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He Q, Mu Q, Wei Z, Peng B, Lan Z, Zhang Y, Yao W, Nie J. Investigation of the binding behavior of bioactive 7-methoxyflavone to human serum albumin by coupling multi-spectroscopic with computational approaches. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121920. [PMID: 36201870 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The natural flavonoids with bioactivity as secondary plant metabolites are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, tea and herbs, the distribution and bioavailability of which in vivo depends on the interaction and successive binding with carrier proteins in the systemic circulation. In this paper, the binding behavior of bioactive 7-methoxyflavone (7-MF) with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied with the aid of the combination of multi-spectroscopic methods, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. The results of multi-spectroscopic experiments revealed that 7-MF interacted with HSA predominantly via fluorescence static quenching and the microenvironment around the fluorophore Trp residues in HSA became more hydrophilicity with the binding of 7-MF. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces played a dominant role in stabilizing the HSA-7-MF complex. Moreover, the docking experiment and molecular dynamic simulation further confirmed that 7-MF could enter the active cavity of HSA and caused more stable conformation and change of secondary structure of HSA through forming hydrogen bond. The exploration of the mechanism of 7-MF binding to HSA lights a new avenue to understand the stability, transport and distribution of 7-MF and 7-MF may hold great potential to be extended as a promising alternative of dietary supplements or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qi'er Mu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhongxun Wei
- Momordica grosvenori Research Institution, Yongfu County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guilin 541800, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Momordica grosvenori Research Institution, Yongfu County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guilin 541800, China
| | - Zhenni Lan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Weihao Yao
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jinfang Nie
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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Cai W, Wu J, Sun Y, Liu A, Wang R, Ma Y, Shuqing Wang, Dong W. Synthesis, evaluation, molecular dynamics simulation and targets identification of novel pyrazole-containing imide derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2176-2188. [PMID: 32189577 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1745284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of novel pyrazole-containing imide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities against A-549, Bel7402, and HCT-8 cell lines. Among these compounds A2, A4, A11 and A14 possessed high inhibition activity against A-549 cell lines with IC50 values at 4.91, 3.22, 27.43 and 18.14 μM, respectively, better than that of 5-fluorouracil (IC50=59.27 μM). A2, A4, and A11 also exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards HCT-8 and Bel7402 cell lines. Interestingly, the Heat Shock Protein 90α (Hsp90α, PDB ID: 1UYK) was found to be the potential drug target of these synthesized compounds with the aid of PharmMapper server (http://lilab.ecust.edu.cn/pharmmapper/) and docking module of Schrödinger (Maestro 10.2). Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation was performed out to explore the most likely binding mode of compound A2 with Hsp90α.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Characteristic Medical Center of PAP, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingzhan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weili Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Zhou L, Ma YC, Tang X, Li WY, Ma Y, Wang RL. Identification of the potential dual inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma and leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase by virtual screen, molecular dynamic simulations and post-analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 39:45-62. [PMID: 31842717 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1705913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their inhibitory role in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and apoptosis, protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and leukocyte common antigen-related phosphatase (LAR) play a crucial potential role in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) disease. In this research, the computer aided drug design (CADD) methods were applied to discover the potential dual-target drug involving virtual screen, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Initially, the top 20 compounds with higher docking score than the positive controls (ZINC13749892, ZINC14516161) were virtually screened out from NCI and ZINC databases, and then were submitted in ADMET to predict their drug properties. Among these potential compounds, ZINC72417086 showed a higher docking score and satisfied Lipinski's rule of five. In addition, the post-analysis demonstrated that when ZINC72417086 bound to PTPσ and LAR, it could stable proteins conformations and destroy the residues interactions between P-loop and other loop regions in active pocket. Meanwhile, residue ARG1595 and ARG1528 could play a crucial role in in the inhibition of PTPσ and LAR, respectively. This research offered a novel approach for rapid discovery of dual-target leads compounds to treat SCI.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang-Chun Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Tang
- Tasly Research Institute, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Wei-Ya L, Yu-Qing D, Yang-Chun M, Xin-Hua L, Ying M, Wang RL. Exploring the cause of the inhibitor 4AX attaching to binding site disrupting protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A1 trimerization by molecular dynamic simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4840-4851. [PMID: 30661451 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1567392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase of liver regeneration-1 (PTP4A1, also called PRL-1) markedly enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells migration and invasion. The PTP4A1 trimerization played a vital role in mediating cell proliferation and motility. Biochemical and structural studies have proved that the compound 4AX, a well-known inhibitor for PRL1, directly binds to the PTP4A1 trimer interface and obstructs trimer formation of PTP4A1. However, the molecular basis of the ligand-4AX inhibition on PTP4A1 trimer conformations remains unclear. In this study, the docking analysis and the molecular dynamics simulation (MD simulation) study were performed to investigate how the molecule binding at each interface disrupted the trimer formation. The results suggested that the ligand-4AX attaching to the binding site changed the conformation of A:Q131, A:Q135 in the AC interface, C:R18, C:P96 in the CA interface and B:Q131 in the BA interface, leading to the weak interactions between subunits and thus resulting in the disruption of the PTP4A1 trimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei-Ya
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Duan Yu-Qing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , China
| | - Ma Yang-Chun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Lu Xin-Hua
- National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Ma Ying
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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Sharma M, Jha P, Verma P, Chopra M. Combined comparative molecular field analysis, comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies of histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:910-925. [PMID: 30667160 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human histone deacetylase isoform 6 (HDAC6) has been shown to have an immense role in cell motility and aggresome formation and is being an attractive selective target for the treatment of multiple tumour types and neurodegenerative conditions. The discovery of selective HDAC6 inhibitors with new chemical functionalities is therefore of utmost interest to researchers. In order to examine the structural requirements for HDAC6-specific inhibitors and to derive predictive model which can be used for designing new selective HDAC6 inhibitors, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship study was carried out on a diverse set of ligands using common feature-based pharmacophore alignment followed by employing comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. The models displayed high correlation of 0.978 and 0.991 for best CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively, and a good statistical significance. The model could be used for predicting activities of the test set compounds as well as for deriving useful information regarding steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic properties of the molecules used in this study. Further, the training and test set molecules were docked into the HDAC6 binding site and molecular dynamics was carried out to suggest structural requirements for design of new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Prakash Jha
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Pawar A, Jha P, Konwar C, Chaudhry U, Chopra M, Saluja D. Ethambutol targets the glutamate racemase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis—an enzyme involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:843-851. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Kazemi Noureini S, Kheirabadi M, Masoumi F, Khosrogerdi F, Zarei Y, Suárez-Rozas C, Salas-Norambuena J, Kennedy Cassels B. Telomerase Inhibition by a New Synthetic Derivative of the Aporphine Alkaloid Boldine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041239. [PMID: 29671783 PMCID: PMC5979471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, the enzyme responsible for cell immortality, is an important target in anti-cancer drug discovery. Boldine, an abundant aporphine alkaloid of Peumus boldus, is known to inhibit telomerase at non-toxic concentrations. Cytotoxicity of N-benzylsecoboldine hydrochloride (BSB), a synthetic derivative of boldine, was determined using the MTT method in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 cells. Aliquots of cell lysates were incubated with various concentrations of BSB in qTRAP (quantitative telomere repeat amplification protocol)-ligand experiments before substrate elongation by telomerase or amplification by hot-start Taq polymerase. The crystal structure of TERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase from Tribolium castaneum, was used for docking and molecular dynamics analysis. The qTRAP-ligand data gave an IC50 value of about 0.17 ± 0.1 µM for BSB, roughly 400 times stronger than boldine, while the LD50 in the cytotoxicity assays were 12.5 and 21.88 µM, respectively, in cells treated for 48 h. Although both compounds interacted well with the active site, MD analysis suggests a second binding site with which BSB interacts via two hydrogen bonds, much more strongly than boldine. Theoretical analyses also evaluated the IC50 for BSB as submicromolar. BSB, with greater hydrophobicity and flexibility than boldine, represents a promising structure to inhibit telomerase at non-toxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Kazemi Noureini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Mitra Kheirabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Fatima Masoumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Farve Khosrogerdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Younes Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran.
| | - Cristian Suárez-Rozas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
| | - Julio Salas-Norambuena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
| | - Bruce Kennedy Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 1058, Chile.
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8
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Pohjolainen E, Malola S, Groenhof G, Häkkinen H. Exploring Strategies for Labeling Viruses with Gold Nanoclusters through Non-equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2327-2339. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Pohjolainen
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland FI-40014
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland FI-40014
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland FI-40014
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland FI-40014
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Phuangsawai O, Hannongbua S, Gleeson MP. Elucidating the Origin of the Esterase Activity of Human Serum Albumin Using QM/MM Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11886-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506629y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Phuangsawai
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - M. Paul Gleeson
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Fujiwara SI, Amisaki T. Fatty acid binding to serum albumin: Molecular simulation approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ruiz-Herrero T, Estrada J, Guantes R, Miguez DG. A tunable coarse-grained model for ligand-receptor interaction. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003274. [PMID: 24244115 PMCID: PMC3828130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors are the most common target for therapeutic drugs. The design and optimization of next generation synthetic drugs require a detailed understanding of the interaction with their corresponding receptors. Mathematical approximations to study ligand-receptor systems based on reaction kinetics strongly simplify the spatial constraints of the interaction, while full atomistic ligand-receptor models do not allow for a statistical many-particle analysis, due to their high computational requirements. Here we present a generic coarse-grained model for ligand-receptor systems that accounts for the essential spatial characteristics of the interaction, while allowing statistical analysis. The model captures the main features of ligand-receptor kinetics, such as diffusion dependence of affinity and dissociation rates. Our model is used to characterize chimeric compounds, designed to take advantage of the receptor over-expression phenotype of certain diseases to selectively target unhealthy cells. Molecular dynamics simulations of chimeric ligands are used to study how selectivity can be optimized based on receptor abundance, ligand-receptor affinity and length of the linker between both ligand subunits. Overall, this coarse-grained model is a useful approximation in the study of systems with complex ligand-receptor interactions or spatial constraints. The current importance of cell surface receptors as primary targets for drug treatment explains the increasing interest in a mathematical and quantitative description of the process of ligand-receptor interaction. Recently, a new generation of synthetic chimeric ligands has been developed to selectively target unhealthy cells, without harming healthy tissue. To understand these and other types of complex ligand-receptor systems, conventional chemical interaction models often rely on simplifications and assumptions about the spatial characteristics of the system, while full atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are too computationally demanding to perform many particle statistical analysis. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to model the interaction between ligands and receptors based on a coarse grained approximation that includes explicitly both spatial and kinetic details of the interaction, while allowing many-particle simulations and therefore, statistical analysis at biologically relevant time scales. The model is used to study the binding properties of generic chimeric ligands to understand how cell specificity is achieved, its dependence on receptor concentration and the influence of the distance between subunits of the chimera. Overall, this approach proves optimal to study other ligand-receptor systems with complex spatial regulation, such as receptor clustering, multimerization and multivalent asymmetric ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ruiz-Herrero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Javier Estrada
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Raúl Guantes
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
- * E-mail: (RG); (DGM)
| | - David G. Miguez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
- * E-mail: (RG); (DGM)
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