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Miguel CB, da Silva TA, Rodrigues WF, Oliveira-Brito PKM, Roque-Barreira MC, Lazo-Chica JE. Administration of artinm lectin reduces the severity of the acute phase infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:295-304. [PMID: 33977231 PMCID: PMC8103718 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection is associated with a strong inflammatory reaction, physiological changes, amastigote nests in tissues, and hematological alterations. ArtinM, a lectin extracted from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds, is a homotetramer exhibiting immunomodulatory properties that promotes Th1 immune responses against intracellular pathogens, including the induction of neutrophil migration and increase in IL‐12 production. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ArtinM on experimental Chagas disease in mice. We evaluated mouse survival curves, parasitemia, hematological parameters including quantification of inflammatory infiltrates, and amastigote nests in cardiac tissue during infection. The results showed a reduced number of parasites in the blood, an increase in animal survival, improvements in hematological parameters, and decrease in inflammatory infiltrates and amastigote nests in the group treated with ArtinM. Collectively, these data suggest that the administration of ArtinM can lower the number of parasites in peak parasitemia caused by the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and can increase survival of infected mice. The observed reduction in cardiac tissue injury may be due to fewer T. cruzi amastigote nests and lower levels of inflammatory infiltrates. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the use of ArtinM as a potential alternative therapeutic for treating Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Botelho Miguel
- Postgraduate course in Health Sciences Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Kellen Martins Oliveira-Brito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo-Chica
- Postgraduate course in Health Sciences Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil.,Discipline of Cell Biology/Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro Uberaba Minas Gerais Brazil
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Isolation and Antitrypanosomal Characterization of Furoquinoline and Oxylipin from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121670. [PMID: 33322191 PMCID: PMC7763825 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of vaccines, there is a need for alternative sources of effective chemotherapy for African trypanosomiasis (AT). The increasing rate of resistance and toxicity of commercially available antitrypanosomal drugs also necessitates an investigation into the mode of action of new antitrypanosomals for AT. In this study, furoquinoline 4, 7, 8-trimethoxyfuro (2, 3-b) quinoline (compound 1) and oxylipin 9-oxo-10, 12-octadecadienoic acid (compound 2) were isolated from the plant species Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam) Zepern and Timler (root), and their in vitro efficacy and mechanisms of action investigated in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the species responsible for AT. Both compounds resulted in a selectively significant growth inhibition of T. brucei (compound 1, half-maximal effective concentration EC50 = 1.7 μM, selectivity indices SI = 74.9; compound 2, EC50 = 1.2 μM, SI = 107.3). With regards to effect on the cell cycle phases of T. brucei, only compound 1 significantly arrested the second growth-mitotic (G2-M) phase progression even though G2-M and DNA replication (S) phase arrest resulted in the overall reduction of T. brucei cells in G0-G1 for both compounds. Moreover, both compounds resulted in the aggregation and distortion of the elongated slender morphology of T. brucei. Analysis of antioxidant potential revealed that at their minimum and maximum concentrations, the compounds exhibited significant oxidative activities in T. brucei (compound 1, 22.7 μM Trolox equivalent (TE), 221.2 μM TE; compound 2, 15.0 μM TE, 297.7 μM TE). Analysis of growth kinetics also showed that compound 1 exhibited a relatively consistent growth inhibition of T. brucei at different concentrations as compared to compound 2. The results suggest that compounds 1 and 2 are promising antitrypanosomals with the potential for further development into novel AT chemotherapy.
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A High-Fat Diet Exacerbates the Course of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection That Can Be Mitigated by Treatment with Simvastatin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1230461. [PMID: 32596277 PMCID: PMC7298325 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1230461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is responsible for triggering a damage immune response in the host cardiovascular system. This parasite has a high affinity for host lipoproteins and uses the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor for its invasion. Assuming that the presence of LDL cholesterol in tissues could facilitate T. cruzi proliferation, dietary composition may affect the parasite-host relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate myocarditis in T. cruzi-infected C57BL/6 mice-acute phase-fed a high-fat diet and treated with simvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication. Animals (n = 10) were infected with 5 × 103 cells of the VL-10 strain of T. cruzi and treated or untreated daily with 20 mg/kg simvastatin, starting 24 h after infection and fed with a normolipidic or high-fat diet. Also, uninfected mice, treated or not with simvastatin and fed with normolipidic or high-fat diet, were evaluated as control groups. Analyses to measure the production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); total hepatic lipid dosage; cholesterol; and fractions, as well as histopathological analysis, were performed on day 30 using cardiac and fat tissues. Our results showed that the high-fat diet increased (i) parasite replication, (ii) fat accumulation in the liver, (iii) total cholesterol and LDL levels, and (iv) the host inflammatory state through the production of the cytokine TNF. However, simvastatin only reduced the production of CCL2 but not that of other inflammatory mediators or biochemical parameters. Together, our data suggest that the high-fat diet may have worsened the biochemical parameters of the uninfected and T. cruzi-infected animals, as well as favored the survival of circulating parasites.
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Maurya R, Bhattacharya P, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. Leptin Functions in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2741. [PMID: 30534129 PMCID: PMC6275238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a pleiotropic protein has long been recognized to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and other physiological functions through its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and encoded by the obese (ob) gene. Leptin acts as a central mediator which regulates immunity as well as nutrition. Importantly, leptin can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Leptin deficiency/resistance is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production, increased susceptibility toward infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition and inflammatory responses. Malnutrition induces a state of immunodeficiency and an inclination to death from communicable diseases. Infectious diseases are the disease of poor who invariably suffer from malnutrition that could result from reduced serum leptin levels. Thus, leptin has been placed at the center of many interrelated functions in various pathogenic conditions, such as bacterial, viruses and parasitic infections. We review herein, the recent advances on the role of leptin in malnutrition in pathogenesis of infectious diseases with a particular emphasis on parasitic diseases such as Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Amoebiasis, and Malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Wen JJ, Porter C, Garg NJ. Inhibition of NFE2L2-Antioxidant Response Element Pathway by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Contributes to Development of Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Chagas Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:550-566. [PMID: 28132522 PMCID: PMC5567598 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the effects of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) on nuclear factor (erythroid 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) transcription factor activity during Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection and determined whether enhancing the mtROS scavenging capacity preserved the heart function in Chagas disease. RESULTS C57BL/6 wild type (WT, female) mice infected with Tc exhibited myocardial loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, complex II (CII)-driven coupled respiration, and ninefold increase in mtROS production. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that Tc infection resulted in an ROS-dependent decline in the expression, nuclear translocation, antioxidant response element (ARE) binding, and activity of NFE2L2, and 35-99% decline in antioxidants' (gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase [γGCS], heme oxygenase-1 [HO1], glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit [GCLM], thioredoxin (Trx), glutathione S transferase [GST], and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 [NQO1]) expression. An increase in myocardial and mitochondrial oxidative adducts, myocardial interventricular septum thickness, and left ventricle (LV) mass, a decline in LV posterior wall thickness, and disproportionate synthesis of collagens (COLI/COLIII), αSMA, and SM22α were noted in WT.Tc mice. Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in cultured cells (HeLa or cardiomyocytes) and MnSODtg mice preserved the NFE2L2 transcriptional activity and antioxidant/oxidant balance, and cardiac oxidative and fibrotic pathology were significantly decreased in MnSODtg.Tc mice. Importantly, echocardiography finding of a decline in LV systolic (stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction) and diastolic (early/late peak filling ratio, myocardial performance index) function in WT.Tc mice was abolished in MnSODtg.Tc mice. Innovation and Conclusion: The mtROS inhibition of NFE2L2/ARE pathway constitutes a key mechanism in signaling the fibrotic gene expression and evolution of chronic cardiomyopathy. Preserving the NFE2L2 activity arrested the mitochondrial and cardiac oxidative stress, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure in Chagas disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 550-566.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Jianjun Wen
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas
| | - Craig Porter
- 2 Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children , Galveston, Texas.,3 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas.,4 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas.,5 Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) , Galveston, Texas
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Assunção LS, Magalhães KG, Carneiro AB, Molinaro R, Almeida PE, Atella GC, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Schistosomal-derived lysophosphatidylcholine triggers M2 polarization of macrophages through PPARγ dependent mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:246-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is a lifelong and persistent infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in South and Central America. Owing to immigration and additional risks from blood transfusion and organ transplantation, the number of reported cases of Chagas disease has increased recently in Europe and the USA. The disease is caused by a moderate to intense lasting inflammatory response that triggers local expression of inflammatory mediators and activates and recruits leukocytes to various tissues to eliminate the parasites. RECENT FINDINGS This long-term inflammatory process triggers biochemical, physiological and morphological alterations and clinical changes in the digestive, nervous and cardiac (e.g. myocarditis, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, autonomic dysfunctions and microcirculatory disturbances) systems. Indeed, the pathogenesis of Chagas disease is intricate and multifactorial, and the roles of the parasite and the immune response in initiating and maintaining the disease are still controversial. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of 'strategies' employed by the parasite to persist in the host and host defence mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which can result in equilibrium (absence of the disease) or disease development, mainly in the cardiac systems.
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Trypanosoma cruzi infection and host lipid metabolism. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:902038. [PMID: 25276058 PMCID: PMC4168237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. Approximately 8 million people are thought to be affected worldwide. Several players in host lipid metabolism have been implicated in T. cruzi-host interactions in recent research, including macrophages, adipocytes, low density lipoprotein (LDL), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). All of these factors are required to maintain host lipid homeostasis and are intricately connected via several metabolic pathways. We reviewed the interaction of T. cruzi with each of the relevant host components, in order to further understand the roles of host lipid metabolism in T. cruzi infection. This review sheds light on the potential impact of T. cruzi infection on the status of host lipid homeostasis.
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Vicco MH, Ferini F, Rodeles L, Baretta M, Marcipar I, Bottasso OA. Non-uremic calciphylaxis and Chagas disease. Rev Clin Esp 2014; 214:e55-7. [PMID: 24698001 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Vicco
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", Santa Fe, CP: 3000, Argentina.
| | - F Ferini
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital J.B "Iturraspe", Bv. Pellegrini 3551, Santa Fe, CP: 3000, Argentina
| | - L Rodeles
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital J.B "Iturraspe", Bv. Pellegrini 3551, Santa Fe, CP: 3000, Argentina
| | - M Baretta
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital J.B "Iturraspe", Bv. Pellegrini 3551, Santa Fe, CP: 3000, Argentina
| | - I Marcipar
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje "El Pozo", Santa Fe, CP: 3000, Argentina
| | - O A Bottasso
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3102, Rosario, CP: 2002, Santa Fe, Argentina
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