Drug-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. J Toxicol. 2012;2012:645460. [PMID: 22919381 PMCID: PMC3420138 DOI: 10.1155/2012/645460]

Dual-/multi-organelle-targeted AIE probes associated with oxidative stress for biomedical applications

In situ monitoring of biological processes between different organelles upon oxidative stress is one of the most important research hotspots. Fluorescence imaging is especially suitable for biomedical applications due to its distinct advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution, high sensitivity, non-invasiveness, and in situ monitoring capabilities. However, most fluorescent probes can only achieve light-up imaging of single organelles, thus the combined use of two or more probes is usually required for monitoring biological processes between organelles, which can suffer from tedious staining and washing procedures, increased cytotoxicity and poor photostability. Exogenetic oxidants can affect broad-spectrum subcellular organelles, which are not conducive to in situ monitoring of biological processes between specific organelles. To tackle these challenges, a series of dual-/multi-organelle-targeted aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes associated with oxidative stress have been designed and developed in the past few years. Herein, the recent progress of these AIE probes is summarized in biomedical applications, such as apoptosis monitoring, interplay between organelles, microenvironmental changes of organelles, organelle morphology tracking, precise cancer therapy, and so forth. Moreover, the further outlook for dual-/multi-organelle-targeted AIE probes is discussed, aiming to promote innovative research in biomedical applications.

Edaravone and obeticholic acid protect against cisplatin-induced heart toxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and modulating Nrf2, TLR4/p38MAPK, and JAK1/STAT3/NF-κB signals

Cardiotoxicity is a significant adverse effect of cisplatin (CIS) that necessitates extensive medical care. The current study examines the cardioprotective effects of edaravone (EDV), obeticholic acid (OCA), and their combinations on CIS-induced cardiac damage. Rats were allocated into five groups: the normal control group, the remaining four groups received CIS (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) as a single dose on the fifth day and were assigned to CIS, OCA (10 mg/kg/day) + CIS, EDV (20 mg/kg/day) + CIS, and the (EDV + OCA) + CIS group. Compared to the CIS-treated group, co-treating rats with EDV, OCA, or their combinations significantly decreased ALP, AST, LDH, CK-MB, and troponin-I serum levels and alleviated histopathological heart abnormalities. Biochemically, EDV, OCA, and EDV plus OCA administration mitigated cardiac oxidative stress as indicated by a marked decrease in heart MDA content with a rise in cardiac antioxidants SOD and GSH associated with upregulating Nrf2, PPARγ, and SIRT1 expression. Besides, it dampened inflammation by decreasing cardiac levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, mediated by suppressing NF-κB, JAK1/STAT3, and TLR4/p38MAPK signal activation. Notably, rats co-administered with EDV plus OCA showed noticeable protection that exceeded that of EDV and OCA alone. In conclusion, our study provided that EDV, OCA, and their combinations effectively attenuated CIS-induced cardiac intoxication by activating Nrf2, PPARγ, and SIRT1 signals and downregulating NF-κB, JAK1/STAT3, and TLR4/p38MAPK signals.

The power of trans-sodium crocetinate: exploring its renoprotective effects in a rat model of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity

Colistin, a multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infection medication, has been associated with renal impairment and failure. Trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC), a saffron-derived chemical recognized for its antioxidant and nephroprotective properties, was studied in this study to determine its potential to alleviate the nephrotoxic effects of colistin. Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly classified into seven groups (n = 6): (1) control (normal saline, 12 days, i.p.), (2) colistin (22 mg/kg, 7 days, i.p.), (3-5) colistin + TSC (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, 12 days, i.p., starting from 5 days before colistin), (6) TSC (100 mg/kg, 12 days, i.p.), (7) colistin + vitamin E (100 IU/kg, 12 days, i.p). On day 13, the rats were euthanized and the serum content of creatinine, BUN, Na+, and K+, as well as oxidative stress (GSH, MDA, SOD, CAT), inflammatory (IL-1β), apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, 8, 9), and autophagy (Beclin-1, LC3) markers, NGAL, and histopathological changes in the kidney were measured. Colistin significantly increased serum creatinine, BUN, MDA, IL-1β, caspase-3,8,9, Bax, Beclin-1, LC3, and NGAL levels in kidney tissue. It also caused inflammation, focal necrosis of tubular epithelial cells, protein cast, and acute tubular necrosis. Furthermore, colistin decreased SOD, CAT, GSH, and Bcl-2 levels. TSC and vitamin E administration along with colistin restored most of the alterations induced by colistin. Overall, it could be concluded that colistin induces oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis, which can cause kidney injury. However, TSC can also be used as a therapeutic agent to reduce injuries caused by colistin.

Free radicals and oxidative stress: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets: Review article

BACKGROUND

Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body's cells.

OBJECTIVE

The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.

METHODS

Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.

RESULTS

Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.

CONCLUSION

This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.

Safety evaluation of adenosine, lidocaine and magnesium (ALM) intranasal therapy toward human nasal epithelial cells in vitro

Adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) solution is an emerging therapy that reduces secondary injury after intravenous administration in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Intranasal delivery of ALM may offer an alternative route for rapid, point-of-care management of TBI. As a preliminary safety screen, we evaluated whether ALM exerts cytotoxic or inflammatory effects on primary human nasal epithelial cells (pHNEC) in vitro. Submerged monolayers and air-liquid interface cultures of pHNEC were exposed to media only, normal saline only, therapeutic ALM or supratherapeutic ALM for 15 or 60 min. Safety was measured through viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cellular and mitochondrial stress, and inflammatory mediator secretion assays. No differences were found in viability or cytotoxicity in cultures exposed to saline or ALM for up to 60 min, with no evidence of apoptosis after exposure to supratherapeutic ALM concentrations. Despite comparable inflammatory cytokine secretion profiles and mitochondrial activity, cellular stress responses were significantly lower in cultures exposed to ALM than saline. In summary, data show ALM therapy has neither adverse toxic nor inflammatory effects on human nasal epithelial cells, setting the stage for in vivo toxicity studies and possible clinical translation of intranasal ALM therapy for TBI treatment.

Isometamidium chloride alters redox status, down-regulates p53 and PARP1 genes while modulating at proteomic level in Drosophila melanogaster

As trypanocide, several side effects have been reported in the use of Isometamidium chloride. This study was therefore, designed to evaluate its ability to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage using D. melanogaster as a model organism. The LC50 of the drug was determined by exposing the flies (1-3 days old of both genders) to six different concentrations (1 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg per 10 g of diet) of the drug for a period of seven days. The effect of the drug on survival (28 days), climbing behavior, redox status, oxidative DNA lesion, expression of p53 and PARP1 (Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase-1) genes after five days exposure of flies to 4.49 mg, 8.97 mg, 17.94 mg and 35.88 mg per 10 g diet was evaluated. The interaction of the drug in silico with p53 and PARP1 proteins was also evaluated. The result showed the LC50 of isometamidium chloride to be 35.88 mg per 10 g diet for seven days. Twenty-eight (28) days of exposure to isometamidium chloride showed a decreased percentage survival in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Isometamidium chloride significantly (p < 0.05) reduced climbing ability, total thiol level, Glutathione-S-transferase, and Catalase activity. The level of H2O2 was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The result also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the relative mRNA levels of p53 and PARP1 genes. The in silico molecular docking of isometamidium with p53 and PARP1 proteins showed high binding energy of -9.4 Kcal/mol and -9.2 Kcal/mol respectively. The results suggest that isometamidium chloride could be cytotoxic and a potential inhibitor of p53 and PARP1 proteins.

The neuroprotective effects of SFGDI on sirtuin 3-related oxidative stress by regulating the Sirt3/SOD/ROS pathway and energy metabolism in BV2 cells

Recently, the investigation of neuroprotective peptides has gained attention in addressing memory impairment and cognitive decline. Although the potential neuroprotective peptide Serine-Phenylalanine-Glycine-Aspartic acid-Isoleucine (SFGDI) has been identified from sea cucumber, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to explore the neuroprotection of SFGDI against 3-TYP-induced oxidative stress in BV2 cells. The results showed a retention rate of 76.70% during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and an absorption rate of 10.41% in a rat-everted gut sac model for SFGDI. Two hours following the administration of SFGDI via gavage in mice, a notable fluorescence was observed in the brain, indicating a potential neuroprotection of SFGDI through its interactions with nerve cells. By utilizing a model of oxidative stress injury induced by 3-TYP in BV2 cells, it was determined that pretreatment with SFGDI (50-200 μg mL-1) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the acetylated SOD level, leading to enhanced SOD activity and reduced levels of ROS and MDA. In addition, this pretreatment triggered an increase in unsaturated lipid levels, which helped maintain the intracellular lipid metabolism balance and preserve the mitochondrial function and glycolysis levels to regulate energy metabolism. The results of this study indicate that SFGDI demonstrates neuroprotective properties through its modulation of the Sirt3/SOD/ROS pathway, regulation of lipid metabolism, and enhancement of energy metabolism in BV2 cells. These findings suggest potential novel therapeutic approaches for addressing Sirt3-related memory deficits and neurodegenerative disorders.

Natural compound Alternol exerts a broad anti-cancer spectrum and a superior therapeutic safety index in vivo

Introduction

Alternol is a natural compound isolated from the fermentation of a mutated fungus. We have demonstrated its potent anti-cancer effect via the accumulation of radical oxygen species (ROS) in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we tested its anti-cancer spectrum in multiple platforms.

Methods

We first tested its anti-cancer spectrum using the National Cancer Institute-60 (NCI-60) screening, a protein quantitation-based assay. CellTiter-Glo screening was utilized for ovarian cancer cell lines. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry. Xenograft models in nude mice were used to assess anti-cancer effect. Healthy mice were tested for the acuate systemic toxicity.

Results

Our results showed that Alternol exerted a potent anti-cancer effect on 50 (83%) cancer cell lines with a GI50 less than 5 µM and induced a lethal response in 12 (24%) of those 50 responding cell lines at 10 µM concentration. Consistently, Alternol displayed a similar anti-cancer effect on 14 ovarian cancer cell lines in an ATP quantitation-based assay. Most interestingly, Alternol showed an excellent safety profile with a maximum tolerance dose (MTD) at 665 mg/kg bodyweight in mice. Its therapeutic index was calculated as 13.3 based on the effective tumor-suppressing doses from HeLa and PC-3 cell-derived xenograft models.

Conclusion

Taken together, Alternol has a broad anti-cancer spectrum with a safe therapeutic index in vivo.

Evaluation of the immune system status and hematological dyscrasias, among amphetamine and cannabis abusers at Eradah Hospital in Qassim, Saudi Arabia

This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the immune system status and hematological disturbances among individuals who abuse amphetamines and cannabis. Substance abuse, particularly of amphetamines and cannabis, has been associated with various adverse effects on the body, including potential impacts on the immune system and hematological parameters. However, limited research has been conducted to comprehensively assess these effects in a cross-sectional design. Additionally, fungal infections are on the rise internationally, and immune-compromised people are particularly susceptible. The study will recruit a sample of amphetamine and cannabis abusers (n = 50) at the Eradah Hospital in the Qassim Region of Buraydah and assess their sociodemographic and biochemical variables, including blood indices and differential WBC indices, liver, and kidney profiles. Additionally, 50 sputum samples in total were cultured for testing for fungus infections. To obtain the descriptive statistics, the data was imported into Microsoft Excel and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 22.0. Amphetamine and cannabis abuser's sociodemographic variables analysis observed that the majority (52%) were aged 18-30, with 56% in secondary school. Unemployment was a significant issue, and most had no other health issues. The majority (50%) had 5-10 years of abuse, while 32% had less than 5 years, and only 18% had been drug abusers for more than 10 years. There were significant changes (p < 0.001) in all different leukocyte blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Furthermore, a microscopic examination of blood films from individuals who misuse the combination of the medications "amphetamine and cannabis" reveals hazardous alterations in Neutrophils. Out of 50, 35 sputum samples showed positive growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol antibiotic, indicating a unicellular fungal growth. The present study explores the immune system and hematological disturbances linked to amphetamine and cannabis abuse, providing insights into health risks and targeted interventions. The findings complement previous research on drug users' hematological abnormalities, particularly in white blood cells. Routine hematological tests help identify alterations in homeostatic conditions, improving patient knowledge and preventing major issues. Further research is needed on multi-drug abuse prevention, early detection, and intervention. The cross-sectional design allows for a snapshot of the immune system and hematological status among abusers, laying the groundwork for future longitudinal studies. Key Words: Drug Effect, Immunity, Epidemiology, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation.

Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems. An imbalance between ROS production and elimination is termed oxidative stress, a critical factor and common denominator of many chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), and other disorders. To counteract the harmful effects of ROS, organisms have evolved a complex, three-line antioxidant defense system. The first-line defense mechanism is the most efficient and involves antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). This line of defense plays an irreplaceable role in the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The removal of superoxide radicals by SOD prevents the formation of the much more damaging peroxynitrite ONOO- (O2•-  + NO• → ONOO-) and maintains the physiologically relevant level of nitric oxide (NO•), an important molecule in neurotransmission, inflammation, and vasodilation. The second-line antioxidant defense pathway involves exogenous diet-derived small-molecule antioxidants. The third-line antioxidant defense is ensured by the repair or removal of oxidized proteins and other biomolecules by a variety of enzyme systems. This review briefly discusses the endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH, xanthine oxidase (XO), Fenton reaction) and exogenous (e.g., smoking, radiation, drugs, pollution) sources of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite). Attention has been given to the first-line antioxidant defense system provided by SOD, CAT, and GPx. The chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes, enzyme-related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular, lung, metabolic, and neurological diseases), and the role of enzymes (e.g., GPx4) in cellular processes such as ferroptosis are discussed. Potential therapeutic applications of enzyme mimics and recent progress in metal-based (copper, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, cerium) and nonmetal (carbon)-based nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) are also discussed. Moreover, attention has been given to the mechanisms of action of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene, lutein), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, anthocyanins, epicatechin), and glutathione (GSH)), the activation of transcription factors such as Nrf2, and the protection against chronic diseases. Given that there is a discrepancy between preclinical and clinical studies, approaches that may result in greater pharmacological and clinical success of low-molecular-weight antioxidant therapies are also subject to discussion.

Cardioprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Silymarin in Paracetamol-Induced Oxidative Stress

Silymarin, derived from Silybum marianum, has been used in traditional medicine for various ailments. In this study, the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress were examined in 28 male Swiss Webster mice, divided into four groups and treated for 7 days (via the oral route) with (a) saline 1 mL/kg (control group), (b) saline 1 mL/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day; (c) silymarin 50 mg/kg; and (d) silymarin 50 mg/kg + single dose of paracetamol 110 mg/kg on the 7th day. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity together with liver enzyme activity were evaluated. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment was performed. Silymarin mitigated paracetamol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity. Silymarin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in liver enzyme levels. Reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate in liver tissues of silymarin-treated groups were detected as well. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated reduced expression of inflammatory markers (COX2, iNOS) and oxidative stress marker (SOD2) in the liver tissues of the silymarin-treated groups. Similar trends were observed in cardiac tissue. These results suggest that silymarin exerts potent hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic agent for liver and heart diseases associated with oxidative damage.

Biological responses in Danio rerio by the disinfectant SDBS in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

The use of disinfectants, such as Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic acid salt (SDBS), has grown since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with environmentally unknown consequences. The present study analyzed SDBS effects in the fish species Danio rerio, using a combination of biomarkers. Our data reported that larvae had their total locomotor activity increased when exposed to 1 mg/L of SDBS, but this parameter was decreased in fish exposed to 5 mg/L. A significant increment of erratic movements was reported in fish exposed to 1 and 5 mg/L of SDBS. These concentrations inhibited CYP1A1/CYP1A2, and of GSTs inhibition, suggesting SDBS is not preferentially biotransformed by these routes. Results concerning the antioxidant defense biomarkers (CAT and GPx) showed no straightforward pattern, suggesting SDBS exposure may have resulted in changes in redox balance. Finally, acetylcholinesterase activity increased. In summary, increased use of SDBS in a near future may result in deleterious effects in environmentally exposed fish.

Knockout cancer by nano-delivered immunotherapy using perfusion-aided scaffold-based tumor-on-a-chip

Cancer is a multifactorial disease produced by mutations in the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to cell death. Cancer progresses due to the escape of altered cells from immune monitoring, which is facilitated by the tumor's mutual interaction with its microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms involved in immune surveillance evasion and the significance of the tumor microenvironment might thus aid in developing improved therapies. Although in vivo models are commonly utilized, they could be better for time, cost, and ethical concerns. As a result, it is critical to replicate an in vivo model and recreate the cellular and tissue-level functionalities. A 3D cell culture, which gives a 3D architecture similar to that found in vivo, is an appropriate model. Furthermore, numerous cell types can be cocultured, establishing cellular interactions between TME and tumor cells. Moreover, microfluidics perfusion can provide precision flow rates, thus simulating tissue/organ function. Immunotherapy can be used with the perfused 3D cell culture technique to help develop successful therapeutics. Immunotherapy employing nano delivery can target the spot and silence the responsible genes, ensuring treatment effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This study focuses on the importance of 3D cell culture in understanding the pathophysiology of 3D tumors and TME, the function of TME in drug resistance, tumor progression, and the development of advanced anticancer therapies for high-throughput drug screening.

Cefotaxime Exposure-Caused Oxidative Stress, Intestinal Damage and Gut Microbial Disruption in Artemia sinica

Cefotaxime (CTX) is an easily detectable antibiotic pollutant in the water environment, but little is known about its toxic effects on aquatic invertebrates, especially on the intestine. Here, we determined the oxidative stress conditions of A. sinica under CTX exposure with five concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/L) for 14 days. After that, we focused on changes in intestinal tissue morphology and gut microbiota in A. sinica caused by CTX exposure at 0.01 mg/L. We found malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated in CTX treatment groups, suggesting the obvious antibiotic-induced oxidative stress. We also found CTX exposure at 0.01 mg/L decreased the villus height and muscularis thickness in gut tissue. The 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that CTX exposure reshaped the gut microbiota diversity and community composition. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota were the most widely represented phyla in A. sinica gut. The exposure to CTX led to the absence of Verrucomicrobia in dominant phyla and an increase in Bacteroidota abundance. At the genus level, eleven genera with an abundance greater than 0.1% exhibited statistically significant differences among groups. Furthermore, changes in gut microbiota composition were accompanied by modifications in gut microbiota functions, with an up-regulation in amino acid and drug metabolism functions and a down-regulation in xenobiotic biodegradation and lipid metabolism-related functions under CTX exposure. Overall, our study enhances our understanding of the intestinal damage and microbiota disorder caused by the cefotaxime pollutant in aquatic invertebrates, which would provide guidance for healthy aquaculture.

Inhibition of malaria and babesiosis parasites by putative red blood cell targeting small molecules

Background

Chemotherapies for malaria and babesiosis frequently succumb to the emergence of pathogen-related drug-resistance. Host-targeted therapies are thought to be less susceptible to resistance but are seldom considered for treatment of these diseases.

Methods

Our overall objective was to systematically assess small molecules for host cell-targeting activity to restrict proliferation of intracellular parasites. We carried out a literature survey to identify small molecules annotated for host factors implicated in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Alongside P. falciparum, we implemented in vitro parasite susceptibility assays also in the zoonotic parasite Plasmodium knowlesi and the veterinary parasite Babesia divergens. We additionally carried out assays to test directly for action on RBCs apart from the parasites. To distinguish specific host-targeting antiparasitic activity from erythrotoxicity, we measured phosphatidylserine exposure and hemolysis stimulated by small molecules in uninfected RBCs.

Results

We identified diverse RBC target-annotated inhibitors with Plasmodium-specific, Babesia-specific, and broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity. The anticancer MEK-targeting drug trametinib is shown here to act with submicromolar activity to block proliferation of Plasmodium spp. in RBCs. Some inhibitors exhibit antimalarial activity with transient exposure to RBCs prior to infection with parasites, providing evidence for host-targeting activity distinct from direct inhibition of the parasite.

Conclusions

We report here characterization of small molecules for antiproliferative and host cell-targeting activity for malaria and babesiosis parasites. This resource is relevant for assessment of physiological RBC-parasite interactions and may inform drug development and repurposing efforts.

4-(Phenylselanyl)-2H-chromen-2-one-Loaded Nanocapsule Suspension-A Promising Breakthrough in Pain Management: Comprehensive Molecular Docking, Formulation Design, and Toxicological and Pharmacological Assessments in Mice

Therapies for the treatment of pain and inflammation continue to pose a global challenge, emphasizing the significant impact of pain on patients' quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 4-(Phenylselanyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (4-PSCO) on pain-associated proteins through computational molecular docking tests. A new pharmaceutical formulation based on polymeric nanocapsules was developed and characterized. The potential toxicity of 4-PSCO was assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans and Swiss mice, and its pharmacological actions through acute nociception and inflammation tests were also assessed. Our results demonstrated that 4-PSCO, in its free form, exhibited high affinity for the selected receptors, including p38 MAP kinase, peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Janus kinase 2, toll-like receptor 4, and nuclear factor-kappa β. Both free and nanoencapsulated 4-PSCO showed no toxicity in nematodes and mice. Parameters related to oxidative stress and plasma markers showed no significant change. Both treatments demonstrated antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects in the glutamate and hot plate tests. The nanoencapsulated form exhibited a more prolonged effect, reducing mechanical hypersensitivity in an inflammatory pain model. These findings underscore the promising potential of 4-PSCO as an alternative for the development of more effective and safer drugs for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

Developing a novel benzothiazole-based red-emitting probe for intravital imaging of superoxide anion

Superoxide anion (O2•-), the first generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a critical player in cellular signaling network and redox homeostasis. Imaging of O2•-, particularly in vivo, is of concern for further understanding its roles in pathophysiological and pharmacological events. Herein, we designed a novel probe, (E)-4-(5-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-cyanovinyl)furan-2-yl)phenyl trifluoromethane-sulfonate (BFTF), by modifying hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole (a widely used dye scaffold) which includes insertion of both an acrylonitrile unit and a furan ring to extend the total π-conjugation system and to enhance push-pull intramolecular charge transfer process, and utilization of trifluoromethanesulfonate as the response unit. Toward O2•-, the probe features near-infrared fluorescent emission (685 nm), large Stokes shift (135 nm), and deep tissue penetration (300 μm). With its help, we successfully mapped preferential generation of O2•- in HepG2 cells over L02 cells, as well as in A549 over BEAS-2B cells by β-lapachone (an anticancer agent that generates O2•-), and more importantly, visualized overproduction of O2•- in living mice with liver injury induced by acetaminophen (a well-known analgesic and antipyretic drug).

Review of the Protective Mechanism of Curcumin on Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide and has been the focus of research in the medical community. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound extracted from the root of turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological properties over the past decades. Curcumin can significantly protect cardiomyocyte injury after ischemia and hypoxia, inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, improve ventricular remodeling, reduce drug-induced myocardial injury, improve diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM), alleviate vascular endothelial dysfunction, inhibit foam cell formation, and reduce vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) proliferation. Clinical studies have shown that curcumin has a protective effect on blood vessels. Toxicological studies have shown that curcumin is safe. But high doses of curcumin also have some side effects, such as liver damage and defects in embryonic heart development. This article reviews the mechanism of curcumin intervention on CVDs in recent years, in order to provide reference for the development of new drugs in the future.

Development of Anticancer Ferric Complex Based on Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles That Generate Oxygen in Cells to Overcome Hypoxia-Induced Resistance in Metal Chemotherapy

To achieve the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of a ferric (Fe) complex via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanism in solid tumors, a therapeutic Fe-based Schiff-base complex (Fe1) was synthesized and encapsulated in human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs), which generated oxygen (O2) in cancer cells in situ. The HSA-Fe1-O2 NP (HSA-Fe1-O2NP) delivery system effectively overcame hypoxia-induced resistance in metal chemotherapy, alleviated the hypoxic condition of tumor tissues, and showed excellent tumor suppression by generating excess ROS and promoting the apoptosis of SK-N-MC tumor cells. The HSA-Fe1-O2NPs not only enhanced the ability of the Fe1 complex to target tumor cells but also decreased adverse effects in vivo.

Association between dietary and behavioral-based oxidative balance score and phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional study of Americans

OBJECTIVES

In light of the rise in the global aging population, this study investigated the potential of the oxidative balance score (OBS) as an indicator of phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) to better understand and potentially slow down aging.

METHODS

Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 2001 and 2010, including 13,142 United States adults (48.7% female and 51.2% male) aged 20 and above, OBS and PhenoAgeAccel were calculated. Weighted generalized linear regression models were employed to explore the associations between OBS and PhenoAgeAccel, including a sex-specific analysis.

RESULTS

The OBS demonstrated significant variability across various demographic and health-related factors. There was a clear negative correlation observed between the higher OBS quartiles and PhenoAgeAccel, which presented sex-specific.

RESULTS

the negative association between OBS and PhenoAgeAccel was more pronounced in male than in female. An analysis using restricted cubic splines revealed no significant non-linear relationships. Interaction effects were noted solely in the context of sex and hyperlipidemia.

CONCLUSIONS

A higher OBS was significantly associated with a slower aging process, as measured by lower PhenoAgeAccel. These findings underscore the importance of OBS as a biomarker in the study of aging and point to sex and hyperlipidemia as variables that may affect this association. Additional research is required to confirm these results and to investigate the biological underpinnings of this relationship.

Effects of exposure to 3,6-DBCZ on neurotoxicity and AhR pathway during early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental pollutants, yet limited information is available on their embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the current work was performed to investigate the adverse effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), a typical PHCZs homolog, on the early life stages of zebrafish larvae. It revealed that the 96-hour post-fertilization (hpf) median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae was determined to be 0.7988 mg/L. Besides, 3,6-DBCZ reduced survival rates at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L and decreased hatching rates at ≥ 0.25 mg/L at 48 hpf. In behavior tests, it inhibited locomotor activities and reduced the frequency of recorded acceleration states in response to optesthesia (a sudden bright light stimulus) at concentrations ≥ 160 μg/L. Meanwhile, 3,6-DBCZ exposure decreased the frequency of recorded acceleration states in the startle response (tapping mode) at concentrations ≥ 6.4 μg/L. Pathologically, with the transgenic zebrafish model (hb9-eGFP), we observed a strikingly decreased axon length and number in motor neurons after 3,6-DBCZ treatment, which may be ascribed to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the molecular docking analysis and Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay suggested that 3,6-DBCZ binding to AhR-ARNT2 compound proteins. Through interaction with AhR-ARNT, a striking reduction of the anti-oxidative stress (sod1/2, nqo1, nrf2) and neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gfap, mbp, syn2a) were observed after 3,6-DBCZ challenge, accompanied by a marked increased inflammatory genes (TNFβ, IL1β, IL6). Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized adverse effect of 3,6-DBCZ on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behaviors, potentially mediated through the activation of the AhR pathway. Furthermore, it provides direct evidence for the toxic concentrations of 3,6-DBCZ and the potential target signaling in zebrafish larvae, which may be beneficial for the risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems.

Bimolecular versus Trimolecular Reaction Pathways for H2O2 with Hypochlorous Species and Implications for Wastewater Reclamation

The benchmark advanced oxidation technology (AOT) that uses UV/H2O2 integrated with hypochlorous species exhibits great potential in removing micropollutants and enhancing wastewater treatability for reclamation purposes. Although efforts have been made to study the reactions of H2O2 with hypochlorous species, there exist great discrepancies in the order of reaction kinetics, the rate constants, and the molecule-level mechanisms. This results in an excessive use of hypochlorous reagents and system underperformance during treatment processes. Herein, the titled reaction was investigated systematically through complementary experimental and theoretical approaches. Stopped-flow spectroscopic measurements revealed a combination of bi- and trimolecular reaction kinetics. The bimolecular pathway dominates at low H2O2 concentrations, while the trimolecular pathway dominates at high H2O2 concentrations. Both reactions were simulated using direct dynamics trajectories, and the pathways identified in the trajectories were further validated by high-level quantum chemistry calculations. The theoretical results not only supported the spectroscopic data but also elucidated the molecule-level mechanisms and helped to address the origin of the discrepancies. In addition, the impact of the environmental matrix was evaluated by using two waters with discrete characteristics, namely municipal wastewater and ammonium-rich wastewater. Municipal wastewater had a negligible matrix effect on the reaction kinetics of H2O2 and the hypochlorous species, making it a highly suitable candidate for this integration technique. The obtained in-depth reaction mechanistic insights will enable the development of a viable and economical technology for safe water reuse.

A gold-based inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation is effective against triple negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with metabolic heterogeneity and poor prognosis with limited treatment options. New treatment paradigms for TNBC remains an unmet need. Thus, therapeutics that target metabolism are particularly attractive approaches. We previously designed organometallic Au(III) compounds capable of modulating mitochondrial respiration by ligand tuning with high anticancer potency in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that an efficacious Au(III) dithiocarbamate (AuDTC) compound induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in cancer cells. Efficacy of AuDTC in TNBC mouse models harboring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dependence and metabolic heterogeneity establishes its therapeutic potential following systemic delivery. This provides evidence that AuDTC is an effective modulator of mitochondrial respiration worthy of clinical development in the context of TNBC. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: Metabolic-targeting of triple-negative breast cancer by gold anticancer agent may provide efficacious therapy.

Carnosic acid mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity: Evidence from animal and cell model investigations

Objectives

Utilization of doxorubicin (DOX) as a chemotherapy medication is limited due to its cardiotoxic effects. Carnosic acid exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, besides cytoprotective effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of carnosic acid to protect rat hearts and the MCF7 cell line against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX.

Materials and Methods

The study involved the classification of male Wistar rats into seven groups: 1) Control 2) DOX (2 mg/kg, every 48h, IP, 12d), 3-5) Carnosic acid (10, 20, 40 mg/kg/day, IP, 16d)+ DOX, 6) Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, every 48h, IP, 16d)+ DOX 7) Carnosic acid (40 mg/kg/day, IP, 16d). Finally, cardiac histopathological alterations, ECG factors, carotid blood pressure, left ventricular function, heart-to-body weight ratio, oxidative (MDA, GSH), inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α), plus apoptosis (caspase 3, 8, 9, Bcl-2, Bax) markers were evaluated. DOX toxicity and carnosic acid ameliorative effect were evaluated on MCF7 cells using the MTT assay.

Results

DOX augmented the QRS duration, QA, RRI, STI, and heart-to-body weight ratio, and reduced HR, LVDP, Min dP/dt, Max dP/dt, blood pressure, boosted MDA, TNF-α, IL1-β, caspase 3,8,9, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, decreased GSH content, caused fibrosis, necrosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in cardiac tissue but carnosic acid administration reduced the toxic effects of DOX. The cytotoxic effects of DOX were not affected by carnosic acid at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM.

Conclusion

Carnosic acid as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substance is effective in reducing DOX-induced damage by enhancing antioxidant defense and modifying inflammatory signal pathway activity and can be used as an adjunct in treating DOX cardiotoxicity.

Evaluation of in vitro effects of ifosfamide drug on mitochondrial functions using isolated mitochondria obtained from vital organs

Mitochondrial toxicity has been shown to contribute to a variety of organ toxicities such as, brain, heart, kidney, and liver. Ifosfamide (IFO) as an anticancer drug, is associated with increased risk of neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and hemorrhagic cystitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of IFO on isolated mitochondria obtained from the rat brain, heart, kidney, and liver. Mitochondria were isolated with mechanical lysis and differential centrifugation from different organs and treated with various concentrations of IFO. Using biochemical and flowcytometry assays, we evaluated mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, mitochondrial swelling, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Our data showed that IFO did not cause deleterious alterations in mitochondrial functions, mitochondrial swelling, lipid peroxidation ROS formation, and MMP collapse in mitochondria isolated from brain, heart, kidney, and liver. Altogether, the data showed that IFO is not directly toxic in mitochondria isolated from brain, heart, kidney, and liver. This study proved that mitochondria alone does not play the main role in the toxicity of IFO, and suggests to reduce the toxicity of this drug, other pathways resulting in the production of toxic metabolites should be considered.

An Integrative Bioorthogonal Nanoengineering Strategy for Dynamically Constructing Heterogenous Tumor Spheroids

Although tumor models have revolutionized perspectives on cancer aetiology and treatment, current cell culture methods remain challenges in constructing organotypic tumor with in vivo-like complexity, especially native characteristics, leading to unpredictable results for in vivo responses. Herein, the bioorthogonal nanoengineering strategy (BONE) for building photothermal dynamic tumor spheroids is developed. In this process, biosynthetic machinery incorporated bioorthogonal azide reporters into cell surface glycoconjugates, followed by reacting with multivalent click ligand (ClickRod) that is composed of hyaluronic acid-functionalized gold nanorod carrying dibenzocyclooctyne moieties, resulting in rapid construction of tumor spheroids. BONE can effectively assemble different cancer cells and immune cells together to construct heterogenous tumor spheroids is identified. Particularly, ClickRod exhibited favorable photothermal activity, which precisely promoted cell activity and shaped physiological microenvironment, leading to formation of dynamic features of original tumor, such as heterogeneous cell population and pluripotency, different maturation levels, and physiological gradients. Importantly, BONE not only offered a promising platform for investigating tumorigenesis and therapeutic response, but also improved establishment of subcutaneous xenograft model under mild photo-stimulation, thereby significantly advancing cancer research. Therefore, the first bioorthogonal nanoengineering strategy for developing dynamic tumor models, which have the potential for bridging gaps between in vitro and in vivo research is presented.

Cytotoxic, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties of polyphenol-enriched extracts from pecan nutshells in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

Phenolic compounds present in plants have demonstrated several biological properties such as antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, and antiproliferative. On the other hand, doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic widely used to treat breast cancer, usually exhibits chronic cardiotoxicity associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, we aimed to study the effects of phenolic compound-enriched extract (PCEE) with doxorubicin in breast cancer. To achieve this, after an SPE-C18 -column purification process of crude extracts obtained from pecan nutshells (Carya illinoinensis), the resulting PCEE was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and the normal-hamster ovary cell line CHO-K1. PCEE was selectively cytotoxic against both cell lines, with an IC50 value (≈26.34 mg/L) for MDA-MB-231 lower than that obtained for CHO-K1 (≈55.63 mg/L). As a cytotoxic mechanism, PCEE inhibited cell growth by G2/M cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Simultaneously, the study of the antioxidant activity showed that PCEE had a cytoprotective effect, evidenced by reduced ROS production in cells with oxidative stress caused by doxorubicin. The results highlight PCEE as a potential antitumor agent, thus revaluing it as an agro-industrial residue.

Anti-microbial resistance and aging-A design for evolution

The emergence of resistance to anti-infective agents poses a significant threat to successfully treating infections caused by bacteria. Bacteria acquire random mutations due to exposure to environmental stresses, which may increase their fitness to other selection pressures. Interestingly, for bacteria, the frequency of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) seems to be increasing in tandem with the human lifespan. Based on evidence from previous literature, we speculate that increased levels of free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species-ROS and Reactive Nitrosative Species-RNS), elevated inflammation, and the altered tissue microenvironment in aged individuals may drive pathogen mutagenesis. If these mutations result in the hyperactivation of efflux pumps or alteration in drug target binding sites, it could confer AMR, thus rendering antibiotic therapy ineffective while leading to the selection of novel drug-resistant variants. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Metabolic Diseases > Environmental Factors.

Assessing the relationship between antipsychotic drug use and prolidase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

The relationship between proline, its association with oxidative stress, and its connection to schizophrenia is a subject that has not been sufficiently investigated.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effects of atypical and combined (typical and atypical) antipsychotic use on serum prolidase enzyme activity (SPEA) and serum oxidative stress parameters, and to assess the relationship between SPEA and oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia.

METHODS

A total of 57 patients with schizophrenia, of which 34 were using atypical (AAPG) and 23 were using combined (typical and atypical) (CAPG) antipsychotic therapy, and 28 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in this case-control study.

RESULTS

SPEA levels of AAPG and CAPG were significantly lower than that of control group ( P  = 0.003). The oxidative stress index (OSI) value of AAPG was significantly higher than the other two groups ( P  = 0.001). SPEA (<1860 U/l) and OSI (≥0.54) could discriminate schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic therapy from control groups ( P  = 0.001 and P  = 0.007, respectively). Lower SPEA levels were associated with antipsychotic use ( P  = 0.007).

CONCLUSION

The SPEA values of patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotics were significantly lower compared to controls. OSI values were significantly higher in atypical antipsychotic recipients compared to those on combined antipsychotics and healthy controls.

Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP's oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials.

Bleomycin loaded exosomes enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity

BACKGROUND

Bleomycin (BLM) is a chemotherapeutic agent with potent antitumor activity against the tumor. However, lung fibrosis is the main drawback that limits BLM use. Tumor targeted, safe, efficient and natural delivery of BLM is important to increase the effectiveness and reduce the toxic side effects. Although tumor derived Exosomes (Exo), provide a potential vehicle for in vivo drug delivery due to their cell tropism. This study primarily focuses on generating a natural delivery platform for Exo loaded with BLM and testing its therapeutic efficacy against cancer.

METHODS

Exosomes were isolated from cancer cells and incubated with BLM. Exo were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, western blot analysis and nanoparticle tracking analysis. We performed in vitro and in vivo analyses to evaluate the effect of Exo-BLM.

RESULTS

Exosomes loaded with BLM are highly cancer targeting and cause the cytotoxicity of tumor cells by ROS. The fluorescence images showed that Exo-BLM accumulated in cancer cells. The results revealed that Exo-BLM induces tumor cell apoptosis by the caspase pathway. In vivo, the treatment of Exo-BLM showed targeted ability and enhanced the antitumor activity.

CONCLUSION

This study provides an avenue for specific BLM therapeutics with minimal side effects.

Enhancing developmental and reproductive toxicity knowledge: A new AOP stemming from glutathione depletion

Integrated approaches to testing and assessments (IATAs) have been proposed as a method to organise new approach methodologies in order to replace traditional animal testing for chemical safety assessments. To capture the mechanistic aspects of toxicity assessments, IATAs can be framed around the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. To utilise AOPs fully in this context, a sufficient number of pathways need to be present to develop fit for purpose IATAs. In silico approaches can support IATA through the provision of predictive models and also through data integration to derive conclusions using a weight-of-evidence approach. To examine the maturity of a developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) AOP network derived from the literature, an assessment of its coverage was performed against a novel toxicity dataset. A dataset of diverse compounds, with data from studies performed according to OECD test guidelines TG-421 and TG-422, was curated to test the performance of an in silico model based on the AOP network - allowing for the identification of knowledge gaps within the network. One such gap in the knowledge was filled through the development of an AOP stemming from the molecular initiating event 'glutathione reaction with an electrophile' leading to male fertility toxicity. The creation of the AOP provided the mechanistic rationale for the curation of pre-existing structural alerts to relevant key events. Integrating this new knowledge and associated alerts into the DART AOP network will improve its coverage of DART-relevant chemical space. In addition, broadening the coverage of AOPs for a particular regulatory endpoint may facilitate the development of, and confidence in, robust IATAs.

Redox-Sensitive Delivery of Doxorubicin from Nanoparticles of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Chitosan Copolymer for Treatment of Drug-Resistant Oral Cancer Cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive polymer nanoparticles were synthesized for tumor targeting of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). For this purpose, chitosan-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) (ChitoPEG)-graft copolymer was synthesized and then DOX was conjugated to the backbone of chitosan using a thioketal linker. Subsequently, the chemical structure of the DOX-conjugated ChitoPEG copolymer (ChitoPEGthDOX) was confirmed via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Nanoparticles of the ChitoPEGthDOX conjugates have spherical shapes and a size of approximately 100 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has shown that ChitoPEGthDOX nanoparticles disintegrate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and the particle size distribution also changes from a monomodal/narrow distribution pattern to a multi-modal/wide distribution pattern. Furthermore, DOX is released faster in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These results indicated that ChitoPEGthDOX nanoparticles have ROS sensitivity. The anticancer activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated using AT84 oral squamous carcinoma cells. Moreover, DOX-resistant AT84 cells were prepared in vitro. DOX and its nanoparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both DOX-sensitive and DOX-resistant AT84 cells in vitro. However, DOX itself showed reduced cytotoxicity against DOX-resistant AT84 cells, while the nanoparticles showed almost similar cytotoxicity to DOX-sensitive and DOX-resistant AT84 cells. This result may be due to the inhibition of intracellular delivery of free DOX, while nanoparticles were efficiently internalized in DOX-resistant cells. The in vivo study of a DOX-resistant AT84 cell-bearing tumor xenograft model showed that nanoparticles have higher antitumor efficacy than those found in free DOX treatment. These results may be related to the efficient accumulation of nanoparticles in the tumor tissue, i.e., the fluorescence intensity in the tumor tissue was stronger than that of any other organs. Our findings suggest that ChitoPEGthDOX nanoparticles may be a promising candidate for ROS-sensitive anticancer delivery against DOX-resistant oral cancer cells.

Design of cell-type-specific hyperstable IL-4 mimetics via modular de novo scaffolds

The interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokine plays a critical role in modulating immune homeostasis. Although there is great interest in harnessing this cytokine as a therapeutic in natural or engineered formats, the clinical potential of native IL-4 is limited by its instability and pleiotropic actions. Here, we design IL-4 cytokine mimetics (denoted Neo-4) based on a de novo engineered IL-2 mimetic scaffold and demonstrate that these cytokines can recapitulate physiological functions of IL-4 in cellular and animal models. In contrast with natural IL-4, Neo-4 is hyperstable and signals exclusively through the type I IL-4 receptor complex, providing previously inaccessible insights into differential IL-4 signaling through type I versus type II receptors. Because of their hyperstability, our computationally designed mimetics can directly incorporate into sophisticated biomaterials that require heat processing, such as three-dimensional-printed scaffolds. Neo-4 should be broadly useful for interrogating IL-4 biology, and the design workflow will inform targeted cytokine therapeutic development.

Maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy associated with emotional and behavioural problems in early childhood: implications for foetal programming

Childhood mental disorders, including emotional and behavioural problems (EBP) are increasingly prevalent. Higher maternal oxidative stress (OS) during pregnancy (matOSpreg) is linked to offspring mental disorders. Environmental factors contribute to matOSpreg. However, the role of matOSpreg in childhood EBP is unclear. We investigated the associations between (i) matOSpreg and offspring EBP; (ii) social and prenatal environmental factors and matOSpreg; and (iii) social and prenatal factors and childhood EBP and evaluated whether matOSpreg mediated these associations. Maternal urinary OS biomarkers, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHGua; an oxidative RNA damage marker) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG; an oxidative DNA damage marker), at 36 weeks of pregnancy were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in a population-derived birth cohort, Barwon Infant Study (n = 1074 mother-infant pairs). Social and prenatal environmental factors were collected by mother-reported questionnaires. Offspring total EBP was measured by Child Behavior Checklist Total Problems T-scores at age two (n = 675) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties score at age four (n = 791). Prospective associations were examined by multivariable regression analyses adjusted for covariates. Mediation effects were evaluated using counterfactual-based mediation analysis. Higher maternal urinary 8-OHGua at 36 weeks (mat8-OHGua36w) was associated with greater offspring total EBP at age four (β = 0.38, 95% CI (0.07, 0.69), P = 0.02) and age two (β = 0.62, 95% CI (-0.06, 1.30), P = 0.07). Weaker evidence of association was detected for 8-OHdG. Five early-life factors were associated with both mat8-OHGua36w and childhood EBP (P-range < 0.001-0.05), including lower maternal education, socioeconomic disadvantage and prenatal tobacco smoking. These risk factor-childhood EBP associations were partly mediated by higher mat8-OHGua36w (P-range = 0.01-0.05). Higher matOSpreg, particularly oxidant RNA damage, is associated with later offspring EBP. Effects of some social and prenatal lifestyle factors on childhood EBP were partly mediated by matOSpreg. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the role of early-life oxidant damage in childhood EBP.

The response and resistance to drugs in ovarian cancer cell lines in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids

Ovarian cancer is the most common type of gynecologic cancer. One of the leading causes of high mortality is chemoresistance, developed primarily or during treatment. Different mechanisms of drug resistance appear at the cellular and cancer tissue organization levels. We examined the differences in response to the cytotoxic drugs CIS, MTX, DOX, VIN, PAC, and TOP using 2D (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) culture methods. We tested the drug-sensitive ovarian cancer cell line W1 and established resistant cell lines to appropriate cytotoxic drugs. The following qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess: 1) morphology - inverted microscope and hematoxylin & eosin staining; 2) viability - MTT assay; 3) gene expression - a quantitative polymerase chain reaction; 4) identification of proteins - immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that the drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells cultured in 3D conditions exhibit stronger resistance than the cells cultured in 2D conditions. A traditional 2D model shows that drug resistance of cancer cells is caused mainly by changes in the expression of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, components of the extracellular matrix, "new" established genes related to drug resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines, and universal marker of cancer stem cells. Whereas in a 3D model, the drug resistance in spheroids can be related to other mechanisms such as the structure of the spheroid (dense or loose), the cell type (necrotic, quiescent, proliferating cells), drug concentrations or drug diffusion into the dense cellular/ECM structure.

Toxicity profiling of Burgmansia aurea Lagerh. Leaves using acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Toxicity studies in appropriate animal models are an integral and very important component of pre-clinical studies in drug development. Brugmansia aurea lagerh. is used for both medicinal and non-medical purposes, including treating skin infections, different types of physical discomfort, inflammation, cough, hallucinations, and evil protection.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to detect any hazardous effects of B. aurea on animals and find out its LD₅₀.

MATERIALS & METHODS

An acute toxicity study was performed to find out the LD₅₀ value and sub-acute toxicity study was performed to find out the toxicity on repeated dose administration till 28 days. Both studies were performed according to the organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD) 425 and 407 respectively. For the acute oral toxicity study, animals were divided into two groups, group I normal control (NC) and group II received a 2000mg/kg dose of B.aurea leaves extract. In the sub-acute toxicity study, male and female animals were divided into eight groups, I-IV for males and V-VIII for females received control, 100, 200 & 400mg/kg B. aurea leaves extract respectively. Hematological and biochemical markers were estimated at the end of each study.

RESULTS

Results revealed that no mortality and morbidity were observed in acute oral as well as sub-acute toxicity studies. Oxidative stress markers were increased significantly in all organs of the treatment groups in both studies. Animals significantly decreased their food and water intake in an acute oral toxicity study. A slight difference in renal function tests was observed in the acute oral toxicity study when compared with the normal control group. No significant change in histopathology was observed in both studies on selected organs.

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that B. aurea can be safely used for pharmacological purposes.

Gold nanoparticles and gold nanorods in the landscape of cancer therapy

Cancer is a grievous disease whose treatment requires a more efficient, non-invasive therapy, associated with minimal side effects. Gold nanoparticles possessing greatly impressive optical properties have been a forerunner in bioengineered cancer therapy. This theranostic system has gained immense popularity and finds its application in the field of molecular detection, biological imaging, cancer cell targeting, etc. The photothermal property of nanoparticles, especially of gold nanorods, causes absorption of the light incident by the light source, and transforms it into heat, resulting in tumor cell destruction. This review describes the different optical features of gold nanoparticles and summarizes the advance research done for the application of gold nanoparticles and precisely gold nanorods for combating various cancers including breast, lung, colon, oral, prostate, and pancreatic cancer.

Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Fish to Effects of Human Pharmaceuticals

The increasing levels and frequencies at which active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are being detected in the environment are of significant concern, especially considering the potential adverse effects they may have on nontarget species such as fish. With many pharmaceuticals lacking environmental risk assessments, there is a need to better define and understand the potential risks that APIs and their biotransformation products pose to fish, while still minimizing the use of experimental animals. There are both extrinsic (environment- and drug-related) and intrinsic (fish-related) factors that make fish potentially vulnerable to the effects of human drugs, but which are not necessarily captured in nonfish tests. This critical review explores these factors, particularly focusing on the distinctive physiological processes in fish that underlie drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET). Focal points include the impact of fish life stage and species on drug absorption (A) via multiple routes; the potential implications of fish's unique blood pH and plasma composition on the distribution (D) of drug molecules throughout the body; how fish's endothermic nature and the varied expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in their tissues may affect drug metabolism (M); and how their distinctive physiologies may impact the relative contribution of different excretory organs to the excretion (E) of APIs and metabolites. These discussions give insight into where existing data on drug properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics from mammalian and clinical studies may or may not help to inform on environmental risks of APIs in fish.

An Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Chemically Induced Oxidative Stress Leading to (Non)genotoxic Carcinogenesis

Nongenotoxic (NGTX) carcinogens induce cancer via other mechanisms than direct DNA damage. A recognized mode of action for NGTX carcinogens is induction of oxidative stress, a state in which the amount of oxidants in a cell exceeds its antioxidant capacity, leading to regenerative proliferation. Currently, carcinogenicity assessment of environmental chemicals primarily relies on genetic toxicity end points. Since NGTX carcinogens lack genotoxic potential, these chemicals may remain undetected in such evaluations. To enhance the predictivity of test strategies for carcinogenicity assessment, a shift toward mechanism-based approaches is required. Here, we present an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for chemically induced oxidative stress leading to (NGTX) carcinogenesis. To develop this AOP network, we first investigated the role of oxidative stress in the various cancer hallmarks. Next, possible mechanisms for chemical induction of oxidative stress and the biological effects of oxidative damage to macromolecules were considered. This resulted in an AOP network, of which associated uncertainties were explored. Ultimately, development of AOP networks relevant for carcinogenesis in humans will aid the transition to a mechanism-based, human relevant carcinogenicity assessment that involves a substantially lower number of laboratory animals.

Oxidative Stress and MicroRNAs in Endothelial Cells under Metabolic Disorders

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced dysfunction, and the current knowledge of common metabolic disorders and their connection to oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies based on microRNAs in response to oxidative stress and microRNA's regulatory roles in controlling ROS will also be explored. It is important to gain an in-depth comprehension of the mechanisms generating ROS and how manipulating these enzymatic byproducts can protect endothelial cell function from oxidative stress and prevent the development of vascular disorders.

Trastuzumab-Mediated Cardiotoxicity and Its Preventive Intervention by Zingerone through Antioxidant and Inflammatory Pathway in Rats

Trastuzumab (TZB) is a new medicine, used to treat cancers of the breast and stomach. However, the cardiotoxic potential of this drug edges out its clinical advantages. The present study was designed to find out the effect of zingerone against trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity in rats. In this study, five groups of rats with eight animals in each group were used. Group 1 was treated with normal saline, as a normal control (NC); Group 2 was treated with TZB (6 mg/kg/week-for five weeks) intraperitoneally as a toxic control. Groups 3 and 4 were pre-treated with zingerone (50 and 100 mg/kg, as per their body weight orally) along with five doses of TZB for five weeks, and Group 5 was treated with zingerone (100 mg/kg, body weight orally) as a control. TZB treatment showed cardiotoxicity as evidenced by increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased level of glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s- transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Zingerone pre-treatment significantly decreased the levels of AST, CK-MB, LDH, and LPO and increased GSH and antioxidant enzymes content toward their normal level. In the TZB-alone administered group, inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) levels were also elevated. Pre-treatment with zingerone restored the level of IL-2 and TNF-α toward normal level. The current findings undoubtedly demonstrated zingerone's cardioprotective nature against TZB-mediated cardiotoxicity in rats with the evidence of histopathological recall.

Changing ROS, NAD and AMP: A path to longevity via mitochondrial therapeutics

Lifespan of many organisms, from unicellular yeast to extremely complex human organism, strongly depends on the genetic background and environmental factors. Being among most influential target energy metabolism is affected by macronutrients, their caloric values, and peculiarities of catabolism. Mitochondria are central organelles that respond for energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are lifespan modifying metabolites and a kind of biological clock. Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are important metabolic intermediates and molecules that trigger or inhibit several signaling pathways involved in gene silencing, nutrient allocation, and cell regeneration and programmed death. A part of NAD⁺ and AMP metabolism is tied to mitochondria. Using substances that able to target mitochondria, as well as allotopic expression of specific enzymes, are envisioned to be innovative approaches to prolong lifespan by modulation of ROS, NAD⁺, and AMP levels. Among substances, an anti-diabetic drug metformin is believed to increase NAD⁺ and AMP levels, indirectly influencing histone deacetylases, involved in gene silencing, and AMP-activated protein kinase, an energy sensor of cells. Mitochondrially targeted derivatives of ubiquinone were found to interact with ROS. A mitochondrially targeted non-proton-pumping NADH dehydrogenase may influence both ROS and NAD⁺ levels. Chapter describes putative how mitochondria-targeted drugs and NADH dehydrogenase extend lifespan, perspectives of creating drugs with similar properties and their usage as senotherapeutic pills are discussed in the chapter.

Implication of Lupeol in compensating Sorafenib-induced perturbations of redox homeostasis: A preclinical study in mouse model

AIMS

Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs can potentially cause several adverse effects that influence a patient's general well-being. Sorafenib, an approved drug used in clinics against multiple cancers whose overall efficacy suffered a serious setback due to various side effects, leading to its frequent discontinuation. Lupeol has recently been considered an important prospective therapeutic agent due to its low toxicity and enhanced biological efficacy. Hence, our study aimed to evaluate whether Lupeol can perturb the Sorafenib-induced toxicity.

MAIN METHODS

To test our hypothesis, we studied DNA interaction, level of cytokines, LFT/RFT, oxidant/antioxidant status, and their influences on genetic, cellular, and histopathological changes using both in vitro and in vivo models.

KEY FINDINGS

The Sorafenib-treated group showed a marked increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), an increase in liver and renal function marker enzymes, serum cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) macromolecular damages (protein, lipid, and DNA), and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, TrxR, GPx, GST). Moreover, Sorafenib-induced oxidative stress caused marked cytoarchitectural damage in the liver and kidney and increased p53 and BAX expression. Interestingly, combining Lupeol with Sorafenib improves all the examined toxic insults caused by Sorafenib. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Lupeol can be used in combination with Sorafenib to reduce ROS/RNS-induced macromolecule damage, which might result in hepato-renal toxicity.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study presents the possible protective effect of Lupeol against Sorafenib-induced adverse effects by perturbing redox homeostasis imbalance and apoptosis leading to tissue damage. This study is a fascinating finding that warrants further in-depth preclinical and clinical studies.

Effect of the selective mitochondrial KATP channel opener nicorandil on the QT prolongation and myocardial damage induced by amitriptyline in rats

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of nicorandil, a selective mitochondrial KATP channel opener, on QT prolongation and myocardial damage induced by amitriptyline.

METHODS

The dose of amitriptyline (intraperitoneal, i.p.) that prolong the QT interval was found 75 mg/kg. Rats were randomized into five groups the control group, amitriptyline group, nicorandil (selective mitochondrial KATP channel opener, 3 mg/kg i.p.) + amitriptyline group, 5-hdyroxydecanoate (5-HD, selective mitochondrial KATP channel blocker, 10 mg/kg i.p.) + amitriptyline group and 5-HD + nicorandil + amitriptyline group. Cardiac parameters, biochemical and histomorphological/immunohistochemical examinations were evaluated. p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

KEY FINDINGS

Amitriptyline caused statistically significant prolongation of QRS duration, QT interval and QTc interval (p < 0.05). It also caused changes in tissue oxidant (increase in malondialdehyde)/anti-oxidant (decrease in glutathione peroxidase) parameters (p < 0.05), myocardial damage and apoptosis (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). While nicorandil administration prevented amitriptyline-induced QRS, QT, QTc prolongation (p < 0.05), myocardial damage and apoptosis (p < 0.05), it did not affect the changes in oxidative parameters (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that nicorandil, a selective mitochondrial KATP channel opener, plays a protective role in amitriptyline-induced QT prolongation and myocardial damage. Mitochondrial KATP channel opening and anti-apoptotic effects may play a role in the cardioprotective effect of nicorandil.

Chemotherapy-Induced Oxidative Stress in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Introduction Plasma antioxidant capacity in children receiving chemotherapy decreases due to the effect of the disease and chemotherapy. Increased oxidative stress (OS) predisposes to an increased risk for chemotherapy-related toxicity and febrile neutropenic episodes. Materials and methods We conducted this case-control study in the hematology-oncology unit of the department of pediatrics of a tertiary hospital in Delhi, India, from November 2017 to March 2019 to compare OS between children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and healthy controls. We estimated the trends in OS as measured by the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels at baseline and at the completion of induction I (four weeks), induction II (eight weeks), and induction IIA-consolidation (16 weeks) phases of chemotherapy in children with ALL. We also assessed the change in OS during different phases of initial treatment and studied the association between OS and the hematological toxicity of chemotherapy (determined by the need for blood component therapy and the number of febrile neutropenic episodes) and serum cobalamin and folate levels. Results OS was significantly higher in children with ALL at diagnosis (n=23) compared to controls (n=19). The median (interquartile range (IQR)) TAC levels (mM) were significantly lower (1.21 (1.05-1.26) versus 1.28 (1.26-1.32), P=0.006), and TBARS levels (nmol/mL) were significantly higher (312.0 (216.6-398.0) versus 58.5 (46.2-67.2), P<0.001) in children with ALL at diagnosis compared to controls. OS was highest at the end of the induction I phase (four weeks) despite the patients being in clinical and hematological remission. OS at the completion of intensive chemotherapy (16 weeks) was higher than at diagnosis. A significant correlation was found between serum folate levels and TAC levels at baseline (P=0.03). Serum cobalamin levels, the need for blood component therapy, and the number of febrile neutropenic episodes did not have any association with OS. Conclusion Children with ALL had significantly higher OS compared to controls, indicating that underlying disease affects the oxidative balance unfavorably. Chemotherapy itself increases oxidative stress.

Electrochemical Characterisation and Confirmation of Antioxidative Properties of Ivermectin in Biological Medium

Ivermectin (IVM) is a drug from the group of anthelmintics used in veterinary and human medicine. Recently, interest in IVM has increased as it has been used for the treatment of some malignant diseases, as well as viral infections caused by the Zika virus, HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. The electrochemical behaviour of IVM was investigated using cyclic (CV), differential pulse (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) at glassy carbon electrode (GCE). IVM showed independent oxidation and reduction processes. The effect of pH and scan rate indicated the irreversibility of all processes and confirmed the diffusion character of oxidation and reduction as an adsorption-controlled process. Mechanisms for IVM oxidation at the tetrahydrofuran ring and reduction of the 1,4-diene structure in the IVM molecule are proposed. The redox behaviour of IVM in a biological matrix (human serum pool) showed a pronounced antioxidant potential similar to that of Trolox during short incubation, whereas a prolonged stay among biomolecules and in the presence of an exogenous pro-oxidant (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, TBH) resulted in a loss of its antioxidant effect. The antioxidant potential of IVM was confirmed by voltametric methodology which is proposed for the first time.

In Vitro Drug Repurposing: Focus on Vasodilators

Drug repurposing aims to identify new therapeutic uses for drugs that have already been approved for other conditions. This approach can save time and resources compared to traditional drug development, as the safety and efficacy of the repurposed drug have already been established. In the context of cancer, drug repurposing can lead to the discovery of new treatments that can target specific cancer cell lines and improve patient outcomes. Vasodilators are a class of drugs that have been shown to have the potential to influence various types of cancer. These medications work by relaxing the smooth muscle of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to tumors, and improving the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. Additionally, vasodilators have been found to have antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells, making them a promising target for drug repurposing. Research on vasodilators for cancer treatment has already shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. However, additionally research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer and determine the optimal dosing and combination therapy for patients. In this review, we aim to explore the molecular mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer cell lines and the current state of research on their repurposing as a treatment option. With the goal of minimizing the effort and resources required for traditional drug development, we hope to shed light on the potential of vasodilators as a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.

Combination of PAKs inhibitors IPA-3 and PF-3758309 effectively suppresses colon carcinoma cell growth by perturbing DNA damage response

PURPOSE

PAKs proteins are speculated as new promising targets for cancer therapy due to their central role in many oncogenic pathways. Because PAKs proteins are very significant during carcinogenesis, we aimed to investigate the hypothesis that inhibition of PAKs with IPA-3 and PF-3758309 treatment could synergistically reduce colon carcinoma cell growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cytotoxic effects of both drugs were determined by a cell viability assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. The effects of inhibitor drugs on marker genes of apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle, and DNA damage were tested via immunoblotting.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

We found out the synergistic effect of these drugs in pair on five colon cancer cell lines. Combined treatment with IPA-3+PF-3758309 in SW620 and Colo 205 cells markedly suppressed colon formation and induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy compared with treatment with each drug alone. Additionally, this combination sensitized colon cancer cells to ionizing radiation that resulted in inhibition of cell growth.

SIGNIFICANCE

Collectively, our findings show for the first time that cotreatment of IPA-3 with PF-3758309 exhibits superior inhibitory effects on colon carcinoma cell growth via inducing DNA damage-related cell death and also enforces a cell cycle arrest.

Exploring the possible mitoprotective and neuroprotective potency of thymoquinone, betanin, and vitamin D against cytarabine-induced mitochondrial impairment and neurotoxicity in rats' brain

It has been suggested that cytarabine (Ara-C) induces toxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial protective agents and antioxidants can reduce cytarabine-induced neurotoxicity. For this purpose, 48 male Wistar rats were assigned into eight equal groups include control group, Ara-C (70 mg/kg, i.p.) group, Ara-C plus betanin (25 mg/kg, i.p.) group, Ara-C plus vitamin D (500 U/kg, i.p.) group, Ara-C plus thymoquinone (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) group, betanin group, vitamin group, and thymoquinone group. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the concentrations of antioxidants (reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) biomarkers, mitochondrial toxicity parameters as well as histopathological alteration in brain tissues were measured. Our results demonstrated that Ara-C exposure significantly declines the brain enzymes activity (AChE and BChE), levels of antioxidant biomarkers (GSH), and mitochondrial functions, but markedly elevate the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA) and mitochondrial toxicity. Almost all of the previously mentioned parameters (especially mitochondrial toxicity) were retrieved by betanin, vitamin D, and thymoquinone compared to Ara-C group. These findings conclusively indicate that betanin, vitamin D, and thymoquinone administration provide adequate protection against Ara-C-induced neurotoxicity through modulations of oxidative, antioxidant activities, and mitochondrial protective (mitoprotective) effects.