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Adnan-Awad S, Kankainen M, Mustjoki S. Mutational landscape of chronic myeloid leukemia: more than a single oncogene leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:2064-2078. [PMID: 33944660 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1894652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which causes aberrant kinase activity and uncontrolled cell proliferation, is the hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target the BCR-ABL oncoprotein has led to dramatic improvement in CML management. However, some challenges remain to be addressed in the TKI era, including patient stratification and the selection of frontline TKIs and CML progression. Additionally, with the emerging goal of treatment-free remission (TFR) in CML management, biomarkers that predict the outcomes of stopping TKI remain to be identified. Notably, recent reports have revealed the power of genome screening in understanding the role of genome aberrations other than BCR-ABL1 in CML pathogenesis. These studies have discovered the presence of disease-phase specific mutations and linked certain mutations to inferior responses to TKI treatment and CML progression. A personalized approach that incorporates genetic data in tailoring treatment strategies has been successfully implemented in acute leukemia, and it represents a promising approach for the management of high-risk CML patients. In this article, we will review current knowledge about the mutational profile in different phases of CML as well as patterns of mutational dynamics in patients having different outcomes. We highlight the effects of somatic mutations involving certain genes (e.g. epigenetic modifiers) on the outcomes of TKI treatment. We also discuss the potential value of incorporating genetic data in treatment decisions and the routine care of CML patients as a future direction for optimizing CML management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Adnan-Awad
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Kankainen
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
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Yu W, Lutz C, Krämer A, Schmidt-Zachmann MS. The JmjC-domain protein NO66/RIOX-1 affects the balance between proliferation and maturation in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Cell Res 2021; 402:112566. [PMID: 33745927 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As epigenetic regulators are frequently dysregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) we determined expression levels of the JmjC-protein NO66 in AML cell lines and sub fractions of healthy human hematopoietic cells. NO66 is absent in the AML cell lines KG1/KG1a which consist of cells with the immature CD34+/CD38- phenotype and is regarded as a "stem cell-like" model system. Similarly, NO66 is not detectable in CD34+/CD38- cells purified from healthy donors but is clearly expressed in the more committed CD34+/CD38+ cell population. Loss of NO66 expression in KG1/KG1a cells is due to hyper-methylation of its promoter and is released by DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. In KG1a cells stably expressing exogenous wild type (KG1a66wt) or enzymatically inactive mutant (KG1a66mut) NO66, respectively, the wild type protein inhibited proliferation and rDNA transcription. Gene expression profiling revealed that the expression of NO66 induces a transcriptional program enriched for genes with roles in proliferation and maturation (e.g.EPDR1, FCER1A, CD247, MYCN, SNORD13). Genes important for the maintenance of stem cell properties are downregulated (e.g. SIRPA, Lin28B, JAML). Our results indicate that NO66 induces lineage commitment towards myeloid progenitor cell fate and suggest that NO66 contributes to loss of stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Yu
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marion S Schmidt-Zachmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Targeting Chromatin Complexes in Myeloid Malignancies and Beyond: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Innovation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122721. [PMID: 33371192 PMCID: PMC7767226 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant function of chromatin regulatory networks (epigenetics) is a hallmark of cancer promoting oncogenic gene expression. A growing body of evidence suggests that the disruption of specific chromatin-associated protein complexes has therapeutic potential in malignant conditions, particularly those that are driven by aberrant chromatin modifiers. Of note, a number of enzymatic inhibitors that block the catalytic function of histone modifying enzymes have been established and entered clinical trials. Unfortunately, many of these molecules do not have potent single-agent activity. One potential explanation for this phenomenon is the fact that those drugs do not profoundly disrupt the integrity of the aberrant network of multiprotein complexes on chromatin. Recent advances in drug development have led to the establishment of novel inhibitors of protein–protein interactions as well as targeted protein degraders that may provide inroads to longstanding effort to physically disrupt oncogenic multiprotein complexes on chromatin. In this review, we summarize some of the current concepts on the role epigenetic modifiers in malignant chromatin states with a specific focus on myeloid malignancies and recent advances in early-phase clinical trials.
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Salamero O, Montesinos P, Willekens C, Pérez-Simón JA, Pigneux A, Récher C, Popat R, Carpio C, Molinero C, Mascaró C, Vila J, Arévalo MI, Maes T, Buesa C, Bosch F, Somervaille TCP. First-in-Human Phase I Study of Iadademstat (ORY-1001): A First-in-Class Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1A Inhibitor, in Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:4260-4273. [PMID: 33052756 PMCID: PMC7768337 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Iadademstat is a novel, highly potent, and selective inhibitor of LSD1 (KDM1A), with preclinical in vitro and in vivo antileukemic activity. This study aimed to determine safety and tolerability of iadademstat as monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). METHODS This phase I, nonrandomized, open-label, dose-escalation (DE), and extension-cohort (EC) trial included patients with R/R AML and evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary antileukemic activity of this orally bioavailable first-in-class lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were treated with iadademstat on days 1 to 5 (5-220 µg/m2/d) of each week in 28-day cycles in a DE phase that resulted in a recommended dose of 140 µg/m2/d of iadademstat as a single agent. This dose was chosen to treat all patients (n = 14) in an EC enriched with patients with MLL/KMT2A-rearranged AML. Most adverse events (AEs) were as expected in R/R AML and included myelosuppression and nonhematologic AEs, such as infections, asthenia, mucositis, and diarrhea. PK data demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in plasma exposure, and PD data confirmed a potent time- and exposure-dependent induction of differentiation biomarkers. Reductions in blood and bone marrow blast percentages were observed, together with induction of blast cell differentiation, in particular, in patients with MLL translocations. One complete remission with incomplete count recovery was observed in the DE arm. CONCLUSION Iadademstat exhibits a good safety profile together with signs of clinical and biologic activity as a single agent in patients with R/R AML. A phase II trial of iadademstat in combination with azacitidine is ongoing (EudraCT No.: 2018-000482-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Salamero
- Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall D’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hospital Universitari I Politécnic La Fe, València, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (Insitituto de Biomedicina De Sevilla/Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer), Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arnaud Pigneux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rakesh Popat
- National Institute for Health Research UCLH Clinical Research Facility, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Carpio
- Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall D’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesc Bosch
- Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Vall D’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim C. P. Somervaille
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Lang F, Chou FJ, Zaghloul KA, Yang C. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Glioma: Genetics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Indications. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090294. [PMID: 32825279 PMCID: PMC7554955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) are commonly observed in lower-grade glioma and secondary glioblastomas. IDH mutants confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that converts α-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which impacts cellular epigenetics and metabolism. IDH mutation establishes distinctive patterns in metabolism, cancer biology, and the therapeutic sensitivity of glioma. Thus, a deeper understanding of the roles of IDH mutations is of great value to improve the therapeutic efficacy of glioma and other malignancies that share similar genetic characteristics. In this review, we focused on the genetics, biochemistry, and clinical impacts of IDH mutations in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (F.-J.C.)
| | - Fengchao Lang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (F.-J.C.)
| | - Fu-Ju Chou
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (F.-J.C.)
| | - Kareem A. Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.L.); (F.L.); (F.-J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-760-7083
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Treatment patterns and comparative analysis of non-intensive regimens in elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients-a real-world experience from India. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:881-888. [PMID: 30697642 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia have a poor prognosis. Data from developing countries is sparse in the literature. In this retrospective study, 402 patients aged ≥ 60 years, diagnosed between Jan 2013 and Dec 2017, were analyzed for treatment patterns and survival. Median age of the whole cohort was 68 years (range 61-84). A total of 213 patients (53.3%) refused care; 188 patients (46.7%) received either BSC, LDAC, or HMA. Survival (in months) was 3.9, 6.4, and 1.2 with LDAC, HMA, and BSC, respectively. One-year survival was 17.2% and 6% with HMA and LDAC, respectively (P = 0.02). Overall response rate (ORR) did not differ between HMA and LDAC group (p = 0.12). HMA cohort had higher complete responses (20.6% vs 7.4%, p = 0.02), stable disease (32.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.02), and transfusion independence (TI) (46.5% vs 22.2%, p = 0.01). Survival did not differ between the groups if the patients achieved ORR (12.3 vs 9.8 p = 0.2) or TI (11.6 vs 6.4 p = 0.2). Stable disease with HMA led to longer survival (8.1 vs 5.3 p = 0.01). HMAs were more effective than LDAC irrespective of cytogenetic risk category and blasts, of note HMAs improved survival of poor risk patients (5.6 vs 2.9 p = 0.004). HMA treatment (HR = 0.48; 95% 0.29-0.79, p = 0.004) and transfusion independence (HR = 0.2; 95% 0.1-0.3, p = 0.0001) predicted survival in multivariate analysis. Neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were frequent in HMA. Thrombocytopenia was the common adverse event with LDAC. Novel and cost-effective drugs are essential to improve the prognosis of these patients.
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Peeken JC, Jutzi JS, Wehrle J, Koellerer C, Staehle HF, Becker H, Schoenwandt E, Seeger TS, Schanne DH, Gothwal M, Ott CJ, Gründer A, Pahl HL. Epigenetic regulation of NFE2 overexpression in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2018; 131:2065-2073. [PMID: 29519804 PMCID: PMC5934799 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor "nuclear factor erythroid 2" (NFE2) is overexpressed in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In murine models, elevated NFE2 levels cause an MPN phenotype with spontaneous leukemic transformation. However, both the molecular mechanisms leading to NFE2 overexpression and its downstream targets remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the histone demethylase JMJD1C constitutes a novel NFE2 target gene. JMJD1C levels are significantly elevated in polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis patients; concomitantly, global H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 levels are significantly decreased. JMJD1C binding to the NFE2 promoter is increased in PV patients, decreasing both H3K9me2 levels and binding of the repressive heterochromatin protein-1α (HP1α). Hence, JMJD1C and NFE2 participate in a novel autoregulatory loop. Depleting JMJD1C expression significantly reduced cytokine-independent growth of an MPN cell line. Independently, NFE2 is regulated through the epigenetic JAK2 pathway by phosphorylation of H3Y41. This likewise inhibits HP1α binding. Treatment with decitabine lowered H3Y41ph and augmented H3K9me2 levels at the NFE2 locus in HEL cells, thereby increasing HP1α binding, which normalized NFE2 expression selectively in JAK2V617F-positive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas S Jutzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM)
- Faculty of Biology, and
| | - Julius Wehrle
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Berta Ottenstein Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Ott
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Heike L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM)
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Impact of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in First Complete Remission in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A National Population-Based Cohort Study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:314-323. [PMID: 29051022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To examine the outcomes of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first complete remission (CR1) compared with chemotherapy alone in a population-based setting, we identified a cohort of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) aged 15 to 70 years diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 in Denmark. Using the Danish National Acute Leukemia Registry, we compared relapse risk, relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) between patients with unfavorable cytogenetic features receiving postremission therapy with conventional chemotherapy only versus those undergoing HSCT in CR1. To minimize immortal time bias, we performed Cox proportional hazards regression, included date of allogeneic HSCT as a time-dependent covariate, and stratified the results by age (<60 or ≥60 years) and cytogenetic risk group. Overall, 1031 patients achieved a CR1. Of these, 196 patients (19%) underwent HSCT. HSCT was associated with a lower relapse rate (24% versus 49%) despite a similar median time to relapse (287 days versus 265 days). In all subgroups, the risk of relapse was lower and both RFS and OS were superior in recipients of HSCT (OS, adjusted mortality ratios: all patients, .54 [95% confidence interval (CI), .42-.71]; patients age <60 years, .58 [95% CI, .42-.81]; patients age ≥60 years, .42 [95% CI, .26-.69]; patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics, .63 [95% CI, .43-.87]; patients with adverse-risk cytogenetics, .40 [95% CI, .24-.67]). In conclusion, in this population-based nationwide cohort study, HSCT was associated with improved survival in both younger and older patients and in patients with both intermediate and adverse cytogenetic risk.
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Sobieszkoda D, Czech J, Gablo N, Kopanska M, Tabarkiewicz J, Kolacinska A, Robak T, Zawlik I. MGMT promoter methylation as a potential prognostic marker for acute leukemia. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1433-1441. [PMID: 29181075 PMCID: PMC5701700 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.71067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been proved that genetic and epigenetic changes play a significant role in the development and progression of acute leukemia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency and prognostic implications of genetic and epigenetic alterations in p15, MGMT, DNMT3A and TP53 genes in acute leukemias. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included in the study 59 patients with acute leukemia. Evaluation of TP53 and DNMT3A mutations was performed using sequencing analysis and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Methylation status of MGMT and p15 genes was evaluated using MSP and COBRA, respectively. For assessment of global DNA methylation ELISA-based kit was used. RESULTS We found that overall survival was higher for ALL patients. MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with patients age at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.03). TP53 and DNMT3A mutations were observed only in AML patients (16.67% and 8.8%, respectively). Patients with acute leukemia and p15 promoter methylation had significantly more frequently mutated TP53 gene (p = 0.04) and AML patients with p15 promoter methylation had significantly more frequently detected global hypomethylation of DNA (p = 0.009). In the group of ALL patients we noted an opposite trend: only patients negative for p15 promoter methylation were characterized by global DNA hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that MGMT promoter methylation can have a considerable impact on the development of acute leukemia in older patients. DNMT3A and TP53 mutations may play a significant role in AML development. However, further studies conducted in a larger cohort of patients are needed to determine its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Sobieszkoda
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Joanna Czech
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Natalia Gablo
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marta Kopanska
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolacinska
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Zawlik
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Chair of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Targeting apoptosis in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1089-1098. [PMID: 29017180 PMCID: PMC5674101 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a molecularly and clinically heterogeneous disease, and its incidence is increasing as the populations in Western countries age. Despite major advances in understanding the genetic landscape of AML and its impact on the biology of the disease, standard therapy has not changed significantly in the last three decades. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the best chance for cure, but can only be offered to a minority of younger fit patients. Molecularly targeted drugs aiming at restoring apoptosis in leukaemic cells have shown encouraging activity in early clinical trials and some of these drugs are currently being evaluated in randomised controlled trials. In this review, we discuss the current development of drugs designed to trigger cell death in AML.
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Brain Tumor-Related Epilepsy: a Current Review of the Etiologic Basis and Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Long W, Yi Y, Chen S, Cao Q, Zhao W, Liu Q. Potential New Therapies for Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:495. [PMID: 28790919 PMCID: PMC5525007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an extensively invasive malignancy with infiltration into other regions of the brainstem. Although large numbers of specific targeted therapies have been tested, no significant progress has been made in treating these high-grade gliomas. Therefore, the identification of new therapeutic approaches is of great importance for the development of more effective treatments. This article reviews the conventional therapies and new potential therapeutic approaches for DIPG, including epigenetic therapy, immunotherapy, and the combination of stem cells with nanoparticle delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, HoustonTX, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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Rinke J, Müller JP, Blaess MF, Chase A, Meggendorfer M, Schäfer V, Winkelmann N, Haferlach C, Cross NCP, Hochhaus A, Ernst T. Molecular characterization of EZH2 mutant patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tan M, Ng IKS, Chen Z, Ban K, Ng C, Chiu L, Seah E, Lin M, Tai BC, Yan B, Ng CH, Chng WJ. Clinical implications ofDNMT3Amutations in a Southeast Asian cohort of acute myeloid leukaemia patients. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:669-676. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Identification and validation of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine as a novel therapy for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6609-19. [PMID: 26735888 PMCID: PMC4872736 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent a broad spectrum of diseases characterized by their clinical manifestation as one or more cytopenias, or a reduction in circulating blood cells. MDS is predominantly a disease of the elderly, with a median age in the UK of around 75. Approximately one third of MDS patients will develop secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) that has a very poor prognosis. Unfortunately, most standard cytotoxic agents are often too toxic for older patients. This means there is a pressing unmet need for novel therapies that have fewer side effects to assist this vulnerable group. This challenge was tackled using bioinformatic analysis of available transcriptomic data to establish a gene-based signature of the development and progression of MDS. This signature was then used to identify novel therapeutic compounds via statistically-significant connectivity mapping. This approach suggested re-purposing an existing and widely-prescribed drug, bromocriptine as a novel potential therapy in these disease settings. This drug has shown selectivity for leukemic cells as well as synergy with current therapies.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite substantial improvements in standards of care, the most common aggressive pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas (HGG) carry uniformly fatal diagnoses due to unique treatment limitations, high recurrence rates and the absence of effective treatments following recurrence. Recent advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology, genetics and epigenetics as well as mechanisms of immune surveillance during gliomagenesis have created new knowledge to design more effective and target-directed therapies to improve patient outcomes. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the critical genetic, epigenetic and immunologic aberrations found in gliomas that appear rational and promising for therapeutic developments in the presence and future. The current state of the latest therapeutic developments including tumor-specific targeted drug therapies, metabolic targeting, epigenetic modulation and immunotherapy are summarized and suggestions for future directions are offered. Furthermore, they highlight contemporary issues related to the clinical development, such as challenges in clinical trials and toxicities. EXPERT OPINION The commitment to understanding the process of gliomagenesis has created a catalogue of aberrations that depict multiple mechanisms underlying this disease, many of which are suitable to therapeutic inhibition and are currently tested in clinical trials. Thus, future treatment endeavors will employ multiple treatment modalities that target disparate tumor characteristics personalized to the patient's individual tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staedtke
- a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - John Laterra
- a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Neuroscience , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA
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18
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Gonçalves AC, Alves R, Baldeiras I, Cortesão E, Carda JP, Branco CC, Oliveiros B, Loureiro L, Pereira A, Nascimento Costa JM, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Mota-Vieira L. Genetic variants involved in oxidative stress, base excision repair, DNA methylation, and folate metabolism pathways influence myeloid neoplasias susceptibility and prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:130-148. [PMID: 26950655 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) share common features: elevated oxidative stress, DNA repair deficiency, and aberrant DNA methylation. We performed a hospital-based case-control study to evaluate the association in variants of genes involved in oxidative stress, folate metabolism, DNA repair, and DNA methylation with susceptibility and prognosis of these malignancies. To that end, 16 SNPs (one per gene: CAT, CYBA, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, GPX1, KEAP1, MPO, MTRR, NEIL1, NFE2F2, OGG1, SLC19A1, SOD1, SOD2, and XRCC1) were genotyped in 191 patients (101 MDS and 90 AML) and 261 controls. We also measured oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species/total antioxidant status ratio), DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), and DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) in 50 subjects (40 MDS and 10 controls). Results showed that five genes (GPX1, NEIL1, NFE2L2, OGG1, and SOD2) were associated with MDS, two (DNMT3B and SLC19A1) with AML, and two (CYBA and DNMT1) with both diseases. We observed a correlation of CYBA TT, GPX1 TT, and SOD2 CC genotypes with increased oxidative stress levels, as well as NEIL1 TT and OGG1 GG genotypes with higher DNA damage. The 5-methylcytosine levels were negatively associated with DNMT1 CC, DNMT3A CC, and MTRR AA genotypes, and positively with DNMT3B CC genotype. Furthermore, DNMT3A, MTRR, NEIL1, and OGG1 variants modulated AML transformation in MDS patients. Additionally, DNMT3A, OGG1, GPX1, and KEAP1 variants influenced survival of MDS and AML patients. Altogether, data suggest that genetic variability influence predisposition and prognosis of MDS and AML patients, as well AML transformation rate in MDS patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Alves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emília Cortesão
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Carda
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Claudia C Branco
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.,Azores Genetics Research Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveiros
- Laboratory for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Loureiro
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE (HDFF, EPE), Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pereira
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE (HDFF, EPE), Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Nascimento Costa
- Department of Oncology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic of Oncology, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra-FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE (CHUC, EPE), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Mota-Vieira
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.,Azores Genetics Research Group, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Bret C, Viziteu E, Kassambara A, Moreaux J. Identifying high-risk adult AML patients: epigenetic and genetic risk factors and their implications for therapy. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:351-60. [PMID: 26761438 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1141673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease at molecular level, in response to therapy and prognosis. The molecular landscape of AML is evolving with new technologies revealing complex panorama of genetic abnormalities where genomic instability and aberrations of epigenetic regulators play a key role in pathogenesis. The characterization of AML diversity has led to development of new personalized therapeutic strategies to improve outcome of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bret
- a Department of Biological Hematology , CHU Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,b Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142 , Montpellier F-34396 , France.,c University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier , France
| | - Elena Viziteu
- b Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142 , Montpellier F-34396 , France
| | - Alboukadel Kassambara
- a Department of Biological Hematology , CHU Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,b Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142 , Montpellier F-34396 , France
| | - Jerome Moreaux
- a Department of Biological Hematology , CHU Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,b Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UPR1142 , Montpellier F-34396 , France.,c University of Montpellier 1, UFR de Médecine , Montpellier , France
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20
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Graubert TA, Brunner AM, Fathi AT. New molecular abnormalities and clonal architecture in AML: from reciprocal translocations to whole-genome sequencing. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e334-40. [PMID: 24857122 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.e334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by recurrent genetic alterations, including amplifications, deletions, rearrangements, and point mutations. Clinically, these lesions can be used to stratify patients into categories of risk, which directs further clinical management and prognostication. Patient risk categories were first described based on recurrent karyotypic abnormalities; most patients with AML, however, fall into intermediate cytogenetic risk, the majority harboring a normal karyotype. Subsequently, identification of recurrently mutated genes, including FLT3, NPM1, and CEBPA, allowed further stratification of patients with a normal karyotype. More extensive genomic and epigenomic analysis of AML samples has expanded the number of known molecular alterations present in this disease. The further understanding of this mutational landscape has shed light into the pathogenesis of AML. AML arises in a founding clone that often gives rise to subclones. Clonal evolution is a feature of the natural history of the disease but may also be influenced by the selective pressure of chemotherapy. The complex network of genetic and epigenetic alterations in this disease has yielded numerous new targets for intervention. In the future, further understanding of this mutational framework, along with the development of novel therapeutic targets, may lead to improved outcomes for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir T Fathi
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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21
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Moen EL, Mariani CJ, Zullow H, Jeff-Eke M, Litwin E, Nikitas JN, Godley LA. New themes in the biological functions of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:36-49. [PMID: 25510270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) play a critical role in development and normal physiology. Alterations in 5-mC and 5-hmC patterns are common events in hematopoietic neoplasms. In this review, we begin by emphasizing the importance of 5-mC, 5-hmC, and their enzymatic modifiers in hematological malignancies. Then, we discuss the functions of 5-mC and 5-hmC at distinct genic contexts, including promoter regions, gene bodies, intron-exon boundaries, alternative promoters, and intragenic microRNAs. Recent advances in technology have allowed for the study of 5-mC and 5-hmC independently and specifically permitting distinction between the bases that show them to have transcriptional effects that vary by their location relative to gene structure. We extend these observations to their functions at enhancers and transcription factor binding sites. We discuss dietary influences on 5-mC and 5-hmC levels and summarize the literature on the effects of folate and vitamin C on 5-mC and 5-hmC, respectively. Finally, we discuss how these new themes in the functions of 5-mC and 5-hmC will likely influence the broader research field of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Moen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Chowdhury B, McGovern A, Cui Y, Choudhury SR, Cho IH, Cooper B, Chevassut T, Lossie AC, Irudayaraj J. The hypomethylating agent Decitabine causes a paradoxical increase in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9281. [PMID: 25901663 PMCID: PMC4894448 DOI: 10.1038/srep09281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The USFDA approved "epigenetic drug", Decitabine, exerts its effect by hypomethylating DNA, demonstrating the pivotal role aberrant genome-wide DNA methylation patterns play in cancer ontology. Using sensitive technologies in a cellular model of Acute Myeloid Leukemia, we demonstrate that while Decitabine reduces the global levels of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), it results in paradoxical increase of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) levels. Hitherto, the only biological mechanism known to generate 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC, involving oxidation of 5mC by members of Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) dioxygenase family, was not observed to undergo any alteration during DAC treatment. Using a multi-compartmental model of DNA methylation, we show that partial selectivity of TET enzymes for hemi-methylated CpG dinucleotides could lead to such alterations in 5hmC content. Furthermore, we investigated the binding of TET1-catalytic domain (CD)-GFP to DNA by Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy in live cells and detected the gradual increase of the DNA bound fraction of TET1-CD-GFP after treatment with Decitabine. Our study provides novel insights on the therapeutic activity of DAC in the backdrop of the newly discovered derivatives of 5mC and suggests that 5hmC has the potential to serve as a biomarker for monitoring the clinical success of patients receiving DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
| | - Andrew McGovern
- Department of Healthcare Management and Policy, University of Surrey, Guildford, GY2 7XH, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Yi Cui
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Samrat Roy Choudhury
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Il-Hoon Cho
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bruce Cooper
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
| | - Timothy Chevassut
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Amy C. Lossie
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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23
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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24
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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25
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Zhang L, Padron E, Lancet J. The molecular basis and clinical significance of genetic mutations identified in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Res 2015; 39:6-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Pløen GG, Nederby L, Guldberg P, Hansen M, Ebbesen LH, Jensen UB, Hokland P, Aggerholm A. Persistence of DNMT3A mutations at long-term remission in adult patients with AML. Br J Haematol 2014; 167:478-86. [PMID: 25371149 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DNMT3A, the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha, have been identified as molecular drivers in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with possible implications for minimal residual disease monitoring and prognosis. To further explore the utility of DNMT3A mutations as biomarkers for AML, we developed assays for sensitive detection of recurrent mutations affecting residue R882. Analysis of DNA from 298 diagnostic AML samples revealed DNMT3A mutations in 45 cases (15%), which coincided with mutations in NPM1, FLT3 and IDH1. DNMT3A mutations were stable in 12 of 13 patients presenting with relapse or secondary myelodysplastic syndrome, but were also present in remission samples from 14 patients (at allele frequencies of <1-50%) up to 8 years after initial AML diagnosis, despite the loss of all other molecular AML markers. The mutant DNMT3A allele burden was not related to the clinical course of disease. Cell sorting demonstrated the presence of DNMT3A mutations in leukaemic blasts, but also at lower allele frequencies in T and B-cells from the same patients. Our data are consistent with the recent finding of preleukaemic stem cells in AML, which are resistant to chemotherapy. The persistence of DNMT3A mutations during remission may have important implications for the management of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro G Pløen
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Mutation analysis of JAK2V617F, FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and DNMT3A in Chinese patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:485645. [PMID: 24895580 PMCID: PMC4034537 DOI: 10.1155/2014/485645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase-activating mutation, several genes have been found mutated in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and DNMT3A mutations frequently occurred in AML patients and have been found conferred with myeloproliferative neoplasms in mouse model. Therefore, we sought to search for mutations in JAK2V617F, FLT3-ITD, NPM1, and DNMT3A in 129 cases including 120 classic MPN cases and 9 MDS/MPN cases. JAK2V617F mutation was found in 60% of the 120 classic MPNs. However, none of the patients displayed FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations; only 2 patients harbored DNMT3A R882 mutation. Further studies including whole-genome sequence will be conducted to investigate the possible involvement of these genes in MPN.
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28
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Radujkovic A, Dietrich S, Bochtler T, Krämer A, Schöning T, Ho AD, Dreger P, Luft T. Azacitidine and low-dose cytarabine in palliative patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high bone marrow blast counts-a retrospective single-center experience. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:112-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Radujkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tilmann Bochtler
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine V; University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tilman Schöning
- Department of Pharmacy; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Anthony D. Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas Luft
- Department of Internal Medicine V; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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29
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The epigenetic landscape of acute myeloid leukemia. Adv Hematol 2014; 2014:103175. [PMID: 24778653 PMCID: PMC3980839 DOI: 10.1155/2014/103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Certain cytogenetic and molecular genetic mutations are recognized to have an impact on prognosis, leading to their inclusion in some prognostic stratification systems. Recently, the advent of high-throughput whole genome or exome sequencing has led to the identification of several novel recurrent mutations in AML, a number of which have been found to involve genes concerned with epigenetic regulation. These genes include in particular DNMT3A, TET2, and IDH1/2, involved with regulation of DNA methylation, and EZH2 and ASXL-1, which are implicated in regulation of histones. However, the precise mechanisms linking these genes to AML pathogenesis have yet to be fully elucidated as has their respective prognostic relevance. As massively parallel DNA sequencing becomes increasingly accessible for patients, there is a need for clarification of the clinical implications of these mutations. This review examines the literature surrounding the biology of these epigenetic modifying genes with regard to leukemogenesis and their clinical and prognostic relevance in AML when mutated.
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NOTCH2 and FLT3 gene mis-splicings are common events in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): new potential targets in AML. Blood 2014; 123:2816-25. [PMID: 24574459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-481507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed an increase in alternative splicing of multiple RNAs in cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with CD34(+) bone marrow cells from normal donors. Aberrantly spliced genes included a number of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genes involved in regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell differentiation. Among the most commonly mis-spliced genes (>70% of AML patients) were 2, NOTCH2 and FLT3, that encode myeloid cell surface proteins. The splice variants of NOTCH2 and FLT3 resulted from complete or partial exon skipping and utilization of cryptic splice sites. Longitudinal analyses suggested that NOTCH2 and FLT3 aberrant splicing correlated with disease status. Correlation analyses between splice variants of these genes and clinical features of patients showed an association between NOTCH2-Va splice variant and overall survival of patients. Our results suggest that NOTCH2 and FLT3 mis-splicing is a common characteristic of AML and has the potential to generate transcripts encoding proteins with altered function. Thus, splice variants of these genes might provide disease markers and targets for novel therapeutics.
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Glass C, Wilson M, Gonzalez R, Zhang Y, Perkins AS. The role of EVI1 in myeloid malignancies. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:67-76. [PMID: 24495476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The EVI1 oncogene at human chr 3q26 is rearranged and/or overexpressed in a subset of acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplasias. The EVI1 protein is a 135 kDa transcriptional regulator with DNA-binding zinc finger domains. Here we provide a critical review of the current state of research into the molecular mechanisms by which this gene plays a role in myeloid malignancies. The major pertinent cellular effects are blocking myeloid differentiation and preventing cellular apoptosis, and several potential mechanisms for these phenomena have been identified. Evidence supports a role for EVI1 in inducing cellular quiescence, and this may contribute to the resistance to chemotherapy seen in patients with neoplasms that overexpress EVI1. Another isoform, MDS1-EVI1 (or PRDM3), encoded by the same locus as EVI1, harbors an N-terminal histone methyltransferase(HMT) domain; experimental findings indicate that this protein and its HMT activity are critical for the progression of a subset of AMLs, and this provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Glass
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ruby Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Archibald S Perkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Li Y, Geng P, Jiang W, Wang Y, Yao J, Lin X, Liu J, Huang L, Su B, Chen H. Enhancement of radiosensitivity by 5-Aza-CdR through activation of G2/M checkpoint response and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4831-9. [PMID: 24474250 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation resistance is a major problem preventing successful treatment. Therefore, identifying sensitizers is vitally important for radiotherapy success. Epigenetic events such as DNA methylation have been proposed to mediate the sensitivity of tumor therapy. In this study, we investigated the influence of demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) on the radiosensitivity of human osteosarcoma cell lines. 5-Aza-CdR was capable of sensitizing three osteosarcoma cells to irradiation in a time-dependent manner, with the maximum effect attained by 48 h. Pretreatment with 5-Aza-CdR synchronized cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and enhanced irradiation-induced apoptosis compared with irradiation alone in SaOS2, HOS, and U2OS cells. Moreover, 5-Aza-CdR restored mRNA expressions of 14-3-3σ, CHK2, and DAPK-1 in the three cells, accompanied with demethylation of their promoters. These findings demonstrate that demethylation with 5-Aza-CdR increases radiosensitivity in some osteosarcoma cells through arresting cells at G2/M phase and increasing apoptosis, which is partly mediated by upregulation of 14-3-3σ, CHK2, and DAPK-1 genes, suggesting that 5-Aza-CdR may be a potential radiosensitizer to improve the therapy effect in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Oncology, Cancer Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
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White BS, DiPersio JF. Genomic tools in acute myeloid leukemia: From the bench to the bedside. Cancer 2014; 120:1134-44. [PMID: 24474533 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its use in the initial characterization of an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) genome, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has continued to molecularly refine the disease. Here, the authors review the spectrum of NGS applications that have subsequently delineated the prognostic significance and biologic consequences of these mutations. Furthermore, the role of this technology in providing a high-resolution glimpse of AML clonal heterogeneity, which may inform future choice of targeted therapy, is discussed. Although obstacles remain in applying these techniques clinically, they have already had an impact on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Hossain MZ, Healey MA, Lee C, Poh W, Yerram SR, Patel K, Azad NS, Herman JG, Kern SE. DNA-intercalators causing rapid re-expression of methylated and silenced genes in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2014; 4:298-309. [PMID: 23593653 PMCID: PMC3712575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor-suppressor and other regulatory genes plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. Transcriptional silencing is often maintained by DNA methyl transferase (DNMT)-mediated hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoter DNA. Nucleoside analogs including azacytidine and decitabine have been used to inhibit DNMT and re-activate genes, and are clinically used. Their shortcomings include a short half-life and a slow onset of action due to required nucleotide incorporation during DNA replication, which may limit clinical utility. It might be useful to begin to identify lead compounds having novel properties, specifically distinct and fast-acting gene desilencing. We previously identified chemicals augmenting gene expression in multiple reporter systems. We now report that a subset of these compounds that includes quinacrine re-expresses epigenetically silenced genes implicated in carcinogenesis. p16, TFPI2, the cadherins E-cadherin and CDH13, and the secreted frizzle-related proteins (SFRPs) SFRP1 and SFRP5 were desilenced in cancer cell lines. These lead compounds were fast-acting: re-expression occurred by 12-24 hours. Reactivation of silenced genes was accompanied by depletion of DNMT1 at the promoters of activated genes and demethylation of DNA. A model compound, 5175328, induced changes more rapidly than decitabine. These gene desilencing agents belonged to a class of acridine compounds, intercalated into DNA, and inhibited DNMT1 activity in vitro. Although to define the mechanism would be outside the scope of this initial report, this class may re-activate silenced genes in part by intercalating into DNA and subsequently inhibiting full DNMT1 activity. Rapid mechanisms for chemical desilencing of methylated genes therefore exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zulfiquer Hossain
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ahuja N, Easwaran H, Baylin SB. Harnessing the potential of epigenetic therapy to target solid tumors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:56-63. [PMID: 24382390 DOI: 10.1172/jci69736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapies may play a prominent role in the future management of solid tumors. This possibility is based on the clinical efficacy of existing drugs in treating defined hematopoietic neoplasms, paired with promising new data from preclinical and clinical studies that examined these agents in solid tumors. We suggest that current drugs may represent a targeted therapeutic approach for reprogramming solid tumor cells, a strategy that must be pursued in concert with the explosion in knowledge about the molecular underpinnings of normal and cancer epigenomes. We hypothesize that understanding targeted proteins in the context of their enzymatic and scaffolding functions and in terms of their interactions in complexes with proteins that are targets of new drugs under development defines the future of epigenetic therapies for cancer.
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RUNX1 mutation associated with clonal evolution in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with t(16;21)(p11;q22). Int J Hematol 2013; 99:169-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xu B, Abourbih S, Sircar K, Kassouf W, Mansure JJ, Aprikian A, Tanguay S, Brimo F. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression is associated with metastasis and adverse clinical outcome in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a comparative study and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:1326-36. [PMID: 24079759 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0525-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase mediating chromatin condensation and epigenetic modulation, is overexpressed in various human carcinomas and is associated with adverse clinicopathologic characteristics and biologic behavior. The expression of EZH2 in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has not been fully characterized yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic role of EZH2 in RCC by analyzing the immunohistochemical staining pattern of the marker in relation to pathologic features and clinical outcome. DESIGN We correlated the immunolabeling of EZH2 with multiple clinicopathologic features, including Fuhrman nuclear grade, pathologic stage, metastatic status, and clinical outcome in 223 clear cell RCCs (CRCCs) and 21 papillary RCCs, by using tissue microarrays of primary and metastatic cases. RESULTS Most CRCCs (75%) showed positive EZH2 staining, with most primary tumors showing focal staining in comparison to nonfocal staining in metastatic cases. In primary tumors, EZH2 expression was associated with higher nuclear grade and lower pathologic stage. Metastatic tumors showed a higher number of positive cases (81% versus 67%) and a more diffuse and more intense pattern of staining than primary CRCCs. For the 22 locally advanced primary tumors (T3/4) and 43 metastatic RCCs, patients who experienced RCC-related deaths significantly overexpressed the marker in comparison to patients who did not experience RCC-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS By showing that EZH2 expression is associated with increased metastatic potential and a worse clinical outcome, this study suggests that EZH2 can serve as a prognostic biomarker for RCC, thus confirming it as a key molecule driving oncogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Xu and Brimo) and Urology (Drs Abourbih, Kassouf, Mansure, Aprikian, and Tanguay), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and the Department of Pathology (Dr Sircar), The University of Texas Maryland Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Wang Q, Huang J, Sun H, Liu J, Wang J, Wang Q, Qin Q, Mei S, Zhao C, Yang X, Liu XS, Zhang Y. CR Cistrome: a ChIP-Seq database for chromatin regulators and histone modification linkages in human and mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D450-8. [PMID: 24253304 PMCID: PMC3965064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversified histone modifications (HMs) are essential epigenetic features. They play important roles in fundamental biological processes including transcription, DNA repair and DNA replication. Chromatin regulators (CRs), which are indispensable in epigenetics, can mediate HMs to adjust chromatin structures and functions. With the development of ChIP-Seq technology, there is an opportunity to study CR and HM profiles at the whole-genome scale. However, no specific resource for the integration of CR ChIP-Seq data or CR-HM ChIP-Seq linkage pairs is currently available. Therefore, we constructed the CR Cistrome database, available online at http://compbio.tongji.edu.cn/cr and http://cistrome.org/cr/, to further elucidate CR functions and CR-HM linkages. Within this database, we collected all publicly available ChIP-Seq data on CRs in human and mouse and categorized the data into four cohorts: the reader, writer, eraser and remodeler cohorts, together with curated introductions and ChIP-Seq data analysis results. For the HM readers, writers and erasers, we provided further ChIP-Seq analysis data for the targeted HMs and schematized the relationships between them. We believe CR Cistrome is a valuable resource for the epigenetics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China and Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard school of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, originally discovered in 2008, occur in the vast majority of low-grade gliomas and secondary high-grade gliomas. These mutations, which occur early in gliomagenesis, change the function of the enzymes, causing them to produce 2-hydroxyglutarate, a possible oncometabolite, and to not produce NADPH. IDH mutations are oncogenic, although whether the mechanism is through alterations in hydroxylases, redox potential, cellular metabolism, or gene expression is not clear. The mutations also drive increased methylation in gliomas. Gliomas with mutated IDH1 and IDH2 have improved prognosis compared with gliomas with wild-type IDH. Mutated IDH can now be detected by immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No drugs currently target mutated IDH, although this remains an area of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Cohen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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40
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Watson M, Chow S, Barsyte D, Arrowsmith C, Shankey TV, Minden M, Hedley D. The study of epigenetic mechanisms based on the analysis of histone modification patterns by flow cytoametry. Cytometry A 2013; 85:78-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Watson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Sue Chow
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | | | - Mark Minden
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology; Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology; Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
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41
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Cairns RA, Mak TW. Oncogenic isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations: mechanisms, models, and clinical opportunities. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:730-41. [PMID: 23796461 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in catalytic arginine residues of isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are common in glioma, acute myeloid leukemia, chondrosarcoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. The mutant enzymes acquire a neomorphic activity that converts α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), a rare metabolite. In cells and tissues expressing mutant IDH, D2HG concentrations are highly elevated. D2HG may act as an "oncometabolite" by inhibiting a class of α-KG-dependent enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, collagen synthesis, and cell signaling. Knock-in mouse models of IDH1 mutations have shed light on these mechanisms and will provide valuable animal models for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Cairns
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Clinical impact of DNMT3A mutations in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia: results of the AML Study Group (AMLSG). Blood 2013; 121:4769-77. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-461624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key PointsDNMT3A mutations are frequent in younger adults with AML and have no significant impact on survival end points. Only moderate effects on outcome, depending on molecular subgroup and DNMT3A mutation type, could be observed.
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43
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Cimmino L, Aifantis I. Fingerprinting acute leukemia: DNA methylation profiling of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov 2013; 2:976-8. [PMID: 23148371 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Geng and colleagues report on their use of a combination of promoter cytosine methylation profiling with gene expression and ChIP sequencing to elucidate molecular signatures of adult B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient samples with BCR-ABL1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL rearrangements. The unique epigenetic and gene expression signatures of these clinically unfavorable B-ALL subtypes identify novel biomarkers and provide a strong rationale for repurposing existing therapies to treat these molecularly distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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44
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Abstract
Morphologic "special types" of breast carcinomas have been recognized for many years, and their molecular and genetic properties have not been specifically studied until recently. Lobular carcinoma lacks functional E-cadherin expression but shares molecular similarities with low-grade invasive ductal carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is relatively rare, and molecular features are just being elucidated. We report a case of concurrent invasive lobular and papillary carcinoma, the latter with extensive nodal involvement. Multiplex screening for activating point mutations identified different point mutations in the distinct morphologic components: lobular PIK3CA H1047R, papillary; PIK3CA Q546P, and IDH1 R132H. These molecular data favor coincidental "collision tumors" over clonal evolution. The IDH1 R132H point mutation is common in gliomas and acute myelogenous leukemia, but this has not been previously reported in breast carcinoma. The characterization of activating point mutations in morphologic special types of breast carcinoma may suggest avenues amenable to targeted therapy.
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45
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Li KK, Luo LF, Shen Y, Xu J, Chen Z, Chen SJ. DNA Methyltransferases in Hematologic Malignancies. Semin Hematol 2013; 50:48-60. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Ofran Y, Rowe JM. Genetic profiling in acute myeloid leukaemia ─ where are we and what is its role in patient management. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:303-20. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Chen J, Li J, Han Q, Sun Z, Wang J, Wang S, Zhao RCH. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is overexpressed and contributes to epigenetic inactivation of p21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1110-6. [PMID: 22956625 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is crucially involved in epigenetic silencing by acting as a histone methyltransferase. Although EZH2 is overexpressed in many solid cancers, the role of EZH2 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains largely unexplored. In a microarray experiment, we found that EZH2 was significantly upregulated in Nalm-6 cells and this was associated with the silencing of tumor suppressor genes p21, p53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The abnormal expression of these genes was further confirmed by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis on Nalm-6 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that EZH2 and H3K27me3 were both enriched in the promoter region of PTEN and p21 in Nalm-6 cells but not in normal B cells. Functional analysis showed that siRNA-mediated EZH2 knockdown led to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of Nalm-6 cells, accompanied by the reactivation of PTEN and p21 expression. Furthermore, we found that EZH2 inhibitor deazaneplanocin A promoted vincristine sulfate-induced apoptosis of Nalm-6 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that EZH2 is overexpressed in B-ALL and promotes the progression of B-ALL by directly mediating the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes p21 and PTEN, and could serve as a potential epigenetic target for B-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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48
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Thomas X. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: discovery, design and first therapeutic experiences. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1039-51. [PMID: 22950862 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.722618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation is an epigenetic change mediated by DNA methyltranferases (DNMTs), which are promising epigenetic targets for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This is evidenced by the two DNMT inhibitors (azacitidine and decitabine) approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States for the treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and the first clinical data available in AML. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews data from the international literature regarding the design, sites of impact and pharmacodynamic characteristics of DNMT inhibitors, and their first clinical experiences in AML. EXPERT OPINION The strongest advances in epigenetic therapy have been in the treatment of AML. There are now an increasing number of DNMT inhibitors. These agents may be potentially administered at different times of leukemia therapy: before or instead of chemotherapy, as maintenance therapy, prior to allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) or after relapse following SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Thomas
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Pierre Bénite, France.
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49
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Murati A, Brecqueville M, Devillier R, Mozziconacci MJ, Gelsi-Boyer V, Birnbaum D. Myeloid malignancies: mutations, models and management. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:304. [PMID: 22823977 PMCID: PMC3418560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid malignant diseases comprise chronic (including myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) and acute (acute myeloid leukemia) stages. They are clonal diseases arising in hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Mutations responsible for these diseases occur in several genes whose encoded proteins belong principally to five classes: signaling pathways proteins (e.g. CBL, FLT3, JAK2, RAS), transcription factors (e.g. CEBPA, ETV6, RUNX1), epigenetic regulators (e.g. ASXL1, DNMT3A, EZH2, IDH1, IDH2, SUZ12, TET2, UTX), tumor suppressors (e.g. TP53), and components of the spliceosome (e.g. SF3B1, SRSF2). Large-scale sequencing efforts will soon lead to the establishment of a comprehensive repertoire of these mutations, allowing for a better definition and classification of myeloid malignancies, the identification of new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets, and the development of novel therapies. Given the importance of epigenetic deregulation in myeloid diseases, the use of drugs targeting epigenetic regulators appears as a most promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Murati
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire; UMR1068 Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 27 Bd, Leï Roure, BP 30059, Marseille, 13273, France
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50
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Kleppe M, Levine RL. New pieces of a puzzle: the current biological picture of MPN. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:415-22. [PMID: 22824378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, we have witnessed significant improvement in our ability to elucidate the genetic events, which contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic leukemias, and also in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). However, despite significant insight into the role of specific mutations, including the JAK2V617F mutation, in MPN pathogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which specific disease alleles contribute to leukemic transformation in MPN remain elusive. Here we review recent studies aimed at understanding the role of downstream signaling pathways in MPN initiation and phenotype, and discuss how these studies have begun to lead to novel insights with biologic, clinical, and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kleppe
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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