite encouraging preclinical data, challenges observed in trials assessing combinations such as nivolumab-crizotinib, mainly due to severe hepatic toxicity, emphasize the necessity for cautious exploration of these novel approaches. Additionally, the review explores innovative directions such as ALK molecular diagnostics, ALK vaccines, and biosensors, shedding light on their promising potential within ALK-driven cancers. Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis covers molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and immune interactions associated with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. As a pivotal resource, the review guides future research and therapeutic interventions in ALK-targeted therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Parvaresh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
| | - Ghazaal Roozitalab
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golandam
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran;
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Cheng K, Choi J. TCR Pathway Mutations in Mature T Cell Lymphomas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1450-1458. [PMID: 37931208 PMCID: PMC10715708 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mature T cell lymphomas are heterogeneous neoplasms that are aggressive and resistant to treatment. Many of these cancers retain immunological properties of their cell of origin. They express cytokines, cytotoxic enzymes, and cell surface ligands normally induced by TCR signaling in untransformed T cells. Until recently, their molecular mechanisms were unclear. Recently, high-dimensional studies have transformed our understanding of their cellular and genetic characteristics. Somatic mutations in the TCR signaling pathway drive lymphomagenesis by disrupting autoinhibitory domains, increasing affinity to ligands, and/or inducing TCR-independent signaling. Collectively, most of these mutations augment signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. Emerging data suggest that these mutations not only drive proliferation but also determine lymphoma immunophenotypes. For example, RHOA mutations are sufficient to induce disease-relevant CD4+ T follicular helper cell phenotypes. In this review, we describe how mutations in the TCR signaling pathway elucidate lymphoma pathophysiology but also provide insights into broader T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Xie W, Medeiros LJ, Li S, Tang G, Fan G, Xu J. PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: A Therapeutic Target in CD30+ Large Cell Lymphomas. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071587. [PMID: 35884893 PMCID: PMC9313053 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, reside on tumor cells and can bind with programmed death-1 protein (PD-1) on T-cells, resulting in tumor immune escape. PD-1 ligands are highly expressed in some CD30+ large cell lymphomas, including classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV+ DLBCL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The genetic alteration of the chromosome 9p24.1 locus, the location of PD-L1, PD-L2, and JAK2 are the main mechanisms leading to PD-L1 and PD-L2 overexpression and are frequently observed in these CD30+ large cell lymphomas. The JAK/STAT pathway is also commonly constitutively activated in these lymphomas, further contributing to the upregulated expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2. Other mechanisms underlying the overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in some cases include EBV infection and the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These cellular and molecular mechanisms provide a scientific rationale for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in treating patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease and, possibly, in newly diagnosed patients. Given the high efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with R/R CHL and PMBL, these agents have become a standard treatment in these patient subgroups. Preliminary studies of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with R/R EBV+ DLBCL and R/R ALCL have also shown promising results. Future directions for these patients will likely include PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in combination with other therapeutic agents, such as brentuximab or traditional chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (W.X.); (G.F.)
| | - L. Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.J.M.); (S.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.J.M.); (S.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.J.M.); (S.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (W.X.); (G.F.)
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.J.M.); (S.L.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-794-1220; Fax: +1-713-563-3166
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NPM-ALK: A Driver of Lymphoma Pathogenesis and a Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010144. [PMID: 33466277 PMCID: PMC7795840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase associated with Anaplastic Large Cell lymphoma (ALCL) through oncogenic translocations mainly NPM-ALK. Chemotherapy is effective in ALK(+) ALCL patients and induces remission rates of approximately 80%. The remaining patients do not respond to chemotherapy and some patients have drug-resistant relapses. Different classes of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are available but used exclusively for EML4-ALK (+) lung cancers. The significant toxicities of most ALK inhibitors explain the delay in their use in pediatric ALCL patients. Some ALCL patients do not respond to the first generation TKI or develop an acquired resistance. Combination therapy with ALK inhibitors in ALCL is the current challenge. Abstract Initially discovered in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), the ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a tyrosine kinase which is affected in lymphomas by oncogenic translocations, mainly NPM-ALK. To date, chemotherapy remains a viable option in ALCL patients with ALK translocations as it leads to remission rates of approximately 80%. However, the remaining patients do not respond to chemotherapy and some patients have drug-resistant relapses. It is therefore crucial to identify new and better treatment options. Nowadays, different classes of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are available and used exclusively for EML4-ALK (+) lung cancers. In fact, the significant toxicities of most ALK inhibitors explain the delay in their use in ALCL patients, who are predominantly children. Moreover, some ALCL patients do not respond to Crizotinib, the first generation TKI, or develop an acquired resistance months following an initial response. Combination therapy with ALK inhibitors in ALCL is the current challenge.
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Gao HX, Wang MB, Li SJ, Niu J, Xue J, Li J, Li XX. Identification of Hub Genes and Key Pathways Associated with Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:885-899. [PMID: 32980897 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a very aggressive and heterogeneous hematological malignancy and has no effective targeted therapy. The molecular pathogenesis of PTCL remains unknown. In this study, we chose the gene expression profile of GSE6338 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify hub genes and key pathways and explore possible molecular pathogenesis of PTCL by bioinformatic analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PTCL and normal T cells were selected using GEO2R tool. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Moreover, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) were utilized to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and perform module analysis of these DEGs. A total of 518 DEGs were identified, including 413 down-regulated and 105 up-regulated genes. The down-regulated genes were enriched in osteoclast differentiation, Chagas disease and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The up-regulated genes were mainly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion and pertussis. Four important modules were detected from the PPI network by using MCODE software. Fifteen hub genes with a high degree of connectivity were selected. Our study identified DEGs, hub genes and pathways associated with PTCL by bioinformatic analysis. Results provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.,Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Meng-Bo Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Si-Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jing Niu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.,Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Xin-Xia Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
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Agarwal I, Sabatini L, Alikhan MB. Diagnostic Capability of Next-Generation Sequencing Fusion Analysis in Identifying a Rare CASE of TRAF1-ALK-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:730. [PMID: 32457846 PMCID: PMC7225296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare T-cell neoplasm, accounting for approximately 3% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although NPM1 is the most common fusion partner with ALK, many others have been described, necessitating break-apart FISH studies for confirmation of the diagnosis. TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) is a rare ALK partner that is thought to confer a worse prognosis in patients. We describe the utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) RNA analysis in detection of this uncommon ALK partner. Case Description: A 42-year-old male with cervical lymphadenopathy presented for excisional biopsy. Following a tissue diagnosis of ALCL, ALK+, RNA from the biopsy was extracted from Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and prepared for Anchored Multiplex PCR using the Archer® FusionPlex® v2 assay, which employs unidirectional gene-specific primers using NGS to detect novel or unknown gene partners. Results: Histologic evaluation of the excised lymph node showed atypical cells, including “horseshoe/kidney”-shaped nuclei. Neoplastic cells were immunoreactive against CD30, ALK (diffuse, cytoplasmic), CD2, CD4, granzyme B, and TIA-1. A diagnosis of ALCL, ALK+ was made. The pattern of ALK immunostaining suggested a non-NPM1-associated ALK translocation pattern, prompting further investigation. NGS fusion analysis showed a translocation involving exon 7 of TRAF1 and exon 20 of ALK. Conclusion: ALK positivity suggests an overall favorable prognosis of ALCL as compared to ALK-negative cases. However, in the rare published cases of TRAF1-ALK, an aggressive clinical course has been observed, which may reflect the aggressive propensity of this particular fusion, as these cases appear to be refractory to standard chemotherapy and also to the first generation ALK inhibitors. This study highlights the advantage of using NGS in RNA-based fusion assays to detect rare translocations, which can be of some clinical importance in detecting rare but aggressive fusion partners of ALK. As these technologies become more available, there is potential to identify such changes and effectively stratify the prognosis of ALCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Agarwal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Linda Sabatini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Mir B Alikhan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
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The mechanism of cancer drug addiction in ALK-positive T-Cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2019; 39:2103-2117. [PMID: 31804622 PMCID: PMC7060126 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rational new strategies are needed to treat tumors resistant to kinase inhibitors. Mechanistic studies of resistance provide fertile ground for development of new approaches. Cancer drug addiction is a paradoxical resistance phenomenon, well-described in MEK-ERK-driven solid tumors, in which drug-target overexpression promotes resistance but a toxic overdose of signaling if inhibitor is withdrawn. This can permit prolonged control of tumors through intermittent dosing. We and others showed previously that cancer drug addiction arises also in the hematologic malignancy ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) resistant to ALK-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). This is driven by overexpression of the fusion kinase NPM1-ALK, but the mechanism by which ALK overactivity drives toxicity upon TKI withdrawal remained obscure. Here we reveal the mechanism of ALK-TKI addiction in ALCL. We interrogated the well-described mechanism of MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor addiction in solid tumors and found it does not apply to ALCL. Instead, phosphoproteomics and confirmatory functional studies revealed STAT1 overactivation is the key mechanism of ALK-TKI addiction in ALCL. Withdrawal of TKI from addicted tumors in vitro and in vivo leads to overwhelming phospho-STAT1 activation, turning on its tumor-suppressive gene-expression program and turning off STAT3’s oncogenic program. Moreover, a novel NPM1-ALK-positive ALCL PDX model showed significant survival benefit from intermittent compared to continuous TKI dosing. In sum, we reveal for the first time the mechanism of cancer-drug addiction in ALK-positive ALCL and the benefit of scheduled intermittent dosing in high-risk patient-derived tumors in vivo.
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Kunchala P, Kuravi S, Jensen R, McGuirk J, Balusu R. When the good go bad: Mutant NPM1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2018; 32:167-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Tomasello C, Baldessari C, Napolitano M, Orsi G, Grizzi G, Bertolini F, Barbieri F, Cascinu S. Resistance to EGFR inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical management and future perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:149-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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12
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Amin AD, Li L, Rajan SS, Gokhale V, Groysman MJ, Pongtornpipat P, Tapia EO, Wang M, Schatz JH. TKI sensitivity patterns of novel kinase-domain mutations suggest therapeutic opportunities for patients with resistant ALK+ tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23715-29. [PMID: 27009859 PMCID: PMC5029658 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein drives tumorigenesis in subsets of several tumors through chromosomal rearrangements that express and activate its C-terminal kinase domain. In addition, germline predisposition alleles and acquired mutations are found in the full-length protein in the pediatric tumor neuroblastoma. ALK-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become important new drugs for ALK-driven lung cancer, but acquired resistance via multiple mechanisms including kinase-domain mutations eventually develops, limiting median progression-free survival to less than a year. Here we assess the impact of several kinase-domain mutations that arose during TKI resistance selections of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines. These include novel variants with respect to ALK-fusion cancers, R1192P and T1151M, and with respect to ALCL, F1174L and I1171S. We assess the effects of these mutations on the activity of six clinical inhibitors in independent systems engineered to depend on either the ALCL fusion kinase NPM-ALK or the lung-cancer fusion kinase EML4-ALK. Our results inform treatment strategies with a likelihood of bypassing mutations when detected in resistant patient samples and highlight differences between the effects of particular mutations on the two ALK fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dipak Amin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Soumya S Rajan
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Groysman
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Edgar O Tapia
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Narayanan D, Gani OABSM, Gruber FXE, Engh RA. Data driven polypharmacological drug design for lung cancer: analyses for targeting ALK, MET, and EGFR. J Cheminform 2017; 9:43. [PMID: 29086093 PMCID: PMC5496928 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug design of protein kinase inhibitors is now greatly enabled by thousands of publicly available X-ray structures, extensive ligand binding data, and optimized scaffolds coming off patent. The extensive data begin to enable design against a spectrum of targets (polypharmacology); however, the data also reveal heterogeneities of structure, subtleties of chemical interactions, and apparent inconsistencies between diverse data types. As a result, incorporation of all relevant data requires expert choices to combine computational and informatics methods, along with human insight. Here we consider polypharmacological targeting of protein kinases ALK, MET, and EGFR (and its drug resistant mutant T790M) in non small cell lung cancer as an example. Both EGFR and ALK represent sources of primary oncogenic lesions, while drug resistance arises from MET amplification and EGFR mutation. A drug which inhibits these targets will expand relevant patient populations and forestall drug resistance. Crizotinib co-targets ALK and MET. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals few shared interaction types, highlighting proton-arene and key CH–O hydrogen bonding interactions. These are not typically encoded into molecular mechanics force fields. Cheminformatics analyses of binding data show EGFR to be dissimilar to ALK and MET, but its structure shows how it may be co-targeted with the addition of a covalent trap. This suggests a strategy for the design of a focussed chemical library based on a pan-kinome scaffold. Tests of model compounds show these to be compatible with the goal of ALK, MET, and EGFR polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Narayanan
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Osman A B S M Gani
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Franz X E Gruber
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Richard A Engh
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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14
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Vanden Borre P, Schrock AB, Anderson PM, Morris JC, Heilmann AM, Holmes O, Wang K, Johnson A, Waguespack SG, Ou SHI, Khan S, Fung KM, Stephens PJ, Erlich RL, Miller VA, Ross JS, Ali SM. Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Thyroid Carcinoma Harbors Frequent and Diverse Targetable Genomic Alterations, Including Kinase Fusions. Oncologist 2017; 22:255-263. [PMID: 28209747 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma, which is rare in pediatric patients (age 0-18 years) but more common in adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients (age 15-39 years), carries the potential for morbidity and mortality. METHODS Hybrid-capture-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) was performed prospectively on 512 consecutively submitted thyroid carcinomas, including 58 from pediatric and AYA (PAYA) patients, to identify genomic alterations (GAs), including base substitutions, insertions/deletions, copy number alterations, and rearrangements. This PAYA data series includes 41 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 3 with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and 14 with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). RESULTS GAs were detected in 93% (54/58) of PAYA cases, with a mean of 1.4 GAs per case. In addition to BRAF V600E mutations, detected in 46% (19/41) of PAYA PTC cases and in 1 of 3 AYA ATC cases, oncogenic fusions involving RET, NTRK1, NTRK3, and ALK were detected in 37% (15/41) of PAYA PTC and 33% (1/3) of AYA ATC cases. Ninety-three percent (13/14) of MTC patients harbored RET alterations, including 3 novel insertions/deletions in exons 6 and 11. Two of these MTC patients with novel alterations in RET experienced clinical benefit from vandetanib treatment. CONCLUSION CGP identified diverse clinically relevant GAs in PAYA patients with thyroid carcinoma, including 83% (34/41) of PTC cases harboring activating kinase mutations or activating kinase rearrangements. These genomic observations and index cases exhibiting clinical benefit from targeted therapy suggest that young patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma can benefit from CGP and rationally matched targeted therapy. The Oncologist 2017;22:255-263 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The detection of diverse clinically relevant genomic alterations in the majority of pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with thyroid carcinoma in this study suggests that comprehensive genomic profiling may be beneficial for young patients with papillary, anaplastic, or medullary thyroid carcinoma, particularly for advanced or refractory cases for which clinical trials involving molecularly targeted therapies may be appropriate.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Genomics
- Humans
- INDEL Mutation/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/isolation & purification
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Saad Khan
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Tsuyama N, Sakamoto K, Sakata S, Dobashi A, Takeuchi K. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: pathology, genetics, and clinical aspects. J Clin Exp Hematop 2017; 57:120-142. [PMID: 29279550 PMCID: PMC6144189 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) was first described in 1985 as a large-cell neoplasm with anaplastic morphology immunostained by the Ki-1 antibody, which recognizes CD30. In 1994, the nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion receptor tyrosine kinase was identified in a subset of patients, leading to subdivision of this disease into ALK-positive and -negative ALCL in the present World Health Organization classification. Due to variations in morphology and immunophenotype, which may sometimes be atypical for lymphoma, many differential diagnoses should be considered, including solid cancers, lymphomas, and reactive processes. CD30 and ALK are key molecules involved in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of ALCL. In addition, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-mediated mechanisms are relevant in both types of ALCL, and fusion/mutated receptor tyrosine kinases other than ALK have been reported in ALK-negative ALCL. ALK-positive ALCL has a better prognosis than ALK-negative ALCL or other peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Patients with ALK-positive ALCL are usually treated with anthracycline-based regimens, such as combination cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) or CHOEP (CHOP plus etoposide), which provide a favorable prognosis, except in patients with multiple International Prognostic Index factors. For targeted therapies, an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody linked to a synthetic antimitotic agent (brentuximab vedotin) and ALK inhibitors (crizotinib, alectinib, and ceritinib) are being used in clinical settings.
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16
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Lawrence K, Berry B, Handshoe J, Hout D, Mazzola R, Morris SW, Saltman DL. Detection of a TRAF1-ALK fusion in an anaplastic large cell lymphoma patient with chemotherapy and ALK inhibitor-resistant disease. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:308. [PMID: 26187744 PMCID: PMC4506579 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which was first identified as the fusion partner of the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene in the recurrent t(2;5)(p23;q35) found in a subset of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Several distinct, non-NPM1, ALK fusions have subsequently been described in lymphomas and other tumor types. All of these fusions result in the constitutive expression and activation of ALK and ALK signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the malignant phenotype. Case report A non-NPM1 fusion partner of ALK was identified in a 32-year-old Caucasian male ALCL patient whose disease was refractory to standard chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation, and exhibited a poor response to a first-generation ALK inhibitor. Non-allele-specific ALK RT-qPCR revealed ALK overexpression and 5′ RACE PCR revealed that the patient’s lymphoma expressed a TRAF1-ALK fusion. Conclusions We report the case of an ALCL patient whose tumor harbored the newly recognized TRAF1-ALK fusion and describe the clinical outcome after treatment with an ALK inhibitor. The short survival of our patient may reflect a propensity toward aggressive behavior in lymphomas that express this ALK fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Lawrence
- Insight Genetics, Suite 510, 2 International Plaza, Nashville, TN, 37217, USA.
| | - Brian Berry
- Department of Pathology, Royal Jubilee Hospital, 1952 Bay Street, Victoria, BC, V8R 1J8, Canada.
| | - John Handshoe
- Insight Genetics, Suite 510, 2 International Plaza, Nashville, TN, 37217, USA.
| | - David Hout
- Insight Genetics, Suite 510, 2 International Plaza, Nashville, TN, 37217, USA.
| | - Rosetta Mazzola
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
| | - Stephan W Morris
- Insight Genetics, Suite 510, 2 International Plaza, Nashville, TN, 37217, USA.
| | - David L Saltman
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada.
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17
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Amin AD, Rajan SS, Liang WS, Pongtornpipat P, Groysman MJ, Tapia EO, Peters TL, Cuyugan L, Adkins J, Rimsza LM, Lussier YA, Puvvada SD, Schatz JH. Evidence Suggesting That Discontinuous Dosing of ALK Kinase Inhibitors May Prolong Control of ALK+ Tumors. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2916-27. [PMID: 26018086 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is chromosomally rearranged in a subset of certain cancers, including 2% to 7% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and ∼70% of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). The ALK kinase inhibitors crizotinib and ceritinib are approved for relapsed ALK(+) NSCLC, but acquired resistance to these drugs limits median progression-free survival on average to ∼10 months. Kinase domain mutations are detectable in 25% to 37% of resistant NSCLC samples, with activation of bypass signaling pathways detected frequently with or without concurrent ALK mutations. Here we report that, in contrast to NSCLC cells, drug-resistant ALCL cells show no evidence of bypassing ALK by activating alternate signaling pathways. Instead, drug resistance selected in this setting reflects upregulation of ALK itself. Notably, in the absence of crizotinib or ceritinib, we found that increased ALK signaling rapidly arrested or killed cells, allowing a prolonged control of drug-resistant tumors in vivo with the administration of discontinuous rather than continuous regimens of drug dosing. Furthermore, even when drug resistance mutations were detected in the kinase domain, overexpression of the mutant ALK was toxic to tumor cells. We confirmed these findings derived from human ALCL cells in murine pro-B cells that were transformed to cytokine independence by ectopic expression of an activated NPM-ALK fusion oncoprotein. In summary, our results show how ALK activation functions as a double-edged sword for tumor cell viability, with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya S Rajan
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Winnie S Liang
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona. Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Matthew J Groysman
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Edgar O Tapia
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tara L Peters
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lori Cuyugan
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona. Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jonathan Adkins
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona. Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yves A Lussier
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Statistics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Soham D Puvvada
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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18
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NPM-ALK mediates phosphorylation of MSH2 at tyrosine 238, creating a functional deficiency in MSH2 and the loss of mismatch repair. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e311. [PMID: 25978431 PMCID: PMC4476014 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) tumors express the characteristic oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK, which mediates tumorigenesis by exerting its constitutive tyrosine kinase activity on various substrates. We recently identified MSH2, a protein central to DNA mismatch repair (MMR), as a novel binding partner and phosphorylation substrate of NPM-ALK. Here, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we report for the first time that MSH2 is phosphorylated by NPM-ALK at a specific residue, tyrosine 238. Using GP293 cells transfected with NPM-ALK, we confirmed that the MSH2Y238F mutant is not tyrosine phosphorylated. Furthermore, transfection of MSH2Y238F into these cells substantially decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous MSH2. Importantly, gene transfection of MSH2Y238F abrogated the binding of NPM-ALK with endogenous MSH2, re-established the dimerization of MSH2:MSH6 and restored the sensitivity to DNA mismatch-inducing drugs, indicative of MMR return. Parallel findings were observed in two ALK+ALCL cell lines, Karpas 299 and SUP-M2. In addition, we found that enforced expression of MSH2Y238F into ALK+ALCL cells alone was sufficient to induce spontaneous apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings have identified NPM-ALK-induced phosphorylation of MSH2 at Y238 as a crucial event in suppressing MMR. Our studies have provided novel insights into the mechanism by which oncogenic tyrosine kinases disrupt MMR.
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19
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Raghav KPS, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Blumenschein GR. Role of HGF/MET axis in resistance of lung cancer to contemporary management. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 1:179-93. [PMID: 25806180 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.09.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer related mortality with over 1 million cancer deaths worldwide. Numerous therapies have been developed for the treatment of lung cancer including radiation, cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Histology, stage of presentation and molecular aberrations are main determinants of prognosis and treatment strategy. Despite the advances that have been made, overall prognosis for lung cancer patients remains dismal. Chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy yield objective response rates of about 35% to 60% in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Even with good initial responses, median overall survival of is limited to about 12 months. This reflects that current therapies are not universally effective and resistance develops quickly. Multiple mechanisms of resistance have been proposed and the MET/HGF axis is a potential key contributor. The proto-oncogene MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor gene) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) interact and activate downstream signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT) pathways that regulate gene expression that promotes carcinogenesis. Aberrant MET/HGF signaling promotes emergence of an oncogenic phenotype by promoting cellular proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. The MET/HGF axis has been implicated in various tumor types including lung cancers and is associated with adverse clinicopathological profile and poor outcomes. The MET/HGF axis plays a major role in development of radioresistance and chemoresistance to platinums, taxanes, camtothecins and anthracyclines by inhibiting apoptosis via activation of PI3K-AKT pathway. DNA damage from these agents induces MET and/or HGF expression. Another resistance mechanism is inhibition of chemoradiation induced translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) thereby preventing apoptosis. Furthermore, this MET/HGF axis interacts with other oncogenic signaling pathways such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathway. This functional cross-talk forms the basis for the role of MET/HGF axis in resistance against anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF targeted therapies. MET and/or HGF overexpression from gene amplification and activation are mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and EGFR-TKIs. VEGF inhibition promotes hypoxia induced transcriptional activation of MET proto-oncogene that promotes angiogenesis and confers resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. An extensive understanding of these resistance mechanisms is essential to design combinations with enhanced cytotoxic effects. Lung cancer treatment is challenging. Current therapies have limited efficacy due to primary and acquired resistance. The MET/HGF axis plays a key role in development of this resistance. Combining MET/HGF inhibitors with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy holds promise for improving outcomes.
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20
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Olsen TK, Panagopoulos I, Meling TR, Micci F, Gorunova L, Thorsen J, Due-Tønnessen B, Scheie D, Lund-Iversen M, Krossnes B, Saxhaug C, Heim S, Brandal P. Fusion genes with ALK as recurrent partner in ependymoma-like gliomas: a new brain tumor entity? Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1365-73. [PMID: 25795305 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously characterized 19 ependymal tumors using Giemsa banding and high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization. The aim of this study was to analyze these tumors searching for fusion genes. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed in 12 samples. Potential fusion transcripts were assessed by seed count and structural chromosomal aberrations. Transcripts of interest were validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR followed by direct sequencing. RESULTS RNA sequencing identified rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) in 2 samples. Both tumors harbored structural aberrations involving the ALK locus 2p23. Tumor 1 had an unbalanced t(2;14)(p23;q22) translocation which led to the fusion gene KTN1-ALK. Tumor 2 had an interstitial del(2)(p16p23) deletion causing the fusion of CCDC88A and ALK. In both samples, the breakpoint of ALK was located between exons 19 and 20. Both patients were infants and both tumors were supratentorial. The tumors were well demarcated from surrounding tissue and had both ependymal and astrocytic features but were diagnosed and treated as ependymomas. CONCLUSIONS By combining karyotyping and RNA sequencing, we identified the 2 first ever reported ALK rearrangements in CNS tumors. Such rearrangements may represent the hallmark of a new entity of pediatric glioma characterized by both ependymal and astrocytic features. Our findings are of particular importance because crizotinib, a selective ALK inhibitor, has demonstrated effect in patients with lung cancer harboring ALK rearrangements. Thus, ALK emerges as an interesting therapeutic target in patients with ependymal tumors carrying ALK fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thale Kristin Olsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Torstein R Meling
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Jim Thorsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Bernt Due-Tønnessen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - David Scheie
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Marius Lund-Iversen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Bård Krossnes
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Cathrine Saxhaug
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
| | - Petter Brandal
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., I.P., F.M., L.G., J.T., S.H., P.B.); Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.K.O., S.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (T.R.M., B.D.-T.); Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway (M.L.-I., B.K.); Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (C.S.); Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.S.); Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway (P.B.)
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Martín-Sánchez E, Odqvist L, Rodríguez-Pinilla SM, Sánchez-Beato M, Roncador G, Domínguez-González B, Blanco-Aparicio C, García Collazo AM, Cantalapiedra EG, Fernández JP, del Olmo SC, Pisonero H, Madureira R, Almaraz C, Mollejo M, Alves FJ, Menárguez J, González-Palacios F, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Ortiz-Romero PL, Real FX, García JF, Bischoff JR, Piris MA. PIM kinases as potential therapeutic targets in a subset of peripheral T cell lymphoma cases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112148. [PMID: 25386922 PMCID: PMC4227704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no efficient therapy for patients with peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL). The Proviral Integration site of Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are important mediators of cell survival. We aimed to determine the therapeutic value of PIM kinases because they are overexpressed in PTCL patients, T cell lines and primary tumoral T cells. PIM kinases were inhibited genetically (using small interfering and short hairpin RNAs) and pharmacologically (mainly with the pan-PIM inhibitor (PIMi) ETP-39010) in a panel of 8 PTCL cell lines. Effects on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, key proteins and gene expression were evaluated. Individual inhibition of each of the PIM genes did not affect PTCL cell survival, partially because of a compensatory mechanism among the three PIM genes. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of all PIM kinases strongly induced apoptosis in all PTCL cell lines, without cell cycle arrest, in part through the induction of DNA damage. Therefore, pan-PIMi synergized with Cisplatin. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PIM reduced primary tumoral T cell viability without affecting normal T cells ex vivo. Since anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) cell lines were the most sensitive to the pan-PIMi, we tested the simultaneous inhibition of ALK and PIM kinases and found a strong synergistic effect in ALK+ ALCL cell lines. Our findings suggest that PIM kinase inhibition could be of therapeutic value in a subset of PTCL, especially when combined with ALK inhibitors, and might be clinically beneficial in ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Martín-Sánchez
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Lina Odqvist
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Sánchez-Beato
- Onco-hematology Area, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro - Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. García Collazo
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Pastor Fernández
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soraya Curiel del Olmo
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Helena Pisonero
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Rebeca Madureira
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Almaraz
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Manuela Mollejo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Luis Rodríguez-Peralto
- Pathology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Medical School Universidad Complutense, Instituto i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo L. Ortiz-Romero
- Dermatology Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Medical School Universidad Complutense, Instituto i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X. Real
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. García
- Translational Research Laboratory, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James R. Bischoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Piris
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Genomics Group, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL) & Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
- * E-mail:
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A novel recurrent NPM1-TYK2 gene fusion in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 2014; 124:3768-71. [PMID: 25349176 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-588434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) includes lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Chromosomal translocations targeting tyrosine kinases in CD30-positive LPDs have not been described. Using whole-transcriptome sequencing, we identified a chimeric fusion involving NPM1 (5q35) and TYK2 (19p13) that encodes an NPM1-TYK2 protein containing the oligomerization domain of NPM1 and an intact catalytic domain in TYK2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed NPM1-TYK2 fusions in 2 of 47 (4%) primary cases of CD30-positive LPDs and was absent in other mature T-cell neoplasms (n = 151). Functionally, NPM1-TYK2 induced constitutive TYK2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, and STAT5 activation. Conversely, a kinase-defective NPM1-TYK2 mutant abrogated STAT1/3/5 signaling. Finally, short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of TYK2 abrogated lymphoma cell growth. This is the first report of recurrent translocations involving TYK2, and it highlights the novel therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of CD30-positive LPDs with TYK2 translocations.
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23
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Pearson JD, Zhang J, Wu Z, Thew KD, Rowe KJ, Bacani JTC, Ingham RJ. Expression of granzyme B sensitizes ALK+ ALCL tumour cells to apoptosis-inducing drugs. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:199. [PMID: 25168906 PMCID: PMC4158053 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The serine protease Granzyme B (GzB) is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and functions in allowing these cells to induce apoptosis in virally-infected or transformed cells. Cancers of both lymphoid and non-lymphoid origin also express GzB, and in some cases this expression has been linked to pathogenesis or sensitizing tumour cells to cell death. For example, GzB expression in urothelial carcinoma was implicated in promoting tumour cell invasion, whereas its expression in nasal-type NK/T lymphomas was found to correlate with increased apoptosis. GzB expression is also a hallmark of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL). Given the fact that ALK+ ALCL exhibits high levels of apoptosis and is typically responsive to conventional chemotherapy, we examined whether GzB expression might play a role in sensitizing ALK+ ALCL tumour cells to apoptosis. Methods ALK+ ALCL cell lines stably expressing GzB or non-targeting (control) shRNA were generated and apoptosis was examined by anti-PARP western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling. Both spontaneous apoptosis and apoptosis in response to treatment with staurosporine or doxorubicin were investigated. In order to assess whether additional granzymes might be important in promoting cell death in ALK+ ALCL, we examined whether other human granzymes were expressed in ALK+ ALCL cell lines using reverse-transcriptase PCR and western blotting. Results Expression of several GzB shRNAs in multiple ALK+ ALCL cell lines resulted in a significant decrease in GzB levels and activity. While spontaneous apoptosis was similar in ALK+ ALCL cell lines expressing either GzB or control shRNA, GzB shRNA-expressing cells were less sensitive to staurosporine or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis as evidenced by reduced PARP cleavage and decreased DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, we found that GzB is the only granzyme that is expressed at significant levels in ALK+ ALCL cell lines. Conclusions Our findings are the first to demonstrate that GzB expression sensitizes ALK+ ALCL cell lines to drug-induced apoptosis. This suggests that GzB expression may be a factor contributing to the favourable response of this lymphoma to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Ingham
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Berghoff AS, Birner P, Streubel B, Kenner L, Preusser M. ALKgene aberrations and the JUN/JUNB/PDGFR axis in metastatic NSCLC. APMIS 2014; 122:867-72. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Neuropathology; Institute of Pathology; Ruprechts-Karl-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Berthold Streubel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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25
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Mechanisms of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib/erlotinib and to ALK inhibitor crizotinib. Lung Cancer 2013; 81:328-336. [PMID: 23809060 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of several molecular alterations that underlie non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathogenesis has led to the development of targeted therapies. In particular, gefitinib and erlotinib have become the standard of care in patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, while crizotinib showed an impressive efficacy in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. Nevertheless, the occurrence of clinical resistance limits the long term results of these novel agents. The identification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance to targeted therapy is crucial in order to pursue the creation of rational strategies to overcome resistance. In the current review, we will focus on the acquired resistance mechanisms to EGFR-TKIs and crizotinib and the therapeutic strategies currently under study to overcome resistance.
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26
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Sionov RV. MicroRNAs and Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Lymphoid Malignancies. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:348212. [PMID: 23431463 PMCID: PMC3569899 DOI: 10.1155/2013/348212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The initial response of lymphoid malignancies to glucocorticoids (GCs) is a critical parameter predicting successful treatment. Although being known as a strong inducer of apoptosis in lymphoid cells for almost a century, the signaling pathways regulating the susceptibility of the cells to GCs are only partly revealed. There is still a need to develop clinical tests that can predict the outcome of GC therapy. In this paper, I discuss important parameters modulating the pro-apoptotic effects of GCs, with a specific emphasis on the microRNA world comprised of small players with big impacts. The journey through the multifaceted complexity of GC-induced apoptosis brings forth explanations for the differential treatment response and raises potential strategies for overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Kwak EL, Clark JW, Shaw AT. Targeted inhibition in tumors with ALK dependency. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2013; 4:1-8. [PMID: 28210129 PMCID: PMC5217435 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s16313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic function of gene translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was first reported in rare subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma almost two decades ago. More recently, aberrant ALK signaling was found to be an oncogenic driver in subsets of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in patients with little or no tobacco smoking history. The advent of molecularly targeted therapies that inhibit ALK has allowed the pairing of ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib as treatment for ALK-positive NSCLC, yielding dramatic responses and long-term disease control. The clinicopathologic features of ALK-driven NSCLC, the clinical development of ALK inhibitors, and the genetic determinants of acquired resistance to ALK inhibition are among the topics covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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