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He JG, Li BB, Zhou L, Yan D, Xie QL, Zhao W. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxgenase-transfected mesenchymal stem cells suppress heart allograft rejection by increasing the production and activity of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. J Investig Med 2019; 68:728-737. [PMID: 31892638 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is thought to contribute to MSC-mediated immunosuppression. A lentiviral-based transgenic system was used to generate bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) which stably expressed IDO (IDO-BMSCs). Coculture of IDO-BMSCs with dendritic cells (DC) or T cells was used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of IDO-BMSCs. A heterotopic heart transplant model in rats was used to evaluate allograft rejection after IDO-BMSC treatment. Mechanisms of IDO-BMSC-mediated immunosuppression were investigated by evaluating levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of Tregs. A significant decrease in DC marker-positive cells and a significant increase in Tregs were observed in IDO-BMSC cocultured. Treatment of transplanted rats with IDO-BMSCs was associated with significantly prolonged graft survival. Compared with the control groups, transplanted animals treated with IDO-BMSCs had a (1) significantly higher ejection fraction and fractional shortening, (2) significantly lower expression of CD86, CD80, and MHCII, and significantly higher expression in CD274, and Tregs, and (3) significantly higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, and significantly lower levels of IL-2 and interferon gamma. Our results expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying suppression of heart allograft rejection via IDO-expressing BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Gang He
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Intensive Care Unit, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qiao-Li Xie
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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2
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Furuzawa‐Carballeda J, Uribe‐Uribe NO, Arreola‐Guerra JM, Reyes‐Acevedo R, Vilatobá M, López‐Toledo A, Mondragón‐Salgado G, Chávez‐Fernández R, López‐Verdugo F, Mondragón‐Ramírez G, Alberú J. Tissue talks: immunophenotype of cells infiltrating the graft explains histological findings and the benefits of belatacept at 10 years. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:250-261. [PMID: 30916387 PMCID: PMC6642879 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found a substantial number of regulatory T cells (Tregs ) and fewer senescent and T helper type 17 (Th17) and a decrease in interstitial fibrosis (IF) in 12-month graft biopsies in belatacept versus cyclosporin (CNI)-treated patients [Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First-line Immunosuppression Trial (BENEFIT) study]. Seven years after kidney transplantation (KT), mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), patient and graft survival were significantly higher with belatacept versus CNI treatment. The aim of this study was to determine whether the immunophenotypes of inflammatory and regulatory cell subsets infiltrating the grafts contribute to the BENEFIT's clinical findings a decade after KT. Twenty-three adult patients with functionally stable KT treated with belatacept and 10 treated with CNI were enrolled. Biopsies were analyzed by histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry for proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, inflammatory and regulatory cell markers in a blinded manner. Significantly lower percentages of inflammatory/fibrogenic cells [interleukin (IL)-22+ /Th17/Th2/M1 macrophages] were observed in patients treated with belatacept than in patients treated with CNI. By contrast, remarkably higher percentages of regulatory cells [Tregs /Bregs / plasmacytoid dendritic regulatory cells (pDCregs )/M2] were found in belatacept-treated patients than in CNI-treated patients. Conspicuously lower percentages of apoptosis and senescence and higher proliferation markers were found in belatacept-treated patients than in CNI-treated patients. Consequently, there was significantly more inflammation in the microvascular compartments as well as increased tubular atrophy and IF in CNI-treated patients. These findings strongly suggest that regulatory mechanisms, along with the absence of deleterious effects of CNI, contribute to the long-term graft histology and function stability in patients treated with belatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Furuzawa‐Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and RheumatologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - N. O. Uribe‐Uribe
- Department of Pathology and Anatomic PathologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - J. M. Arreola‐Guerra
- Department of TransplantationCentenario Hospital Miguel HidalgoAguascalientesMexico
| | - R. Reyes‐Acevedo
- Department of TransplantationCentenario Hospital Miguel HidalgoAguascalientesMexico
| | - M. Vilatobá
- Department of TransplantationInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | - R. Chávez‐Fernández
- Department of Immunology and RheumatologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | - F. López‐Verdugo
- Department of Immunology and RheumatologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
| | | | - J. Alberú
- Department of TransplantationInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
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3
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Gu F, Xu S, Zhang P, Chen X, Wu Y, Wang C, Gao M, Si M, Wang X, Heinrich K, Wu H, Wei W. CP-25 Alleviates Experimental Sjögren's Syndrome Features in NOD/Ltj Mice and Modulates T Lymphocyte Subsets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:423-434. [PMID: 29665238 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune illness of the moisture-producing glands such as salivary glands that is characterized by various immune abnormalities. The aetiology of pSS remains unclear and there is no curative agent. In this study, we investigated the putative therapeutic effects on a NOD/Ltj mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome-like disorders of an ester derivative of paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin-6'O-benzene (termed CP-25). Our study showed that CP-25 alleviated effectively clinical manifestations in NOD/Ltj mice resulting, for example, in increased salivary flow and reduced histopathological scores. Furthermore, CP-25 decreased lymphocyte viability in NOD/Ltj mice and attenuated the infiltration of Th1 cells and Th2 cells into the salivary glands of NOD/Ltj mice. In the spleen on NOD/Ltj mice, CP-25 skewed the ratio of Th17 and regulatory T cells towards regulatory T cells. After treatment, concentrations of anti-La/SSB and IgG antibodies were reduced and the titre of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-17A in the serum on NOD/Ltj mice was alleviated. Thus, we define CP-25 as a novel compound that is a potent therapeutic agent for pSS by modulating T lymphocyte subsets. Future studies will validate the use of CP-25 as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Si
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Korner Heinrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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4
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Dai YC, Zhong J, Xu JF. Regulatory B cells in infectious disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3-10. [PMID: 28534949 PMCID: PMC5482109 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells, which reportedly exert significant immunomodulatory effects through the production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor-β. Over the last decade, studies have indicated that Bregs function in autoimmune and allergic diseases through antigen-specific and non-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, only a limited number of reviews have focused on the role of Bregs during infection, particularly their functions in intracellular infections. The present review discusses the role of Bregs in infectious diseases in animal models and human studies, and provides an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chao Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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5
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are cells of myeloid origin with enhanced suppressive function. They are negative regulators of the immune responses and comprise a heterogeneous mixture of immunosuppressive cells of monocytic (M-MDSC) and granulocytic (G-MDSC) origin. A more recent nomenclature proposes the term "suppressive monocyte derived cells" (suppressive MCs) to define CSF1/CSF2-dependent mouse suppressor cells that develop from common monocyte progenitors (cMoPs) after birth. Here, we review the literature about monocytic-derived cells with demonstrated suppressor function in vitro and in vivo within the context of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Conde
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
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6
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Peripheral regulatory cells immunophenotyping in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R68. [PMID: 23800367 PMCID: PMC4060461 DOI: 10.1186/ar4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction IL-10--producing B cells, Foxp3-expressing T cells (Tregs) and the IDO-expressing dendritic cells (pDC) are able to modulate inflammatory processes, to induce immunological tolerance and, in turn, to inhibit the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The aim of the study was to characterize and to enumerate peripheral IL-10--producing B cells, Tregs and pDCregs in primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) patients in regard of their clinical and serologic activity. Methods Fifty pSS patients and 25 healthy individuals were included in the study. CD19+--expressing peripheral B lymphocytes were purified by positive selection. CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/IL-10--producing B cells, CD4+/CD25hi/Foxp3+ and CD8+/CD28-/Foxp3+ Tregs, as well as CCR6+/CD123+/IDO+ DCs, were quantitated by flow cytometry. Results Immature/transitional circulating IgA+ IL-10--producing B cells had higher levels in pSS patients versus control group, whereas CD19+/CD38hi/IgG+/IL-10+ cells had lower percentage versus control. Indeed CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD5+/IL-10+, CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD10+/IL-10+, CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD20+/IL-10+, CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD27-/IL-10+, and CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CXCR7+/IL-10+ cells had higher frequency in clinical inactive pSS patients when compared with control group. Remarkably, only percentages of CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD10+/IL-10+ and CD19+/CD24hi/CD38hi/CD27-/IL-10+ subsets were increased in pSS serologic inactive versus control group (P < 0.05). The percentage of IDO-expressing pDC cells was higher in pSS patients regardless of their clinical or serologic activity. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of CD4+/CD25hi/Foxp3+ Tregs between patient groups versus controls. Nonetheless, a decrease in the frequency of CD8+/CD28-/Foxp3+ Tregs was found in inactive pSS patients versus controls (P < 0.05). Conclusions The findings of this exploratory study show that clinical inactive pSS patients have an increased frequency of IL-10--producing B cells and IDO-expressing pDC cells.
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7
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Bostock IC, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Gómez-Martín D, Lima G, Martin-Onraët A, Sierra J, Uribe-Uribe NO, Vilatobá M, Contreras AG, Gabilondo B, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Alberú J. Renal transplant recipient with advanced HIV infection: graft and peripheral cell population analysis. Clin Case Rep 2014; 1:79-85. [PMID: 25356218 PMCID: PMC4184755 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The scenario of a renal transplant recipient who is diagnosed with HIV infection in the late post transplant period is very uncommon. The viral infection effect on immunologic stability, regulatory cells, and allogeneic response during immune quiescence and graft acceptance provides a fertile ground in organ transplantation research and translational immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Bostock
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Lima
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexandra Martin-Onraët
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Sierra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma O Uribe-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Vilatobá
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan G Contreras
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Gabilondo
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Morales-Buenrostro
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josefina Alberú
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
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Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Bostock IC, Lima G, Mancilla-Urrea E, Mondragón G, Reyes-Acevedo R, Chevaile A, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Llorente L, Alberú J. Immunophenotyping of peripheral immunoregulatory as well as Th17A and Th22 cell subpopulations in kidney transplant recipients under belatacept or cyclosporine treatment. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Nouël A, Simon Q, Jamin C, Pers JO, Hillion S. Regulatory B cells: an exciting target for future therapeutics in transplantation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:11. [PMID: 24478776 PMCID: PMC3897876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is the preferred treatment for most end-stage solid organ diseases. Despite potent immunosuppressive agents, chronic rejection remains a real problem in transplantation. For many years, the predominant immunological focus of research into transplant rejection has been T cells. The pillar of immunotherapy in clinical practice is T cell-directed, which efficiently prevents acute T cell-mediated allograft rejection. However, the root of late allograft failure is chronic rejection and the humoral arm of the immune response now emerges as an important factor in transplantation. Thus, the potential effects of Abs and B cell infiltrate on transplants have cast B cells as major actors in late graft rejection. Consequently, a number of recent drugs target either B cells or plasma cells. However, immunotherapies, such as the anti-CD20 B cell-depleting antibody, can generate deleterious effects on the transplant, likely due to the deletion of beneficial population. The positive contribution of regulatory B (Breg) cells or B10 cells has been reported in the case of transplantation, mainly in mice models and highlights the primordial role that some populations of B cells can play in graft tolerance. Yet, this regulatory aspect remains poorly characterized in clinical transplantation. Thus, total B cell depletion treatments should be avoided and novel approaches should be considered that manipulate the different B cell subsets. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on the link between Breg cells and grafts, and reports a number of data advising Breg cells as a new target for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Nouël
- EA2216 "Immunologie, Pathologie et Immunothérapie", Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, SFR ScinBios, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France
| | - Quentin Simon
- EA2216 "Immunologie, Pathologie et Immunothérapie", Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, SFR ScinBios, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France
| | - Christophe Jamin
- EA2216 "Immunologie, Pathologie et Immunothérapie", Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, SFR ScinBios, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France ; Laboratoire d'immunologie, CHRU Morvan , Brest , France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- EA2216 "Immunologie, Pathologie et Immunothérapie", Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, SFR ScinBios, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France ; Laboratoire d'immunologie, CHRU Morvan , Brest , France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- EA2216 "Immunologie, Pathologie et Immunothérapie", Université de Brest, Université Européenne de Bretagne, SFR ScinBios, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France ; Laboratoire d'immunologie, CHRU Morvan , Brest , France
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