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Yap HM, Israf DA, Harith HH, Tham CL, Sulaiman MR. Crosstalk Between Signaling Pathways Involved in the Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Hyperplasia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1148. [PMID: 31649532 PMCID: PMC6794426 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased ASM mass, primarily due to ASM hyperplasia, has been recognized as a hallmark of airway remodeling in asthma. Increased ASM mass is the major contributor to the airway narrowing, thus worsening the bronchoconstriction in response to stimuli. Inflammatory mediators and growth factors released during inflammation induce increased ASM mass surrounding airway wall via increased ASM proliferation, diminished ASM apoptosis and increased ASM migration. Several major pathways, such as MAPKs, PI3K/AKT, JAK2/STAT3 and Rho kinase, have been reported to regulate these cellular activities in ASM and were reported to be interrelated at certain points. This article aims to provide an overview of the signaling pathways/molecules involved in ASM hyperplasia as well as the mapping of the interplay/crosstalk between these major pathways in mediating ASM hyperplasia. A more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of cellular signaling in ASM cells will enable more specific and safer drug development in the control of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Yap
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Hill MR, Philp CJ, Billington CK, Tatler AL, Johnson SR, O'Dea RD, Brook BS. A theoretical model of inflammation- and mechanotransduction-driven asthmatic airway remodelling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1451-1470. [PMID: 29968161 PMCID: PMC6154265 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodelling are well-established hallmarks of asthma, but their inter-relationships remain elusive. In order to obtain a better understanding of their inter-dependence, we develop a mechanochemical morphoelastic model of the airway wall accounting for local volume changes in airway smooth muscle (ASM) and extracellular matrix in response to transient inflammatory or contractile agonist challenges. We use constrained mixture theory, together with a multiplicative decomposition of growth from the elastic deformation, to model the airway wall as a nonlinear fibre-reinforced elastic cylinder. Local contractile agonist drives ASM cell contraction, generating mechanical stresses in the tissue that drive further release of mitogenic mediators and contractile agonists via underlying mechanotransductive signalling pathways. Our model predictions are consistent with previously described inflammation-induced remodelling within an axisymmetric airway geometry. Additionally, our simulations reveal novel mechanotransductive feedback by which hyper-responsive airways exhibit increased remodelling, for example, via stress-induced release of pro-mitogenic and pro-contractile cytokines. Simulation results also reveal emergence of a persistent contractile tone observed in asthmatics, via either a pathological mechanotransductive feedback loop, a failure to clear agonists from the tissue, or a combination of both. Furthermore, we identify various parameter combinations that may contribute to the existence of different asthma phenotypes, and we illustrate a combination of factors which may predispose severe asthmatics to fatal bronchospasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hill
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Room C25, Mathematical Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Christopher J Philp
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, D Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Charlotte K Billington
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, D Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Amanda L Tatler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Simon R Johnson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, D Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Reuben D O'Dea
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Room C28, Mathematical Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Bindi S Brook
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Room C26, Mathematical Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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