Body mass index, waist circumference, body fat, fasting blood glucose in a sample of moroccan adolescents aged 11-17 years

Effects of age and playing position on field-based physical fitness measures in adolescent female soccer players

BACKGROUND

While numerous studies have explored age and playing position effects on fitness levels in male adolescent soccer players, research on female players in this context is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age and playing position on field-based physical fitness measures in adolescent female soccer players, with consideration for maturity.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 284 females aged 12.0-15.9 years. Participants performed the 20-m multi-stage fitness test (20MSFT) to assess estimated maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), 10-m and 20-m sprints, 505 Test to evaluate change of direction speed (CODS), the medicine ball chest throw (MBCT) and countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) to assess muscle power. For data analysis, participants were separated into age groups (12, 13, 14, and 15 years), and playing position (forward, midfielder, defender, and goalkeeper). Age at peak height velocity was considered a covariate to account for maturity status.

RESULTS

Players aged 14 years demonstrated faster CODS compared to 15 years old (P=0.014), while superior MBCT performance was noted at both ages compared to younger ages (P<0.001). Goalkeepers exhibited lower VO2max than midfielders and defenders (P<0.05). Defenders and goalkeepers exhibited greater hip circumference and body mass compared to midfielders (P≤0.01), along with a larger waist circumference for defenders compared to midfielders (P=0.003). Age and position interactions were absent. When analyses were run without controlling for maturity, all results were the same except for CODS where no age effect was found.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that upper body power, and flexibility may be impacted by age and playing position in adolescent female soccer players, regardless of maturity status. The CODS appears to be influenced by age only when controlling for maturity.

Relationship of body mass index to percent body fat determined by deuterium isotopic dilution and impedancemetry among Tunisian schoolchildren

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the relation of body mass index (BMI) to fat mass among children by two techniques impedancemetry and deuterium oxide dilution (D2O).

Methods

This study was carried out in 156 schoolchildren aged between 8 and 11 years. The children received interrogation specifying lifestyle and food habits. Body composition was determined using the impedancemetry and D2O technique.

Results

The results showed a difference between the percentage of obese and overweight children according to BMIZ classification (30.1%), bioelectrical impedance method (14.7%) and D2O technique (42.9%). Despite the difference between the last two classifications, we found a significant correlation between body fat percentages determined by impedancemetry and D2O technique (r = 0.695, p<0.01). Bioelectrical impedance analysis underestimated %BF by 78.02% in overall children, by 70.05% in boys and by 84.73% in girls compared to D2O technique.

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that the percentage of overweight and obesity varied according the methods used. Further development of body composition methods is needed in children for the real determination of the obesity prevalence and therefore a better monitoring of this public health problem.

The associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose in war veterans: a population-based study

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose in war veterans. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 764 men and women aged 45-75 years, who were part of the Homeland War between 1990 and 1995 (33.5% women). Health-related physical fitness included: (1) fat mass and fat-free mass (body composition), (2) push-ups in 30 s (muscular dynamic endurance of upper extremities), (3) sit-ups in 30 s (repetitive upper body strength), (4) chair-stands in 30 s (lower body strength), (5) sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and (6) the 2-min step test (cardiorespiratory function). Laboratory measurement of fasting blood glucose was performed according to standardized procedures in resting seated position after a 12-h overnight fast. Generalized estimating equations with multiple regression models were used to calculate the associations between health-related physical fitness and fasting blood glucose. In men, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat-free mass (β = - 0.25, p < 0.001), push-ups in 30 s (β = - 0.55, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (β = - 0.50, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (r = - 0.45, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (r = - 0.46, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (r = - 0.19, p < 0.001), while fat mass was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (β = 0.14, p = 0.004). In women, fasting blood glucose was significantly correlated with fat mass (β = 0.20, p = 0.002), fat-free mass (β = - 0.15, p = 0.014), push-ups in 30 s (β = - 0.49, p < 0.001), chair-stands in 30 s (β = - 0.43, p < 0.001), sit-ups in 30 s (β = - 0.52, p < 0.001), the sit-and reach test (β = - 0.40, p < 0.001) and the 2-min step test (β = - 0.35, p < 0.001). This study shows that fasting blood glucose may be predicted by health-related physical fitness test in war veterans.

Long-Term Consumption of a Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink in Combination with a Western-Type Diet Is Associated with Morphological and Molecular Changes of Taste Markers Independent of Body Weight Development in Mice

We investigated whether the long-term intake of a typical sugar-sweetened soft drink (sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB) alters markers for taste function when combined with a standard diet (chow) or a model chow mimicking a Western diet (WD). Adult male CD1 mice had ad libitum access to tap water or SSB in combination with either the chow or the WD for 24 weeks. Energy intake from fluid and food was monitored three times a week. Cardiometabolic markers (body weight and composition, waist circumference, glucose and lipid profile, and blood pressure) were analyzed at the end of the intervention, as was the number and size of the fungiform papillae as well as mRNA levels of genes associated with the different cell types of taste buds and taste receptors in the circumvallate papillae using a cDNA microarray and qPCR. Although the overall energy intake was higher in the WD groups, there was no difference in body weight or other cardiometabolic markers between the SSB and water groups. The chemosensory surface from the fungiform papillae was reduced by 36 ± 19% (p < 0.05) in the WD group after SSB compared to water intake. In conclusion, the consumption of the SSB reduced the chemosensory surface of the fungiform papillae of CD1 mice when applied in combination with a WD independent of body weight. The data suggest synergistic effects of a high sugar-high fat diet on taste dysfunction, which could further influence food intake and promote a vicious cycle of overeating and taste dysfunction.

Association among Neck Circumference and Percent Body Fat with Fasting Blood Glucose in Obese Female College Students

Background: Neck circumference could describe upper-body subcutaneous fat, correlated with obesity and diabetes mellitus.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between percent body fat and neck circumference with fasting blood glucose in obese female college students.Methods: The study was cross-sectional, conducted at Diponegoro University in June-August 2019. 119 participants were female, aged 17-21 years selected using the purposive sampling method. Measurement of waist circumference was used as an indicator of obesity. Percent body fat was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and neck circumference was measured using a met line. Fasting blood glucose was examined after the subject fasted for 8-12 hours, the amount of blood taken was 5 cc. Data were analyzed with the Rank-Spearman correlation test.Results: As many as 84% of subjects had excess percent body fat. The median neck circumference was 32.5 cm. The median fasting blood glucose was 87 mg / dL. There was a significant correlation between percent body fat with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.231) (p = 0.012). There was no correlation between neck circumference with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.137) (p = 0.137).Conclusion: Percent of body fat had a significant relationship with fasting blood glucose, and the greater the circumference of the neck, the greater fasting blood glucoseKeywords: Obesity, Neck Circumference, Percent Body Fat, Fasting Blood Glucose

Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio and Fasting Blood Glucose Levels amongst the University Students

Overweight and obesity have been correlated to the higher risk for developing metabolic diseases in later life, i.e. DM type 2. We study the body mass index (BMI), the waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in the seemingly healthy male and female university students to comprehend these variables amongst the youth in Indonesia in 2019. The BMI and WHR of 150 male and female students aged 18-22 years old of the IIKBW, Kediri were measured by standardised anthropometry. The FBG was measured after 8 hours-minimum of fasting from the capillary blood drop using glucometer. Data was then analysed using SPSS 17 with level of significance of p<0.05. According to Asia-Pacific BMI classification, students were 30.7% obese with males significantly higher than females (p=0.016), 18% overweight (significantly higher in females, p=0.04), 36% normal and 15.3% underweight.When compared between genders, the WHR is significantly higher in males (p<0.001); whilst no significant differences in FBG (p=0.6). Four males and 5 females with FBG ≥ 100 mg/dl, whereas others were within normal limits. There are positive significant correlations between BMI and WHR in males and females (r=0.777, p<0.001; r=0.54, p<0.001, respectively). There is a significant positive correlation between the BMI and FBG with r=0.217, p=0.008; and between the WHR and FBG with r=0.21, p=0.01 amongst all students. In this study, male students have significantly higher BMI and WHR than females. Higher FBG was well observed in students with either higher BMI or WHR.

Demographic Associations of Diabetes Status by Both Fasting Plasma Glucose Concentration and Glycated Hemoglobin in a Community Survey in Galle District, Sri Lanka

Diagnostic tools used in detecting individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) include fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The present study was aimed to determine the demographic associations of diabetes status by both tests (FPG and HbA1C) in Galle district, Sri Lanka. 147 adults (30-60 years) who are having FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL underwent demographic evaluations and testing for HbA1C. Group 01 (diabetes status diagnosed by both tests) and group 2 (diabetes status diagnosed only by FPG) were compared using independant sample t-test and chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to study the association between the demographic factors and the diabetes status by both tests. Of the 147 study subjects, 38.1% were males, 61.9% were females, and 63.3% had a family history of diabetes among first-degree relatives (FDR). Mean age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), FPG, and HbA1C of the participants were 48.4 ± 7.2 years, 25.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2, 88.8 ± 9.0 cm, 139.4 ± 30.1 mg/dL, and 6.4 ± 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes based on both tests was 55.1%. There is a significant difference in mean BMI and WC while no significant differences in mean age between groups 01 and 02. No association was seen between gender and diabetes status (X 2(1) = 0.086, p=0.770), while a significant difference was observed between DM among FDR and diabetes status (X 2(1) = 33.215, p < 0.001). Significance of odds of having diabetes by both tests with rising BMI (OR = 1.97, CI 1.15-3.36, p=0.013) and DM among FDR (OR = 7.95, CI 3.54-17.88, p=0.000) was seen. We conclude rising BMI and having DM among FDR are strongly associated with diabetes status diagnosed by both tests of FPG and HbA1C in community screening.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Body Mass Index in Defining Childhood Obesity: Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from Ghanaian Children

Background: Screening methods for childhood obesity are based largely on the published body mass index (BMI) criteria. Nonetheless, their accuracy in African children is largely unknown. The diagnostic accuracies of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) BMI-based criteria in defining obesity using deuterium dilution as a criterion method in a sample of Ghanaian children are presented. Methods: Data on anthropometric indices and percent body fat were collected from 183 children aged 8–11 years. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated. The overall performance of the BMI criteria was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (AUC). Results: Overall sensitivity of WHO, CDC, and IOTF were 59.4% (40.6–76.3), 53.1% (34.7–70.9), and 46.9% (29.1–65.3) respectively. The overall specificity was high, ranging from 98.7% by WHO to 100.0% by IOTF. The AUC were 0.936 (0.865–1.000), 0.924 (0.852–0.995), and 0.945 (0.879–1.000) by the WHO, CDC, and IOTF criteria respectively for the overall sample. Prevalence of obesity by the WHO, CDC, IOTF, and deuterium oxide-derived percent body fat were 11.5%, 10.4%, 8.2%, and 17.5% respectively, with significant positive correlations between the BMI z-scores and percent body fat. Conclusions: The BMI-based criteria were largely specific but with moderate sensitivity in detecting excess body fat in Ghanaian children. To improve diagnostic accuracy, direct measurement of body fat and other health risk factors should be considered in addition to BMI.

Sugar in mind: Untangling a sweet and sour relationship beyond type 2 diabetes

It is widely recognised that type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major disease burden but it is only recently that its role in neurodegeneration has attracted more attention. This research has shown that T2D is associated with impaired cerebral health, cognitive decline and dementia. However, the impact on the brain of progressive metabolic changes associated with the pre-clinical development of the disease is less clear. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarise how the emergence of risk factors and co-morbid conditions linked to the development of T2D impact cerebral health. Particular attention is directed at characterising how normal but elevated blood glucose levels in individuals without T2D contribute to neurodegenerative processes, and how the main risk factors for T2D including obesity, physical activity and diet modulate these effects. Where available, evidence from the animal and human literature is contrasted, and sex differences in risk and outcomes are highlighted.

Prehypertension and Its Determinants in Apparently Healthy Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

High incidence of prehypertension is reported in medical undergraduates. Prehypertension may progress to hypertension and eventually cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identifying the risk factors of hypertension in prehypertensive state may aid in effective control of blood pressure.

AIM

To find whether clustering of known risk factors of hypertension or certain individual risk factors alone affect blood pressure in young adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study done in 84 apparently healthy medical students of either sex aged between 18-23 years. It included students with at least one known risk factor of hypertension. Blood pressure levels of 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg were defined as prehypertension. The risk factors considered were male gender, family history of cardiovascular disease, sedentary life, general and central obesity, sleep quality, perceived stress and dietary pattern. Clustering of risk factors was assessed based on collective scoring system in which each risk factor was scored appropriately. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired t, Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. The p<0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

There was a positive correlation between total risk factor score and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.266, p = 0.015). Among the risk factors, frequency of males with systolic and diastolic prehypertension was higher compared to females (p <0.0001,= 0.022 respectively). Body mass index was higher in systolic and diastolic prehypertensives compared to normotensives (p <0.001, 0.002, respectively). Waist circumference was higher in systolic and diastolic prehypertensives compared to normotensives (p< 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

In apparently healthy young adults, male gender and obesity are the major risk factors of elevated blood pressure.

Antioxidant Drug Tempol Promotes Functional Metabolic Changes in the Gut Microbiota

Recent studies have identified the important role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of obesity and related metabolic disorders. The antioxidant tempol was shown to prevent or reduce weight gain and modulate the gut microbiota community in mice; however, the mechanism by which tempol modulates weight gain/loss with respect to the host and gut microbiota has not been clearly established. Here we show that tempol (0, 1, 10, and 50 mg/kg p.o. for 5 days) decreased cecal bacterial fermentation and increased fecal energy excretion in a dose-dependent manner. Liver (1)H NMR-based metabolomics identified a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen and glucose, enhanced glucogenic and ketogenic activity (tyrosine and phenylalanine), and increased activation of the glycolysis pathway. Serum (1)H NMR-based metabolomics indicated that tempol promotes enhanced glucose catabolism. Hepatic gene expression was significantly altered as demonstrated by an increase in Pepck and G6pase and a decrease in Hnf4a, ChREBP, Fabp1, and Cd36 mRNAs. No significant change in the liver and serum metabolomic profiles was observed in germ-free mice, thus establishing a significant role for the gut microbiota in mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of tempol. These results demonstrate that tempol modulates the gut microbial community and its function, resulting in reduced host energy availability and a significant shift in liver metabolism toward a more catabolic state.

Fasting Blood Glucose Profile among Secondary School Adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Background. Over the past two decades there has been an increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children. Baseline data is needed to assess the impact of changing lifestyles on Ado-Ekiti, a previously semiurban community in Southwest Nigeria. This study was therefore conducted to assess the fasting blood glucose (FBG) of adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional study involving 628 adolescents from three different secondary schools in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. With parental consent, volunteers completed a structured questionnaire, and an overnight FBG was measured. Results. There were 346 males and 282 females (male : female ratio = 1.2 : 1). Their ages ranged from 10 to 19 years (mean age: 14.2 ± 1.7 years). Four hundred and forty-four (70.7%) had normal FBG, while 180 (28.7%) and 4 (0.6%) had FBG in the prediabetic and diabetic range, respectively. Female gender, age group 10–14 years, and family history of obesity were significantly associated with impaired FBG (P value <0.001, <0.001, and 0.045, resp.). Conclusion. Impaired FBG is common among secondary school adolescents and it is more prevalent among younger female adolescents (10–14 years) with positive family history of obesity.

Correlates and Predictors of Increasing Waist Circumference in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) has become a disease of public health concern worldwide. Obesity and elevated blood pressure have been shown to be comorbidities of type 2 DM. In this cross-sectional study in Tamale, Ghana, we determined the prevalence of abdominal obesity among type 2 DM patients. Furthermore, we examined the demographic, clinical, and anthropometric predictors of increasing waist circumference in this population. Three hundred type 2 DM patients attending the outpatient diabetes clinic of the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana, were recruited for the study. Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumferences were measured appropriately. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were taken from the personal health record files of patients. Demographic data were obtained. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression models were employed to identify predictors of increasing WC. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 77.0% and was significantly higher in women than in men. A positive correlation was observed between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and WC (r = 0.56, P < 0.001), female gender (r = 0.73, P < 0.001), and age (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). A high prevalence of abdominal obesity was observed. Predictors of increasing WC were gender, age, FPG, and WHR.

Are field measures of adiposity sufficient to establish fatness-related linkages with metabolic outcomes in adolescents?

OBJECTIVE

To examine the associations between the adiposity-related information conveyed by field fatness measures: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SUM SF) relative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), beyond their common intercorrelations, with three important metabolic variables in US adolescents.

METHODS

We analyzed data on adiposity and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) from three US national surveys. In two-stage least-square modeling, we first calculated the common adiposity variance, and then used multivariate linear and quantile regressions to access residual associations with each measure.

RESULTS

Basic associations for each of the adiposity measures were similar but differences emerged in residual adiposity analyses scaled by s.d. units. While a 1 s.d. change in residual variance in DXA total fat beyond that accounted for by BMI (DXA|BMI) was strongly and significantly associated with all outcomes, associations with DXA accounting for SUM SF (DXA|SUM SF) and WC (DXA|WC) were weak or nonsignificant. Contrasted amongst themselves, the residual score association between BMI|SUM SF (β=0.06, P<0.0001) and HOMA-IR was weaker, and half as strong as that for the converse, SUM SF|BMI (β=0.13, P=0.020). SUM SF|WC was stronger than WC|SUM SF (β=0.08, P<0.0001 vs SUM SF|WC β=0.13, P<0.0001). Associations were similar for TGs and TC.

CONCLUSIONS

Laboratory methods like DXA offer minimal explanatory advantage over field methods in assessing adiposity-related contributions to metabolic outcomes in adolescents. Among the simple fatness measures, skinfolds convey additional information beyond BMI and WC when estimating associations both at the population mean and at the upper extremes of metabolic factors.

The association of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and waist circumference in northern adults in Iran: a population based study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) level and Waist Circumference (WC) in men and women among 25-65 years old people in the north of Iran.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional and analytical research gender that carried out on the 1797 subjects (941 males and 856 females) between 25-65 years old using multistage cluster sampling technique. FBG was measured in the morning after a 12-hour fast and was determined by using laboratory kits (enzymatic methods) and spectrophotometry technique. Central obesity was defined based on World Health Organization criteria: waist circumference ≥102 cm and ≥88 cm in men and women, respectively. The SPSS.16 software was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

As whole, the mean of FBG in women (98.3 ± 40.1 mg/dl) was higher than in men (94.6 ± 32.2 mg/dl). Also, the mean of WC in men 4.5 cm was lower than in women. In men, the mean of FBG statistically differs between normal and central obese subjects both in 35-45 year-age group (P = 0.001) and in 45-55 year-age group (P = 0.042). As whole, in men, the FBG level increased up 2.82 mg/dl in each 10 cm of WC with the highest rate in 35-45 year-age group. In totally, in women, the FBG level increased up 3.48 mg/dl in each 10 cm of WC and in 25-35 year-age group and it was higher than in other age groups. In men, the regression coefficients were constant with age increasing while in women it was decreased. Constant trend in men and decreasing trend in women with age was shown between FBG and WC. The cut-off point of WC for detecting of diabetes obtained 89 cm and 107 cm in men and women, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The positive correlation was seen between WC and FBG level and it was declined with age in women. Cut-off point for detecting of diabetes in men was less than in women. WC is useable as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among adults in the north of Iran.

Relationship between obesity and serum reactive oxygen metabolites in adolescents

OBJECTIVES

Various cross-sectional studies have revealed a significant positive relationship between systemic oxidative stress and obesity-related indices such as body mass index (BMI, kg/m²). However, little is known of the role of oxidative stress during adolescence. The aim of this study was to determine the association between obesity and serum reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in adolescents.

METHOD

A total of 595 healthy junior high school students from northern Japan were enrolled in the study. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring serum levels of ROM. Obesity indices included BMI and percentage body fat (PBF). The analyses were stratified by sex and controlled for age and menarche. Partial correlation coefficients and analysis of covariance were also analyzed.

RESULTS

In female students, ROM levels increased with increasing BMI and PBF. Therefore, ROM levels were significantly higher in the underweight group than in the BMI-classified overweight-obese (P < 0.001) and normal weight groups (P < 0.05). ROM levels were significantly higher in the high PBF group than in the underweight (P < 0.05) and normal groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results of this study show that, regardless of menarche, obesity indicators such as BMI and PBF are correlated with the level of oxidative stress in female adolescents.