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Lauer DA, Lawing AM, Short RA, Manthi FK, Müller J, Head JJ, McGuire JL. Disruption of trait-environment relationships in African megafauna occurred in the middle Pleistocene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4016. [PMID: 37463920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian megafauna have been critical to the functioning of Earth's biosphere for millions of years. However, since the Plio-Pleistocene, their biodiversity has declined concurrently with dramatic environmental change and hominin evolution. While these biodiversity declines are well-documented, their implications for the ecological function of megafaunal communities remain uncertain. Here, we adapt ecometric methods to evaluate whether the functional link between communities of herbivorous, eastern African megafauna and their environments (i.e., functional trait-environment relationships) was disrupted as biodiversity losses occurred over the past 7.4 Ma. Herbivore taxonomic and functional diversity began to decline during the Pliocene as open grassland habitats emerged, persisted, and expanded. In the mid-Pleistocene, grassland expansion intensified, and climates became more variable and arid. It was then that phylogenetic diversity declined, and the trait-environment relationships of herbivore communities shifted significantly. Our results divulge the varying implications of different losses in megafaunal biodiversity. Only the losses that occurred since the mid-Pleistocene were coincident with a disturbance to community ecological function. Prior diversity losses, conversely, occurred as the megafaunal species and trait pool narrowed towards those adapted to grassland environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lauer
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - A Michelle Lawing
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rachel A Short
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Rapid City, SD, 57703, USA
| | - Fredrick K Manthi
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johannes Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason J Head
- Department of Zoology and University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Pauers MJ, Hoffmann J, Ackley LJB. Differences among reciprocal hybrids of Labeotropheus. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2022; 850:2149-2164. [PMID: 36466299 PMCID: PMC9684848 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-022-05092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that hybridization played a crucial role in the early evolution and diversification of the species flocks of cichlid fishes in the African Great Lakes. Nonetheless, evidence for hybridization in the extant cichlid fauna is scant, suggesting that hybridization is rare in the modern era, perhaps enforced by natural or sexual selection acting against F1 hybrids. Additionally, most experimental studies of hybridization perform a hybrid cross in one direction, ignoring the reciprocal hybrid. In this study, we perform reciprocal crosses between sympatric congeners from Lake Malaŵi, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and L. trewavasae, in order to compare the body shape and coloration of males of both of these hybrids, as well as to examine how these hybrids fare during both inter- and intrasexual interactions. We found that L. trewavasae-sired hybrid males are intermediate to the parental species both morphologically and chromatically, while the reciprocal L. fuelleborni-sired hybrids are likely transgressive hybrids. Males of these transgressive hybrids also fare poorly during our mate choice experiments. While female L. trewavasae reject them as possible mates, male L. trewavasae do not make a distinction between them and conspecific males. Selection against transgressive F1 hybrids as observed in our crossing experiments may help explain why contemporary hybridization in Lake Malaŵi cichlids appears to be rare. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-022-05092-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Pauers
- Section of Vertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI USA
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Waukesha, 1500 N. University Drive, Waukesha, WI USA
- School of Freshwater Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Jacob Hoffmann
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Waukesha, 1500 N. University Drive, Waukesha, WI USA
| | - Leah Jiang-Bo Ackley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2900 N. Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI USA
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Maxombe EL, Vieira LD, Sierens T, Triest L, Collevatti RG. Holocene climate changes explain the spatial pattern in genetic diversity in populations of Cyperus papyrus from Southeast Africa wetlands. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:295-304. [PMID: 36163272 PMCID: PMC9613894 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world because more than 70% of the area worldwide has been lost since 1900. Wetland plant species rely greatly on water for seeds and propagules, which may lead to a downstream unidirectional dispersal and accumulation of genetic diversity downstream. However, several species show no support for unidirectional genetic diversity, revealing the complexity of population dynamics and gene flow in wetlands. Here, we used microsatellite loci to address how the past demographic dynamics shaped the contemporary spatial pattern in genetic diversity and population structure of Cyperus papyrus in wetlands of Southeast Africa. Using spatially explicit analysis and coalescent modelling, we found no support for unidirectional dispersal. Instead, we found higher genetic diversity in populations upstream than downstream in the river basin. We also found high admixture among populations, most likely due to connections between adjacent river basins during sporadic floods, and ongoing gene flow due to bird-mediated seed dispersal. Our results suggest stepping-stone migration due to strong isolation-by-distance, but not necessarily unidirectional. Moreover, the past demographic dynamics in the Holocene shaped the current pattern of genetic diversity and structure, leading to higher genetic diversity in populations upstream the Zambezi river basin. Our results also point to the very low genetic diversity of C. papyrus populations in Southeast Africa and the need for management and conservation strategies to guarantee the long-term persistence of the species in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Luís Maxombe
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
- Faculdade de Geociências, Universidade Rovuma, Avenida Josina Machel, Caixa Postal 544, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Lucas Donizetti Vieira
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Tim Sierens
- Plant Biology and Nature Management, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Triest
- Plant Biology and Nature Management, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Rosane Garcia Collevatti
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil.
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4
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Astudillo-Clavijo V, Stiassny MLJ, Ilves KL, Musilova Z, Salzburger W, López-Fernández H. Exon-based phylogenomics and the relationships of African cichlid fishes: tackling the challenges of reconstructing phylogenies with repeated rapid radiations. Syst Biol 2022; 72:134-149. [PMID: 35880863 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African cichlids (subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae) are among the most diverse vertebrates, and their propensity for repeated rapid radiation has made them a celebrated model system in evolutionary research. Nonetheless, despite numerous studies, phylogenetic uncertainty persists, and riverine lineages remain comparatively underrepresented in higher-level phylogenetic studies. Heterogeneous gene histories resulting from incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and hybridization are likely sources of uncertainty, especially during episodes of rapid speciation. We investigate relationships of Pseudocrenilabrinae and its close relatives while accounting for multiple sources of genetic discordance using species tree and hybrid network analyses with hundreds of single-copy exons. We improve sequence recovery for distant relatives, thereby extending the taxonomic reach of our probes, with a hybrid reference guided/de novo assembly approach. Our analyses provide robust hypotheses for most higher-level relationships and reveal widespread gene heterogeneity, including in riverine taxa. ILS and past hybridization are identified as sources of genetic discordance in different lineages. Sampling of various Blenniiformes (formerly Ovalentaria) adds strong phylogenomic support for convict blennies (Pholidichthyidae) as sister to Cichlidae, and points to other potentially useful protein-coding markers across the order. A reliable phylogeny with representatives from diverse environments will support ongoing taxonomic and comparative evolutionary research in the cichlid model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Astudillo-Clavijo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, M5S 2C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024-5102, USA
| | - Katriina L Ilves
- Research & Collections, Zoology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - Zuzana Musilova
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hernán López-Fernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, M5S 2C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Rahmouni C, Vanhove MPM, Šimková A, Van Steenberge M. Morphological and Genetic Divergence in a Gill Monogenean Parasitizing Distant Cichlid Lineages of Lake Tanganyika: Cichlidogyrus nshomboi (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Representatives of Boulengerochromini and Perissodini. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Channing A, Schmitz A, Zancolli G, Conradie W, Rödel MO. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the African frog genus Strongylopus (Anura: Pyxicephalidae). REV SUISSE ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.35929/rsz.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Channing
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- Muséum d'histoire naturelle, UREC - Herpetology & Ichthyology, C.P. 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Zancolli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Sorge Bâtiment Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), P.O. Box 13147, Humewood, Gqeberha 6013, South Africa
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibnitz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Gu Q, Wang S, Zhong H, Yuan H, Yang J, Yang C, Huang X, Xu X, Wang Y, Wei Z, Wang J, Liu S. Phylogeographic relationships and the evolutionary history of the Carassius auratus complex with a newly born homodiploid raw fish (2nNCRC). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:242. [PMID: 35350975 PMCID: PMC8962218 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
An important aspect of studying evolution is to understand how new species are formed and their uniqueness is maintained. Hybridization can lead to the formation of new species through reorganization of the adaptive system and significant changes in phenotype. Interestingly, eight stable strains of 2nNCRC derived from interspecies hybridization have been established in our laboratory. To examine the phylogeographical pattern of the widely distributed genus Carassius across Eurasia and investigate the possible homoploid hybrid origin of the Carassius auratus complex lineage in light of past climatic events, the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and one nuclear DNA were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship between the C. auratus complex and 2nNCRC and to assess how demographic history, dispersal and barriers to gene flow have led to the current distribution of the C. auratus complex.
Results
As expected, 2nNCRC had a very close relationship with the C. auratus complex and similar morphological characteristics to those of the C. auratus complex, which is genetically distinct from the other three species of Carassius. The estimation of divergence time and ancestral state demonstrated that the C. auratus complex possibly originated from the Yangtze River basin in China. There were seven sublineages of the C. auratus complex across Eurasia and at least four mtDNA lineages endemic to particular geographical regions in China. The primary colonization route from China to Mongolia and the Far East (Russia) occurred during the Late Pliocene, and the diversification of other sublineages of the C. auratus complex specifically coincided with the interglacial stage during the Early and Mid-Pleistocene in China.
Conclusion
Our results support the origin of the C. auratus complex in China, and its wide distribution across Eurasia was mainly due to natural Pleistocene dispersal and recent anthropogenic translocation. The sympatric distribution of the ancestral area for both parents of 2nNCRC and the C. auratus complex, as well as the significant changes in the structure of pharyngeal teeth and morphological characteristics between 2nNCRC and its parents, imply that homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) for C. auratus could likely have occurred in nature. The diversification pattern indicated an independent evolutionary history of the C. auratus complex, which was not separated from the most recent common ancestor of C. carassius or C. cuvieri. Considering that the paleoclimate oscillation and the development of an eastward-flowing drainage system during the Pliocene and Pleistocene in China provided an opportunity for hybridization between divergent lineages, the formation of 2nNCRC in our laboratory could be a good candidate for explaining the HHS of C. auratus in nature.
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Ojara MA, Yunsheng L, Ongoma V, Mumo L, Akodi D, Ayugi B, Ogwang BA. Projected changes in East African climate and its impacts on climatic suitability of maize production areas by the mid-twenty-first century. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:831. [PMID: 34797418 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize crop (Zea mays) is one of the staple foods in the East African (EA) region. However, the suitability of its production area is threatened by projected climate change. The Multimodel Ensemble (MME) from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) models was used in this paper to show climate change between the recent past (1970-2000) and the future (2041-2060), i.e., the mid-twenty-first century. The climatic suitability of maize crop production areas is evaluated based on these climate datasets and the current maize crop presence points using Maximum entropy models (MaxEnt). The MME projection showed a slight increase in precipitation under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in certain places and a reduction in most of southern Tanzania. The temperature projection showed that the minimum temperature would increase by 0.3 to 2.95 °C and 0.3 to 3.2 °C under RCP4.5 and 8.5, respectively. Moreover, the maximum temperature would increase by 1.0 to 3.0 °C and 1.2 to 3.6 °C under RCP4.5 and 8.5 respectively. The impacts of these projected changes in climate on maize production areas are the reduction in the suitability of the crop, especially around central and western Tanzania, mid-northern and western Uganda, and parts of western Kenya by 20-40%, and patches of EA will experience a reduction of as high as 40-60%, especially in northern Uganda, and western Kenya. The projected changes in temperature and precipitation present a significant negative change in maize crop suitability. Thus, food security and the efforts towards the elimination of hunger in EA by the mid-twenty-first century will be hampered significantly. We recommend crop diversification to suit the new future environments, modernizing maize farming programs through the adoption of new technologies including irrigation, and climate-smart agricultural practices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses A Ojara
- Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- Directorate of Training and Research, Uganda National Meteorological Authority, Plot 21, 28 Port Bell Rd, P.O. Box 7025, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Lou Yunsheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Victor Ongoma
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Lucia Mumo
- Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - David Akodi
- National Agricultural Organization, NARO Uganda, P.O. Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Ayugi
- Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bob Alex Ogwang
- Directorate of Training and Research, Uganda National Meteorological Authority, Plot 21, 28 Port Bell Rd, P.O. Box 7025, Kampala, Uganda
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Inner Workings: Reeling in answers to the "freshwater fish paradox". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113780118. [PMID: 34470824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113780118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Van Bocxlaer B, Clewing C, Duputié A, Roux C, Albrecht C. Population collapse in viviparid gastropods of the Lake Victoria ecoregion started before the Last Glacial Maximum. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:364-378. [PMID: 33463839 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems of Lake Victoria and riparian communities have been strongly disrupted by the introduction of the invasive Nile perch and its fishing industry. Beyond this invasion and other recent anthropogenic stressors, the Lake Victoria ecoregion also underwent phases of pronounced aridity over the Late Pleistocene, lastly during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The consequences of recent and historic environmental change have been canvassed for the adaptive radiation of haplochromine cichlids occupying the ecoregion, but their effect on freshwater invertebrate diversity remains largely unknown. Here, we use 15 microsatellite loci and approximate Bayesian computation to test whether viviparid gastropods experienced a population bottleneck during the LGM, as did cichlids. Clustering analyses support three viviparid gene pools in the Lake Victoria ecoregion, gathering specimens from 1) Lake Albert and the White Nile, 2) the Victoria Nile and Lake Kyoga and 3) Lake Victoria and tributaries. The last group contains the highest genetic diversity, but all groups have a considerable number of private alleles and are inferred to predate the LGM. Examinations of demographic history reveal a 190- to 500-fold population decline that started ~ 125-150 ka ago, thus substantially before the LGM bottleneck documented in haplochromine cichlids. Population collapses in viviparids are an order of magnitude more severe than declines in cichlids and have not been halted by the re-establishment of freshwater ecosystems since the LGM. Recent anthropogenic ecosystem deterioration is causing homogenization of previously diversified microhabitats, which may contribute to (local) extinction and enhanced gene flow among species within gene pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Van Bocxlaer
- CNRS and University of Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | - Catharina Clewing
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Duputié
- CNRS and University of Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | - Camille Roux
- CNRS and University of Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Chibwana FD, Tumwebaze I, Mahulu A, Sands AF, Albrecht C. Assessing the diversity and distribution of potential intermediate hosts snails for urogenital schistosomiasis: Bulinus spp. (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) of Lake Victoria. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:418. [PMID: 32795373 PMCID: PMC7427762 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lake Victoria basin is one of the most persistent hotspots of schistosomiasis in Africa, the intestinal form of the disease being studied more often than the urogenital form. Most schistosomiasis studies have been directed to Schistosoma mansoni and their corresponding intermediate snail hosts of the genus Biomphalaria, while neglecting S. haematobium and their intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus. In the present study, we used DNA sequences from part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region to investigate Bulinus populations obtained from a longitudinal survey in Lake Victoria and neighbouring systems during 2010-2019. METHODS Sequences were obtained to (i) determine specimen identities, diversity and phylogenetic positions, (ii) reconstruct phylogeographical affinities, and (iii) determine the population structure to discuss the results and their implications for the transmission and epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis in Lake Victoria. RESULTS Phylogenies, species delimitation methods (SDMs) and statistical parsimony networks revealed the presence of two main groups of Bulinus species occurring in Lake Victoria; B. truncatus/B. tropicus complex with three species (B. truncatus, B. tropicus and Bulinus sp. 1), dominating the lake proper, and a B. africanus group, prevalent in banks and marshes. Although a total of 47 cox1 haplotypes, were detected within and outside Lake Victoria, there was limited haplotype sharing (only Haplotype 6 was shared between populations from Lake Victoria open waters and neighbouring aquatic systems) - an indication that haplotypes are specific to habitats. CONCLUSIONS The Bulinus fauna of Lake Victoria consists of at least B. truncatus, B. tropicus, Bulinus sp. 1 (B. trigonus?) and B. ugandae. The occurrence and wide distribution of Bulinus species in Lake Victoria potentially implies the occurrence of urogenital schistosomiasis in communities living along the shores and on islands of the lake who depend solely on the lake for their livelihood. More in-depth studies are needed to obtain a better picture of the extent of the disease in the Lake Victoria basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D. Chibwana
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Immaculate Tumwebaze
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Mahulu
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arthur F. Sands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Kmentová N, Bray RA, Koblmüller S, Artois T, De Keyzer ELR, Gelnar M, Vanhove MPM, Georgieva S. Uncharted digenean diversity in Lake Tanganyika: cryptogonimids (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) infecting endemic lates perches (Actinopterygii: Latidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:221. [PMID: 32357898 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lake Tanganyika is considered a biodiversity hotspot with exceptional species richness and level of endemism. Given the global importance of the lake in the field of evolutionary biology, the understudied status of its parasite fauna is surprising with a single digenean species reported to date. Although the most famous group within the lake's fish fauna are cichlids, the pelagic zone is occupied mainly by endemic species of clupeids (Actinopterygii: Clupeidae) and lates perches (Actinopterygii: Latidae, Lates Cuvier), which are an important commercial source for local fisheries. In this study, we focused on the lake's four lates perches and targeted their thus far unexplored endoparasitic digenean fauna. METHODS A total of 85 lates perches from four localities in Lake Tanganyika were examined. Cryptogonimid digeneans were studied by means of morphological and molecular characterisation. Partial sequences of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were sequenced for a representative subset of the specimens recovered. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted at the family level under Bayesian inference. RESULTS Our integrative approach revealed the presence of six species within the family Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917. Three out of the four species of Lates were found to be infected with at least one cryptogonimid species. Two out of the three reported genera are new to science. Low interspecific but high intraspecific phenotypic and genetic diversity was found among Neocladocystis spp. Phylogenetic inference based on partial 28S rDNA sequences revealed a sister group relationship for two of the newly erected genera and their close relatedness to the widely distributed genus Acanthostomum Looss, 1899. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first comprehensive characterisation of the digenean diversity in a fish family from Lake Tanganyika which will serve as a baseline for future explorations of the lake's digenean fauna. Our study highlights the importance of employing an integrative approach for revealing the diversity in this unique host-parasite system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kmentová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rodney A Bray
- Parasitic Worms Division, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Els Lea R De Keyzer
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.,Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 17, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Simona Georgieva
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 46071, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Ortiz-Sepulveda CM, Stelbrink B, Vekemans X, Albrecht C, Riedel F, Todd JA, Van Bocxlaer B. Diversification dynamics of freshwater bivalves (Unionidae: Parreysiinae: Coelaturini) indicate historic hydrographic connections throughout the East African Rift System. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106816. [PMID: 32289448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates are exceptionally diverse, but many are in decline because of anthropogenic changes to their habitat. This situation is particularly problematic for taxa that are not well monitored or taxonomically poorly understood, because the lack of knowledge hampers conservation. Despite their important functional role in freshwater ecosystems, African bivalves of the family Unionidae remain poorly studied compared to their highly threatened relatives in Europe, the U.S.A. and Canada. To resolve relationships and to study diversification dynamics in space and time, we performed time-calibrated phylogenetic studies and biogeographical modeling on the unionids from the East African Rift System and surroundings, including representatives of all currently recognized Afrotropical genera except for Brazzaea (and Unio from southern Africa). Our analyses indicate that all sampled Afrotropical unionids belong to the tribe Coelaturini (subfamily Parreysiinae), as does the genus Moncetia from Lake Tanganyika, which is currently attributed to the family Iridinidae. Colonization of Africa from Eurasia by Parreysiinae occurred ~17 Ma ago, and the subsequent diversification of Coelaturini in Africa continued at a steady pace, although net diversification decreased over time as more niches and ecoregions became occupied. Clades in Coelaturini largely reflect drainage basins, with the oldest lineages and highest regional diversity occurring in Lake Tanganyika, followed by the Congo Basin watershed in general. The species assemblage of Lake Tanganyika reflects multiple independent events of colonization and intralacustrine diversification since the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The clades of other regions, including that containing the species from Lake Malawi, are comparatively young. Biogeographical analyses indicate that the colonization history was mainly driven by cladogenesis in sympatry, whereas few anagenetic events contributed to the modern distribution of Coelaturini. Ancestral range estimations demonstrate that Coelaturini originated in the Victoria and/or Tanganyika ecoregions, and that the Congo Basin played an essential role in the colonization of Africa by Coelaturini.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Riedel
- Department of Paleontology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Todd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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14
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Saarman NP, Opiro R, Hyseni C, Echodu R, Opiyo EA, Dion K, Johnson T, Aksoy S, Caccone A. The population genomics of multiple tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) admixture zones in Uganda. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:66-85. [PMID: 30471158 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that enforce, maintain or reverse the process of speciation is an important challenge in evolutionary biology. This study investigates the patterns of divergence and discusses the processes that form and maintain divergent lineages of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda. We sampled 251 flies from 18 sites spanning known genetic lineages and the four admixture zones between them. We apply population genomics, hybrid zone and approximate Bayesian computation to the analysis of three types of genetic markers: 55,267 double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) SNPs to assess genome-wide admixture, 16 microsatellites to provide continuity with published data and accurate biogeographic modelling, and a 491-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II to infer maternal inheritance patterns. Admixture zones correspond with regions impacted by the reorganization of Uganda's river networks that occurred during the formation of the West African Rift system over the last several hundred thousand years. Because tsetse fly population distributions are defined by rivers, admixture zones likely represent both old and new regions of secondary contact. Our results indicate that older hybrid zones contain mostly parental types, while younger zones contain variable hybrid types resulting from multiple generations of interbreeding. These findings suggest that reproductive barriers are nearly complete in the older admixture zones, while nearly absent in the younger admixture zones. Findings are consistent with predictions of hybrid zone theory: Populations in zones of secondary contact transition rapidly from early to late stages of speciation or collapse all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah P Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Opiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Uganda
| | | | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Dieleman J, Van Bocxlaer B, Nyingi WD, Lyaruu A, Verschuren D. Recurrent changes in cichlid dentition linked to climate‐driven lake‐level fluctuations. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Dieleman
- Limnology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Ghent B‐9000 Belgium
| | - Bert Van Bocxlaer
- Limnology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Ghent B‐9000 Belgium
- UMR 8198 – Evolution, Ecology, Paleontology CNRS University of Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Wanja Dorothy Nyingi
- Ichthyology Section Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya P.O. Box 40658‐00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Anna Lyaruu
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1090 GE The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Verschuren
- Limnology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35 Ghent B‐9000 Belgium
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16
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Gu QH, Husemann M, Wu HH, Dong J, Zhou CJ, Wang XF, Gao YN, Zhang M, Zhu GR, Nie GX. Phylogeography of Bellamya (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) snails on different continents: contrasting patterns of diversification in China and East Africa. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 30898091 PMCID: PMC6429760 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species diversity is determined by both local environmental conditions that control differentiation and extinction and the outcome of large-scale processes that affect migration. The latter primarily comprises climatic change and dynamic landscape alteration. In the past few million years, both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa experienced drastic climatic and geological oscillations: in Southeast Asia, especially in China, the Tibetan Plateau significantly rose up, and the flow of the Yangtze River was reversed. In East Africa, lakes and rivers experienced frequent range expansions and regressions due to the African mega-droughts. To test how such climatic and geological histories of both regions relate to their respective regional species and genetic diversity, a large scale comparative phylogeographic study is essential. Bellamya, a species rich freshwater snail genus that is widely distributed across China and East Africa, represents a suitable model system to address this question. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for members of the genus from China and used published sequences from Africa and some other locations in Asia to investigate their phylogeny and distribution of genetic diversity. RESULTS Our phylogenetic analysis revealed two monophyletic groups, one in China and one in East Africa. Within the Chinese group, Bellamya species show little genetic differentiation. In contrast, we observe fairly deep divergence among the East African lakes with almost every lake possessing its unique clade. Our results show that strong divergence does not necessarily depend on intrinsic characteristics of a species, but rather is related to the landscape dynamics of a region. CONCLUSION Our phylogenetic results suggest that the Bellamya in China and East Africa are independent phylogenetic clades with different evolutionary trajectories. The different climate and geological histories likely contributed to the diverging evolutionary patterns. Repeated range expansions and regressions of lakes likely contributed to the great divergence of Bellamya in East Africa, while reversal of the river courses and intermingling of different lineages had an opposite effect on Bellamya diversification in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian H. Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha City, 410081 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Martin Husemann
- Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hui H. Wu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan J. Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian F. Wang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun N. Gao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo R. Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo X. Nie
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan People’s Republic of China
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Multigene fossil-calibrated analysis of the African lampeyes (Cyprinodontoidei: Procatopodidae) reveals an early Oligocene origin and Neogene diversification driven by palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic events. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-019-00396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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De Keyzer ELR, De Corte Z, Van Steenberge M, Raeymaekers JAM, Calboli FCF, Kmentová N, N’Sibula Mulimbwa T, Virgilio M, Vangestel C, Mulungula PM, Volckaert FAM, Vanhove MPM. First genomic study on Lake Tanganyika sprat Stolothrissa tanganicae: a lack of population structure calls for integrated management of this important fisheries target species. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:6. [PMID: 30621593 PMCID: PMC6323704 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clupeid fisheries in Lake Tanganyika (East Africa) provide food for millions of people in one of the world's poorest regions. Due to climate change and overfishing, the clupeid stocks of Lake Tanganyika are declining. We investigate the population structure of the Lake Tanganyika sprat Stolothrissa tanganicae, using for the first time a genomic approach on this species. This is an important step towards knowing if the species should be managed separately or as a single stock. Population structure is important for fisheries management, yet understudied for many African freshwater species. We hypothesize that distinct stocks of S. tanganicae could be present due to the large size of the lake (isolation by distance), limnological variation (adaptive evolution), or past separation of the lake (historical subdivision). On the other hand, high mobility of the species and lack of obvious migration barriers might have resulted in a homogenous population. RESULTS We performed a population genetic study on wild-caught S. tanganicae through a combination of mitochondrial genotyping (96 individuals) and RAD sequencing (83 individuals). Samples were collected at five locations along a north-south axis of Lake Tanganyika. The mtDNA data had low global FST and, visualised in a haplotype network, did not show phylogeographic structure. RAD sequencing yielded a panel of 3504 SNPs, with low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.0054; 95% CI: 0.0046-0.0066). PCoA, fineRADstructure and global FST suggest a near-panmictic population. Two distinct groups are apparent in these analyses (FST = 0.1338 95% CI: 0.1239,0.1445), which do not correspond to sampling locations. Autocorrelation analysis showed a slight increase in genetic difference with increasing distance. No outlier loci were detected in the RADseq data. CONCLUSION Our results show at most very weak geographical structuring of the stock and do not provide evidence for genetic adaptation to historical or environmental differences over a north-south axis. Based on these results, we advise to manage the stock as one population, integrating one management strategy over the four riparian countries. These results are a first comprehensive study on the population structure of these important fisheries target species, and can guide fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els L. R. De Keyzer
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (CEBioS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zoë De Corte
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maarten Van Steenberge
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost A. M. Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, N-8026 Bodø, Norway
| | - Federico C. F. Calboli
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikol Kmentová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Massimiliano Virgilio
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Carl Vangestel
- Joint Experimental Molecular Unit & Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascal Masilya Mulungula
- Département de Biologie, Centre de Recherche en Hydrobiologie, B.P. 73, Uvira, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Filip A. M. Volckaert
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten P. M. Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (CEBioS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 17, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Adeoba MI, Yessoufou K. Analysis of temporal diversification of African Cyprinidae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). Zookeys 2018:141-161. [PMID: 30588160 PMCID: PMC6302146 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.806.25844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence that freshwater fishes diversify faster than marine fishes signifies that the evolutionary history of biodiversity in freshwater system is of particular interest. Here, the evolutionary diversification events of African Cyprinidae, a freshwater fish family with wide geographic distribution, were reconstructed and analysed. The overall diversification rate of African Cyprinidae is 0.08 species per million year (when extinction rate is very high, i.e., ε = 0.9) and 0.11 species per million year (when ε = 0). This overall rate is lower than the rate reported for African Cichlids, suggesting that African freshwaters might be less conducive for a rapid diversification of Cyprinidae. However, the observed diversification events of African Cyprinidae occurred in the last 10 million years. The temporal pattern of these events follows a non-constant episodic birth-death model (Bayes Factor > 28) and the rate-constant model never outperformed any of the non-constant models tested. The fact that most diversification events occurred in the last 10 million years supports the pattern reported for Cyprinidae in other continent, e.g., Asia, perhaps pointing to concomitant diversification globally. However, the diversification events coincided with major geologic and paleo-climatic events in Africa, suggesting that geological and climatic events may have mediated the diversification patterns of Cyprinidae on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam I Adeoba
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kowiyou Yessoufou
- Department of Geography, Environmental management and Energy studies, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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20
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Van Steenberge M, Raeymaekers JAM, Hablützel PI, Vanhove MPM, Koblmüller S, Snoeks J. Delineating species along shifting shorelines: Tropheus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the southern subbasin of Lake Tanganyika. Front Zool 2018; 15:42. [PMID: 30459820 PMCID: PMC6234679 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species delineation is particularly challenging in taxa with substantial intra-specific variation. In systematic studies of fishes, meristics and linear measurements that describe shape are often used to delineate species. Yet, little is known about the taxonomic value of these two types of morphological characteristics. Here, we used Tropheus (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the southern subbasin of Lake Tanganyika to test which of these types of characters best matched genetic lineages that could represent species in this group of stenotypic rock-dwelling cichlids. We further investigated intra-population variation in morphology. By linking this to a proxy of a population's age, we could assess the evolutionary stability of different kinds of morphological markers. RESULTS Morphological data was collected from 570 specimens originating from 86 localities. An AFLP approach revealed the presence of five lineages in the southern subbasin: T. moorii, T. brichardi, T. sp. 'maculatus', T. sp. 'Mpimbwe' and T. sp. 'red', which we consider to represent distinct species. Although both types of morphological data supported this classification, a comparison of PST-values that describe inter-population morphological differentiation, revealed a better correspondence between the taxon delineation based on AFLP data and the patterns revealed by an analysis of meristics than between the AFLP-based taxon delineation and the patterns revealed by an analysis of shape. However, classifying southern populations of Tropheus was inherently difficult as they contained a large amount of clinal variation, both in genetic and in morphological data, and both within and among species. A scenario is put forward to explain the current-day distribution of the species and colour varieties and the observed clinal variation across the subbasin's shoreline. Additionally, we observed that variation in shape was larger in populations from shallow shores whereas populations from steep shores were more variable in meristics. This difference is explained in terms of the different timescales at which small and large scale lake level fluctuations affected populations of littoral cichlids at steep and shallow shores. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed meristics to be more evolutionary stable, and of higher taxonomic value for species delimitation in Tropheus, than linear measurements that describe shape. These results should be taken into account when interpreting morphological differences between populations of highly stenotypic species, such as littoral cichlids from the Great East African Lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Van Steenberge
- Vertebrates Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Pascal István Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten Pieterjan Maria Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 17, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jos Snoeks
- Vertebrates Section, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Kmentová N, Van Steenberge M, Thys van den Audenaerde DFE, Nhiwatiwa T, Muterezi Bukinga F, Mulimbwa N’sibula T, Masilya Mulungula P, Gelnar M, Vanhove MPM. Co-introduction success of monogeneans infecting the fisheries target Limnothrissa miodon differs between two non-native areas: the potential of parasites as a tag for introduction pathway. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Pauers MJ, Fox KR, Hall RA, Patel K. Selection, hybridization, and the evolution of morphology in the Lake Malaŵi endemic cichlids of the genus Labeotropheus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15842. [PMID: 30367138 PMCID: PMC6203788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cichlid fishes of Lake Malaŵi are the paramount example of adaptive radiation in vertebrates. Evidence of their astounding diversity is perhaps most visible in their adaptations for obtaining food; the genus Labeotropheus, due to their prominent snouts, are an interesting example of an extreme adaptation for feeding. Two different body types are found in this genus: a deep-bodied form (e.g., L. fuelleborni) found most often in turbulent shallow water; and a slender bodied form (e.g., L. trewavasae) found in structurally-complex deep water habitats. Here we test the hypothesis that L. trewavasae should suffer a loss in fitness, measured as growth rate, if raised in turbulence; additionally, we examined growth and morphology of L. fuelleborni and L. fuelleborni x L. trewavasae hybrids under these conditions. We did find the predicted loss of fitness in turbulent-raised L. trewavasae, but found no loss of fitness for L. fuelleborni in either condition; hybrids, due to an unusual morphology, performed better in turbulent as opposed to control conditions. Fitness in turbulent conditions was dependent upon morphology, with deeper bodies and upturned neurocrania allowing a greater growth rate under these conditions. Directional selection on morphology was crucial in the evolution of morphology in the Labeotropheus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pauers
- Section of Vertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Waukesha, 1500 N. University Drive, Waukesha, Wisconsin, 53188, USA. .,School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53204, USA.
| | - Kelsey R Fox
- Section of Vertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233, USA
| | - Robert A Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Waukesha, 1500 N. University Drive, Waukesha, Wisconsin, 53188, USA.,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53708, USA
| | - Kesha Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Waukesha, 1500 N. University Drive, Waukesha, Wisconsin, 53188, USA
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Koblmüller S, Zangl L, Börger C, Daill D, Vanhove MPM, Sturmbauer C, Sefc KM. Only true pelagics mix: comparative phylogeography of deepwater bathybatine cichlids from Lake Tanganyika. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2018; 832:93-103. [PMID: 30880831 PMCID: PMC6394743 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-018-3752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of dispersal barriers, species with great dispersal ability are expected to show little, if at all, phylogeographic structure. The East African Great Lakes and their diverse fish faunas provide opportunities to test this hypothesis in pelagic fishes, which are presumed to be highly mobile and unrestricted in their movement by physical barriers. Here, we address the link between panmixis and pelagic habitat use by comparing the phylogeographic structure among four deepwater cichlid species of the tribe Bathybatini from Lake Tanganyika. We show that the mitochondrial genealogies (based on the most variable part or the control region) of the four species are very shallow (0.8-4% intraspecific divergence across entire distribution ranges) and that all species experienced recent population growth. A lack of phylogeographic structure in the two eupelagic species, Bathybates fasciatus and B. leo, was consistent with expectations and with findings in other pelagic cichlid species. Contrary to expectations, a clear phylogeographic structure was detected in the two benthopelagic species, B. graueri and Hemibates stenosoma. Differences in genetic diversity between eupelagic and benthopelagic species may be due to differences in their dispersal propensity, mediated by their respective predatory niches, rather than precipitated by external barriers to dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Května 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Zangl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Börger
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Daill
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Consultants in Aquatic Ecology and Engineering – blattfisch e.U., Gabelsbergerstraße 7, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Maarten P. M. Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 34 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M. Sefc
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Basiita RK, Zenger KR, Mwanja MT, Jerry DR. Gene flow and genetic structure in Nile perch, Lates niloticus, from African freshwater rivers and lakes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200001. [PMID: 29995906 PMCID: PMC6040733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geological evolution of the African continent has been subject to complex processes including uplift, volcanism, desert formation and tectonic rifting. This complex geology has created substantial biogeographical barriers, and coupled with anthropogenic introductions of freshwater fishes, has influenced the genetic diversity, connectivity and sub-structuring of the teleost fauna. Nile perch, Lates niloticus, is an iconic fish in Africa and is of high commercial importance, both in the species' native range and where it has been translocated. However, the species is in decline and there is a need to understand its population genetic structure to facilitate sustainable management of the fishery and aquaculture development. METHODOLOGY Nile perch tissue samples were acquired from two West and four East (Lakes; Albert, Kyoga, Victoria and Turkana) African locations. Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to study the genetic variation among populations across regions (West and East Africa), as well as between native and introduced environments within East Africa. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Results revealed strong and significant genetic structuring among populations across the sampled distribution (divergence across regions, FCT = 0.26, P = 0.000). STRUCTURE analysis at a broad scale revealed K = 2 clusters, the West African individuals were assigned to one cluster, while all individuals from the East African region, regardless of whether native or introduced, were assigned to another cluster. The distinct genetic clusters identified in the current study between the West and East African Nile perch, appear to have been maintained by presence of biogeographic barriers and restricted gene flow between the two regions. Therefore, any translocations of Nile perch should be carefully considered across the regions of West and East Africa. Further analysis at a regional scale revealed further structuring of up to K = 3 genetic clusters in East African Nile perch. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower genetic diversity based on analysis of allelic richness (AR) was obtained for the two translocated populations of Lake Kyoga (AR = 3.61) and Lake Victoria (AR = 3.52), compared to Nile perch populations from their putative origins of Lakes Albert (AR = 4.12) and Turkana (AR = 4.43). The lower genetic diversity in the translocated populations may be an indication of previous bottlenecks and may also indicate a difficulty for these populations to persist and adapt to climatic changes and anthropogenic pressures that are currently present in the East African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose K. Basiita
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- National Agricultural Research Organization, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Aquaculture Research and Development Center Kajjansi, Kampala, Uganda
- WorldFish Zambia Office, Ridgeway Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kyall R. Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew T Mwanja
- National Agricultural Research Organization, National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Aquaculture Research and Development Center Kajjansi, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dean R. Jerry
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Pauquet G, Salzburger W, Egger B. The puzzling phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5637-5648. [PMID: 29938080 PMCID: PMC6010872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astatotilapia burtoni is a member of the "modern haplochromines," the most species-rich lineage within the family of cichlid fishes. Although the species has been in use as research model in various fields of research since almost seven decades, including developmental biology, neurobiology, genetics and genomics, and behavioral biology, little is known about its spatial distribution and phylogeography. Here, we examine the population structure and phylogeographic history of A. burtoni throughout its entire distribution range in the Lake Tanganyika basin. In addition, we include several A. burtoni laboratory strains to trace back their origin from wild populations. To this end, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (d-loop) as well as thousands of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction-associated DNA sequencing. Our analyses reveal high population structure and deep divergence among several lineages, however, with discordant nuclear and mtDNA phylogenetic inferences. Whereas the SNP-based phylogenetic hypothesis uncovers an unexpectedly deep split in A. burtoni, separating the populations in the southern part of the Lake Tanganyika basin from those in the northern part, analyses of the mtDNA control region suggest deep divergence between populations from the southwestern shoreline and populations from the northern and southeastern shorelines of Lake Tanganyika. This phylogeographic pattern and mitochondrial haplotype sharing between populations from the very North and the very South of Lake Tanganyika can only partly be explained by introgression linked to lake-level fluctuations leading to past contact zones between otherwise isolated populations and large-scale migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Egger
- Zoological InstituteUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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26
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The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs. Genetica 2017; 145:455-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Basiita RK, Zenger KR, Jerry DR. Populations genetically rifting within a complex geological system: The case of strong structure and low genetic diversity in the migratory freshwater catfish, Bagrus docmak, in East Africa. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6172-6187. [PMID: 28861223 PMCID: PMC5574809 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex geological history of East Africa has been a driving factor in the rapid evolution of teleost biodiversity. While there is some understanding of how macroevolutionary drivers have shaped teleost speciation in East Africa, there is a paucity of research into how the same biogeographical factors have affected microevolutionary processes within lakes and rivers. To address this deficiency, population genetic diversity, demography, and structure were investigated in a widely distributed and migratory (potamodromous) African teleost species, Ssemutundu (Bagrus docmak). Samples were acquired from five geographical locations in East Africa within two major drainage basins; the Albertine Rift and Lake Victoria Basin. Individuals (N = 175) were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and 93 individuals sequenced at the mitochondrial DNA control region. Results suggested populations from Lakes Edward and Victoria had undergone a severe historic bottleneck resulting in very low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.004 and 0.006, respectively) and negatively significant Fu values (-3.769 and -5.049; p < .05). Heterozygosity deficiencies and restricted effective population size (NeLD) suggested contemporary exposure of these populations to stress, consistent with reports of the species decline in the East African Region. High genetic structuring between drainages was detected at both historical (ɸST = 0.62 for mtDNA; p < .001) and contemporary (microsatellite FST = 0.460; p < .001) levels. Patterns of low genetic diversity and strong population structure revealed are consistent with speciation patterns that have been linked to the complex biogeography of East Africa, suggesting that these biogeographical features have operated as both macro- and micro-evolutionary forces in the formation of the East African teleost fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Komugisha Basiita
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
- National Agricultural Research OrganizationNational Fisheries Resources Research InstituteAquaculture Research and Development Center KajjansiKampalaUganda
| | - Kyall Richard Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
| | - Dean Robert Jerry
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
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28
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Husemann M, Tobler M, McCauley C, Ding B, Danley PD. Body shape differences in a pair of closely related Malawi cichlids and their hybrids: Effects of genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and transgressive segregation. Ecol Evol 2017. [PMID: 28649345 PMCID: PMC5478046 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic differences may have genetic and plastic components. Here, we investigated the contributions of both for differences in body shape in two species of Lake Malawi cichlids using wild-caught specimens and a common garden experiment. We further hybridized the two species to investigate the mode of gene action influencing body shape differences and to examine the potential for transgressive segregation. We found that body shape differences between the two species observed in the field are maintained after more than 10 generations in a standardized environment. Nonetheless, both species experienced similar changes in the laboratory environment. Our hybrid cross experiment confirmed that substantial variation in body shape appears to be genetically determined. The data further suggest that the underlying mode of gene action is complex and cannot be explained by simple additive or additive-dominance models. Transgressive phenotypes were found in the hybrid generations, as hybrids occupied significantly more morphospace than both parentals combined. Further, the body shapes of transgressive individuals resemble the body shapes observed in other Lake Malawi rock-dwelling genera. Our findings indicate that body shape can respond to selection immediately, through plasticity, and over longer timescales through adaptation. In addition, our results suggest that hybridization may have played an important role in the diversification of Lake Malawi cichlids through creating new phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Husemann
- Centrum für Naturkunde University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany.,Biology Department Baylor University Waco TX USA
| | - Michael Tobler
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA
| | - Cagney McCauley
- Biology Department Baylor University Waco TX USA.,Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Applied Sciences University of North Texas 282 Cr 332 Rosebud Denton TX USA
| | - Baoqing Ding
- Biology Department Baylor University Waco TX USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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Sefc KM, Mattersdorfer K, Ziegelbecker A, Neuhüttler N, Steiner O, Goessler W, Koblmüller S. Shifting barriers and phenotypic diversification by hybridisation. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:651-662. [PMID: 28384842 PMCID: PMC6555762 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of hybrid taxa relies on reproductive isolation from the parental forms, typically achieved by ecological differentiation. Here, we present an alternative mechanism, in which shifts in the strength and location of dispersal barriers facilitate diversification by hybridisation. Our case study concerns the highly diverse, stenotopic rock-dwelling cichlids of the African Great Lakes, many of which display geographic colour pattern variation. The littoral habitat of these fish has repeatedly been restructured in the course of ancient lake level fluctuations. Genetic data and an experimental cross support the hybrid origin of a distinct yellow-coloured variant of Tropheus moorii from ancient admixture between two allopatric, red and bluish variants. Deficient assortative mating preferences imply that reproductive isolation continues to be contingent on geographic separation. Linking paleolimnological data with the establishment of the hybrid variant, we sketch a selectively neutral diversification process governed solely by rearrangements of dispersal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Sefc
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Mattersdorfer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nina Neuhüttler
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005485. [PMID: 28453513 PMCID: PMC5425221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda is the only country where the chronic and acute forms of human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness both occur and are separated by < 100 km in areas north of Lake Kyoga. In Uganda, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of the Trypanosoma parasites responsible for these diseases as well for the animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT), or Nagana. We used highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker to provide fine scale spatial resolution of genetic structure of G. f. fuscipes from 42 sampling sites from the northern region of Uganda where a merger of the two disease belts is feared. Based on microsatellite analyses, we found that G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda are structured into three distinct genetic clusters with varying degrees of interconnectivity among them. Based on genetic assignment and spatial location, we grouped the sampling sites into four genetic units corresponding to northwestern Uganda in the Albert Nile drainage, northeastern Uganda in the Lake Kyoga drainage, western Uganda in the Victoria Nile drainage, and a transition zone between the two northern genetic clusters characterized by high level of genetic admixture. An analysis using HYBRIDLAB supported a hybrid swarm model as most consistent with tsetse genotypes in these admixed samples. Results of mtDNA analyses revealed the presence of 30 haplotypes representing three main haplogroups, whose location broadly overlaps with the microsatellite defined clusters. Migration analyses based on microsatellites point to moderate migration among the northern units located in the Albert Nile, Achwa River, Okole River, and Lake Kyoga drainages, but not between the northern units and the Victoria Nile drainage in the west. Effective population size estimates were variable with low to moderate sizes in most populations and with evidence of recent population bottlenecks, especially in the northeast unit of the Lake Kyoga drainage. Our microsatellite and mtDNA based analyses indicate that G. f. fuscipes movement along the Achwa and Okole rivers may facilitate northwest expansion of the Rhodesiense disease belt in Uganda. We identified tsetse migration corridors and recommend a rolling carpet approach from south of Lake Kyoga northward to minimize disease dispersal and prevent vector re-colonization. Additionally, our findings highlight the need for continuing tsetse monitoring efforts during and after control. Northern Uganda is an epidemiologically important region affected by human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) because it harbors both forms of the HAT disease (T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense). The geographic location of this region creates the risk that these distinct foci could merge, which would complicate diagnosis and treatment, and may result in recombination between the two parasite strains with as yet unknown consequences. Both strains require a tsetse fly vector for transmission, and in Uganda, G. f. fuscipes is the major vector of HAT. Controlling the vector remains one of the most effective strategies for controlling trypanosome parasites. However, vector control efforts may not be sustainable in terms of long term reduction in G. f. fuscipes populations due to population rebounds. Population genetics data can allow us to determine the likely source of population rebounds and to establish a more robust control strategy. In this study, we build on a previous broad spatial survey of G. f. fuscipes genetic structure in Uganda by adding more than 30 novel sampling sites that are strategically spaced across a region of northern Uganda that, for historical and political reasons, was severely understudied and faces particularly high disease risk. We identify natural population breaks, migration corridors and a hybrid zone with evidence of free interbreeding of G. f. fuscipes across the geographic region that spans the two HAT disease foci. We also find evidence of low effective population sizes and population bottlenecks in some areas that have been subjects of past control but remain regions of high tsetse density, which stresses the risk of population rebounds if monitoring is not explicitly incorporated into the control strategy. We use these results to make suggestions that will enhance the design and implementation of control activities in northern Uganda.
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Sungani H, Ngatunga BP, Koblmüller S, Mäkinen T, Skelton PH, Genner MJ. Multiple colonisations of the Lake Malawi catchment by the genus Opsaridium (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 107:256-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kmentová N, Gelnar M, Mendlová M, Van Steenberge M, Koblmüller S, Vanhove MPM. Reduced host-specificity in a parasite infecting non-littoral Lake Tanganyika cichlids evidenced by intraspecific morphological and genetic diversity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39605. [PMID: 28004766 PMCID: PMC5177900 DOI: 10.1038/srep39605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Tanganyika is well-known for its high species-richness and rapid radiation processes. Its assemblage of cichlid fishes recently gained momentum as a framework to study parasite ecology and evolution. It offers a rare chance to investigate the influence of a deepwater lifestyle in a freshwater fish-parasite system. Our study represents the first investigation of parasite intraspecific genetic structure related to host specificity in the lake. It focused on the monogenean flatworm Cichlidogyrus casuarinus infecting deepwater cichlids belonging to Bathybates and Hemibates. Morphological examination of C. casuarinus had previously suggested a broad host range, while the lake's other Cichlidogyrus species are usually host specific. However, ongoing speciation or cryptic diversity could not be excluded. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we analysed intraspecific diversity of C. casuarinus. Monogeneans from nearly all representatives of the host genera were examined using morphometrics, geomorphometrics and genetics. We confirmed the low host-specificity of C. casuarinus based on morphology and nuclear DNA. Yet, intraspecific variation of sclerotized structures was observed. Nevertheless, the highly variable mitochondrial DNA indicated recent population expansion, but no ongoing parasite speciation, confirming, for the first time in freshwater, reduced parasite host specificity in the deepwater realm, probably an adaptation to low host availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Kmentová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gelnar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Mendlová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maarten Van Steenberge
- Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.,Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.,Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity &Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Hata H, Ochi H. Depth and substratum differentiations among coexisting herbivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160229. [PMID: 28018609 PMCID: PMC5180107 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika represent a system of adaptive radiation in which eight ancestral lineages have diversified into hundreds of species through adaptation to various niches. However, Tanganyikan cichlids have been thought to be oversaturated, that is, the species number exceeds the number of niches and ecologically equivalent and competitively even species coexist. However, recent studies have shed light on niche segregation on a finer scale among apparently equivalent species. We observed depth and substratum preferences of 15 herbivorous cichlids from four ecomorphs (i.e. grazer, browser, scraper and scooper) on a rocky littoral slope for 14 years. Depth differentiation was detected among grazers that defended feeding territories and among browsers with feeding territories. Cichlid species having no feeding territory also showed specificity on depth and substratum, resulting in habitat segregation among species that belong to the same ecomorph. Phylogenetically close species did not occupy adjacent depths, nor the opposite depth zones. Our findings suggest that apparently equivalent species of the same ecomorph coexist parapatrically along depth on a few-metre scale, or coexist with different substratum preferences on the rocky shore, and this niche segregation may have been acquired by competition between encountering equivalent species through repetitive lake-level fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2–5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- 4-4-7 Higashimon-cho, Imabari 794-0033, Japan
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Takemoto H, Kawamoto Y, Furuichi T. How did bonobos come to range south of the congo river? Reconsideration of the divergence of Pan paniscus from other Pan populations. Evol Anthropol 2016; 24:170-84. [PMID: 26478139 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While investigating the genetic structure in wild bonobos,(1) we realized that the widely accepted scenario positing that the Pleistocene appearance of the Congo River separated the common ancestor of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus) into two species is not supported by recent geographical knowledge about the formation of the Congo River. We explored the origin of bonobos using a broader biogeographical perspective by examining local faunas in the central African region. The submarine Congo River sediments and paleotopography of central Africa show that the Congo River has functioned as a geographical barrier for the last 34 million years. This evidence allows us to hypothesize that when the river was first formed, the ancestor of bonobos did not inhabit the current range of the species on the left bank of the Congo River but that, during rare times when the Congo River discharge decreased during the Pleistocene, one or more founder populations of ancestral Pan paniscus crossed the river to its left bank. The proposed scenario for formation of the Congo River and the corridor hypothesis for an ancestral bonobo population is key to understanding the distribution of great apes and their evolution.
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Breman FC, Loix S, Jordaens K, Snoeks J, Van Steenberge M. Testing the potential of DNA barcoding in vertebrate radiations: the case of the littoral cichlids (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:1455-1464. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floris C. Breman
- Biology Department; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 B-3080 Tervuren Belgium
| | - Sara Loix
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; KU Leuven; Charles Debériotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kurt Jordaens
- Biology Department; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 B-3080 Tervuren Belgium
| | - Jos Snoeks
- Biology Department; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 B-3080 Tervuren Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; KU Leuven; Charles Debériotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Maarten Van Steenberge
- Biology Department; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Leuvensesteenweg 13 B-3080 Tervuren Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics; KU Leuven; Charles Debériotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Zoology; University of Graz; Universitätsplatz 2 8010 Graz Austria
- Operational Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; Vautierstraat 29 1000 Brussels Belgium
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Genner MJ, Ngatunga BP, Mzighani S, Smith A, Turner GF. Geographical ancestry of Lake Malawi's cichlid fish diversity. Biol Lett 2016; 11:20150232. [PMID: 26063752 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lake Malawi haplochromine cichlid flock is one of the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations. The geographical source of the radiation has been assumed to be rivers to the south and east of Lake Malawi, where extant representatives of the flock are now present. Here, we provide mitochondrial DNA evidence suggesting the sister taxon to the Lake Malawi radiation is within the Great Ruaha river in Tanzania, north of Lake Malawi. Estimates of the time of divergence between the Lake Malawi flock and this riverine sister taxon range from 2.13 to 6.76 Ma, prior to origins of the current radiation 1.20-4.06 Ma. These results are congruent with evaluations of 2-3.75 Ma fossil material that suggest past faunal connections between Lake Malawi and the Ruaha. We propose that ancestors of the Malawi radiation became isolated within the catchment during Pliocene rifting that formed both Lake Malawi and the Kipengere/Livingstone mountain range, before colonizing rivers to the south and east of the lake region and radiating within the lake basin. Identification of this sister taxon allows tests of whether standing genetic diversity has predisposed Lake Malawi cichlids to rapid speciation and adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Genner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol BS81TQ, UK
| | - Benjamin P Ngatunga
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), PO Box 9750, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Semvua Mzighani
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), PO Box 9750, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alan Smith
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Science, University of Hull, Hull HU67RX, UK
| | - George F Turner
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL572UW, UK
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Husemann M, Nguyen R, Ding B, Danley PD. A genetic demographic analysis of Lake Malawi rock-dwelling cichlids using spatio-temporal sampling. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2686-701. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Husemann
- Biology Department; Baylor University; One Bear Place #97388 Waco TX 76798 USA
- Department of General Zoology; Institute of Biology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Hoher Weg 8 Halle (Saale) D-06120 Germany
| | - Rachel Nguyen
- Biology Department; Baylor University; One Bear Place #97388 Waco TX 76798 USA
| | - Baoqing Ding
- Biology Department; Baylor University; One Bear Place #97388 Waco TX 76798 USA
| | - Patrick D. Danley
- Biology Department; Baylor University; One Bear Place #97388 Waco TX 76798 USA
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Hata H, Shibata J, Omori K, Kohda M, Hori M. Depth segregation and diet disparity revealed by stable isotope analyses in sympatric herbivorous cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:15. [PMID: 26605060 PMCID: PMC4657292 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lake Tanganyika in the African Great Rift Valley is known as a site of adaptive radiation in cichlid fishes. Diverse herbivorous fishes coexist on a rocky littoral of the lake. Herbivorous cichlids have acquired multiple feeding ecomorphs, including grazer, browser, scraper, and scooper, and are segregated by dietary niche. Within each ecomorph, however, multiple species apparently coexist sympatrically on a rocky slope. Previous observations of their behavior show that these cichlid species inhabit discrete depths separated by only a few meters. In this paper, using carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios as markers, we followed the nutritional uptake of cichlid fishes from periphyton in their feeding territories at various depths. RESULTS δ(15)N of fish muscles varied among cichlid ecomorphs; this was significantly lower in grazers than in browsers and scoopers, although δ(15)N levels in periphyton within territories did not differ among territorial species. This suggests that grazers depend more directly on primary production of periphyton, while others ingest animal matter from higher trophic levels. With respect to δ(13)C, only plankton eaters exhibited lower values, suggesting that these fishes depend on production of phytoplankton, while the others depend on production of periphyton. Irrespective of cichlid ecomorph, δ(13)C of periphyton correlated significantly with habitat depth, and decreased as habitat depth became deeper. δ(13)C in territorial fish muscles was significantly related to that of periphyton within their territories, regardless of cichlid ecomorph, which suggests that these herbivorous cichlids depend on primary production of periphyton within their territories. CONCLUSIONS Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios varied among ecomorphs and among cichlid species in the same ecomorphs sympatrically inhabiting a littoral area of Lake Tanganyika, suggesting that these cichlids are segregated by nutrient source due to varying dependency on periphyton in different ecomorphs (especially between grazers and browsers), and due to segregation of species of the same ecomorph by feeding depth, grazers and browsers in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hata
- />Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime Japan
| | - Jyunya Shibata
- />Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime Japan
- />Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Koji Omori
- />Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime Japan
| | - Masanori Kohda
- />Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Japan
| | - Michio Hori
- />Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto Japan
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Gibson SZ. Evidence of a specialized feeding niche in a Late Triassic ray-finned fish: evolution of multidenticulate teeth and benthic scraping in †Hemicalypterus. Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:10. [PMID: 25686871 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fishes have evolved to exploit multiple ecological niches. Extant fishes in both marine (e.g., rabbitfishes, surgeonfishes) and freshwater systems (e.g., haplochromine cichlids, characiforms) have evolved specialized, scoop-like, multidenticulate teeth for benthic scraping, feeding primarily on algae. Here, I report evidence of the oldest example of specialized multidenticulate dentition in a ray-finned fish, †Hemicalypterus weiri, from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of southeastern Utah (∼210-205 Ma), USA. †H. weiri is a lower actinopterygian species that is phylogenetically remote from modern fishes, and has evolved specialized teeth that converge with those of several living teleost fishes (e.g., characiforms, cichlids, acanthurids, siganids), with a likely function of these teeth being to scrape algae off a rock substrate. This finding contradicts previously held notions that fishes with multicuspid, scoop-like dentition were restricted to teleosts, and indicates that ray-finned fishes were diversifying into different trophic niches and exploring different modes of feeding earlier in their history than previously thought, fundamentally altering our perceptions of the ecological roles of fishes during the Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Z Gibson
- Department of Geology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA,
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Ding B, Daugherty DW, Husemann M, Chen M, Howe AE, Danley PD. Quantitative Genetic Analyses of Male Color Pattern and Female Mate Choice in a Pair of Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114798. [PMID: 25494046 PMCID: PMC4262453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The traits involved in sexual selection, such as male secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice, often co-evolve which can promote population differentiation. However, the genetic architecture of these phenotypes can influence their evolvability and thereby affect the divergence of species. The extraordinary diversity of East African cichlid fishes is often attributed to strong sexual selection and thus this system provides an excellent model to test predictions regarding the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits that contribute to reproductive isolation. In particular, theory predicts that rapid speciation is facilitated when male sexual traits and female mating preferences are controlled by a limited number of linked genes. However, few studies have examined the genetic basis of male secondary sexual traits and female mating preferences in cichlids and none have investigated the genetic architecture of both jointly. In this study, we artificially hybridized a pair of behaviorally isolated cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi and quantified both melanistic color pattern and female mate choice. We investigated the genetic architecture of both phenotypes using quantitative genetic analyses. Our results suggest that 1) many non-additively acting genetic factors influence melanistic color patterns, 2) female mate choice may be controlled by a minimum of 1-2 non-additive genetic factors, and 3) F2 female mate choice is not influenced by male courting effort. Furthermore, a joint analysis of color pattern and female mate choice indicates that the genes underlying these two traits are unlikely to be physically linked. These results suggest that reproductive isolation may evolve rapidly owing to the few genetic factors underlying female mate choice. Hence, female mate choice likely played an important role in the unparalleled speciation of East African cichlid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Daugherty
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Martin Husemann
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Ming Chen
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Aimee E. Howe
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Danley
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
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Salzburger W, Van Bocxlaer B, Cohen AS. Ecology and Evolution of the African Great Lakes and Their Faunas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Van Bocxlaer
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013;
- Department of Geology and Soil Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrew S. Cohen
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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Hata H, Tanabe AS, Yamamoto S, Toju H, Kohda M, Hori M. Diet disparity among sympatric herbivorous cichlids in the same ecomorphs in Lake Tanganyika: amplicon pyrosequences on algal farms and stomach contents. BMC Biol 2014; 12:90. [PMID: 25359595 PMCID: PMC4228161 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lake Tanganyika, an ancient lake in the Great Rift Valley, is famous for the adaptive radiation of cichlids. Five tribes of the Cichlidae family have acquired herbivory, with five ecomorphs: grazers, browsers, scrapers, biters and scoopers. Sixteen species of the herbivorous cichlids coexist on a rocky littoral slope in the lake. Seven of them individually defend feeding territories against intruding herbivores to establish algal farms. We collected epiphyton from these territories at various depths and also gathered fish specimens. Algal and cyanobacteria community structures were analysed using the amplicon-metagenomic method. Results Based on 454-pyrosequencing of SSU rRNA gene sequences, we identified 300 phototrophic taxa, including 197 cyanobacteria, 57 bacillariophytes, and 31 chlorophytes. Algal farms differed significantly in their composition among cichlid species, even in the same ecomorph, due in part to their habitat-depth segregation. The algal species composition of the stomach contents and algal farms of each species differed, suggesting that cichlids selectively harvest their farms. The stomach contents were highly diverse, even between species in the same tribe, in the same feeding ecomorph. Conclusions In this study, the amplicon-metagenomic approach revealed food niche separation based on habitat-depth segregation among coexisting herbivorous cichlids in the same ecomorphs in Lake Tanganyika. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0090-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. .,National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. .,Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. .,Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masanori Kohda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Michio Hori
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
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Shirai K, Inomata N, Mizoiri S, Aibara M, Terai Y, Okada N, Tachida H. High prevalence of non-synonymous substitutions in mtDNA of cichlid fishes from Lake Victoria. Gene 2014; 552:239-45. [PMID: 25241383 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
When a population size is reduced, genetic drift may fix slightly deleterious mutations, and an increase in nonsynonymous substitution is expected. It has been suggested that past aridity has seriously affected and decreased the populations of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria, while geographical studies have shown that the water levels in Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi have remained fairly constant. The comparably stable environments in the latter two lakes might have kept the populations of cichlid fishes large enough to remove slightly deleterious mutations. The difference in the stability of cichlid fish population sizes between Lake Victoria and the Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi is expected to have caused differences in the nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio, ω (=dN/dS), of the evolutionary rate. Here, we estimated ω and compared it between the cichlids of the three lakes for 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes using maximum likelihood methods. We found that the lineages of the cichlids in Lake Victoria had a significantly higher ω for several mitochondrial loci. Moreover, positive selection was indicated for several codons in the mtDNA of the Lake Victoria cichlid lineage. Our results indicate that both adaptive and slightly deleterious molecular evolution has taken place in the Lake Victoria cichlids' mtDNA genes, whose nonsynonymous sites are generally conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Shirai
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Inomata
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuto Aibara
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yohey Terai
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihiro Okada
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hidenori Tachida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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44
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Bard J. Generating anatomical variation through mutations in networks - implications for evolution. J Anat 2014; 225:123-31. [PMID: 24934180 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutation leads to anatomical variation only indirectly because many proteins involved in generating anatomical structures in embryos operate cooperatively within molecular networks. These include gene-regulatory or control networks (CNs) for timing, signaling and patterning together with the process networks (PNs) for proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and morphogenesis that they control. This paper argues that anatomical variation is achieved through a two-stage process: mutation alters the outputs of CNs and perhaps the proliferation network, and such changed outputs alter the ways that PNs construct tissues. This systems-biology approach has several implications: first, because networks contain many cooperating proteins, they amplify the effects of genetic variation so enabling mutation to generate a wider range of phenotypes than a single changed protein acting alone could. Second, this amplification helps explain how novel phenotypes can be produced relatively rapidly. Third, because even organisms with novel anatomical phenotypes derive from variants in standard networks, there is no genetic barrier to their producing viable offspring. This approach also clarifies a terminological difficulty: classical evolutionary genetics views genes in terms of phenotype heritability rather than as DNA sequences. This paper suggests that the molecular phenotype of the classical concept of a gene is often a protein network, with a mutation leading to an alteration in that network's dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bard
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Takahashi T, Sota T, Hori M. Genetic basis of male colour dimorphism in a Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:3049-60. [PMID: 23176589 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic polymorphisms can be applied to study the micro-evolutionary forces that maintain genetic variation and can mediate speciation, but it can be difficult to determine the genetic basis of polymorphisms. Recently, restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing has become popular, which can easily produce multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms from whole genomes. Here, we combined RAD sequencing, allele-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing to determine the genetic basis underlying male colour dimorphism of a Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish, Cyprichromis leptosoma. Our analyses using both a cross-family (two parents and 12 F2 males) and 64 wild individuals do not contradict a hypothesis that two alleles of one-locus control male colour dimorphism. Also, the locus may be located on a genome region that experiences reduced levels of recombination. Although more analyses will be needed to conclude these findings, this study is the first to suggest the genetic basis of a colour polymorphism using RAD sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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